Patent- understanding patents, international context of patents, Indian position on computer related

patents registration and offences

Trademarks- understanding trademarks, trademark law in India, infringement and passing of,
trademark in internet, domain name registration, domain name disputes and WIPO

Brief intro of topic utsavi

Learning objectives and learning outcomes utsavi

Main content (trademarks- Ankita) (patents-utsavi) (samiksha red)

Mcq -10 (ankita 5 utsavi 5 samiksha 5)

Summary utsavi

Glossary – 10 (ankita 5 utsavi 5 samiksha 5)

Short que – 5 (ankita 3 samiksha 3)

Long que essay -5 (ankita 3 samiksha 3)

Match the pair – 5 (ankita 5 utsavi 5 samiksha 5)

Fill in the blank – 5 (ankita 5 utsavi 5 samiksha 5)

Case study for discussison 1 each

References (ankita 5 utsavi 5 samiksha 5)

1. Brief Introduction
Intellectual property is a broad classification of intangible assets owned by a
company or individual that are legally protected from use or implementation by
others without their consent. Intangible assets are non-physical assets owned
by a company or an individual.

The concept of intellectual property refers to the desire of the human mind to
give certain products the same protection rights that apply to physical property
known as a tangible property. Most developed countries have
legal instruments to protect both forms of property rights.

Intellectual property can include several types of intangible assets, and some of
the most common are:
Patents
Patents are property rights reserved for investors typically granted by
a regulatory authority. government. A patent grants an inventor exclusive rights
to an invention, which can be a design, a process, an improvement,
 or a physical invention such as a machine. Technology and software companies
often have patents for their designs. For example, a patent for a personal
computer was filed by Steve Jobs and three other colleagues at Apple Inc. filed
in 1980.

Copyright
Copyright grants the author and creator of the original material the exclusive
right to use, copy or reproduce their material. Book authors whose works are
protected by copyright, just like musical artists. Copyright also stipulates that
the original creators can grant permission to anyone, through a license
agreement, to use the work.

Trademark
A trademark is a recognizable and recognizable symbol, phrase or sign
representing a product that legally distinguishes it from other products. A
trademark is assigned exclusively to a company, which means that the
company owns the mark so that no one else can use or copy it. A trademark
is usually associated with a company's brand. For example, the logo and brand
name "Coca-Cola" belongs to The Coca-Cola Company (KO).
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The objective of this content is to:
 Understand the meaning of patent and what can be patented;
 Learning about Treaties at international level for patent registration;
 Understanding patent laws in India in context of computer;
 Understand the concept of Trademarks;
 Comprehend the process of Trademark Registration and penalties on
infringement;
 Understand Trademark law in context of internet;
 Domain name registration and domain name disputs
 Role of WIPO

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Be familiar with the concept of patent and trademark;
 Identify different types of Intellectual Properties (IPs), the right of ownership,
scope of protection, laws related to it and infringement of laws;
 Understand domain name and conflicts
 Realize role of WIPO and international treaties in registration and protection of
patent rights.

3. Main Content
Understanding Patents
A patent is the granting of ownership rights by a competent authority to an
inventor. This grant gives an inventor exclusive rights to a patented process,
design, or invention for a specified period of time in exchange for full
disclosure of the invention. They constitute a form of union rights.

A patent is a legal document issued by the government that gives an inventor

the exclusive right to create, use, and sell an invention for a certain number of
years. Patents are also available for fundamental improvements on previously
invented items.

The purpose of the patent system is to boost inventors to advance in technology

by granting them special rights to benefit from their inventions. Books, movies,
and artwork cannot be patented, but they can be protected under copyright
law. Patent law is a branch of the larger legal area known as intellectual
property, which also includes trademark and copyright law.

Patent law focuses on the concept of novelty and inventiveness (or non-
obviousness). The right they grant is to prevent all others, not only imitators but
even independent designers of the same idea, from using the invention for the
duration of the patent. Therefore, the special potential of a patent is that
it can be used to prevent others from including any form of invention in
their products and services. Thus, a patent causes serious difficulties for its
competitors. This is why patents are not given away easily for all
industrial innovations, but only for what is considered a patent-able invention
What can be patented?

To be granted a patent, an invention must meet three basic criteria. First, it

must be new, i.e. the invention has not existed before. Second, the invention
must be unambiguous, which means that the invention must be a substantial
improvement over existing technology. Only modifications to previously
known devices do not constitute a patent-able invention. Finally, the proposed
invention must be useful. Legal experts often interpret this to mean that
no patents will be granted for inventions that can only be used for illegal or
immoral purposes.

Certain types of discoveries are cannot be patented. No one can obtain a patent
on discovery of a law of nature or a scientific principle even if they are the first
one to discover it. For example, Issac newton could not have patented the law
of gravitation, and Albert Einstein could not have patented his relativity
formula, E=mc2.

Under Indian patent law, a patent can only be granted for a new and useful
invention. The invention must relate to a machine, an article or a substance
produced by manufacturing or method of producing an article. Patents can also
be granted for an improvement in an article or a manufacturing process. For
pharmaceuticals or drugs and certain classes of chemicals, no patents
are granted for the substance itself, even if the substance is new, but the
manufacturing process and substance can be patented
regime. The patent application must be genuine and the original inventor
or holder of title to the application, the right to apply for a patent is
transferable.
Patent in international context
Many inventors and patent holders provide products or
services worldwide. However, the protection of patents granted by the
Indian Patent Office ends at the Indian border. You cannot use an Indian patent
to prevent others in the world from using your invention. There is no single
international patent, so owners will have to seek protection in individual
countries. The rules of reciprocity require that a country that grants a patent to a
foreign country grant that foreign country the same rights as the patent owner
who is a national of that country. These rules apply if the
foreign national's country of origin and the patenting country have signed an
international treaty providing protection.

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) helps applicants obtain

international patent protection for their inventions, assists patent offices in
patenting decisions, and facilitate public access to a variety of technical
information related to these inventions.

By filing a single international patent application under the PCT, an

applicant can simultaneously claim an invention in multiple countries.

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international patent law

treaty, signed in 1970. It provides a uniform procedure for filing patent
applications to protect inventions in each Contracting State. Patent applications
filed under the PCT are called international applications or PCT applications.

The PCT application is filed with the receiving agency (RO) in one language. It
then leads to a search conducted by the International Searching Authority
(ISA), accompanied by a written opinion on the patentability of the invention,
the subject matter of the application. It may be followed by a preliminary
examination, carried out by International Preliminary Examination Authority
(IPEA). Finally, the competent national or regional authorities manage matters
related to the examination of applications (if so provided by national law)
and the granting of patents.

The PCT application itself does not lead to the grant of a patent, as there are no
"international patents" and the granting of a patent is the prerogative of each
national or regional regulator. In other words, a PCT application with
filing dates in all Contracting States must be followed in one step to enter the
national or regional stages of granting one or more patents. The PCT procedure
essentially results in a standard national or regional patent application, which
can be granted or denied under applicable law, in each jurisdiction in
which the patent is desired.

The majority of countries in the world are members of the PCT, including all
major industrial countries (with some exceptions, including Argentina). As of
April 21, 2022, 156 countries have signed the PCT.
Understanding Trademarks
A trademark is a recognizable mark, design, or expression that distinguishes a
particular vendor's products or services from similar products or
services offered by other vendors. You may use symbols, logos, words, sounds,
colors, designs, or other devices used to identify a company or product in
commerce.
Different Symbols are:
 TM- Intent to use application filed for product.
 SM- Intent to use application filed for services.
 ® - Registered trademark.
Trademarks protect trademark owners by giving them exclusive rights to
use them or by allowing someone else to use them in exchange for payment.
The duration of protection varies, but for an additional fee the mark can
be extended indefinitely beyond her term. More broadly, brands
encourage initiative and entrepreneurship around the world by rewarding
brand owners with recognition and financial benefits. Trademark protection
also discourages attempts by unfair competitors, such as counterfeiters,
to sell inferior or different products or services using similar distinctive signs.
employees with the spirit will be able to produce and sell
goods and services on the fairest possible terms, thereby facilitating
international trade.
Trademark law in India
Indian Trademark Law protects trademarks under the Trademarks Act, 1999
and common law remedy of passing off. Legal trademark protection
is managed by the Commissioner for Patents, Designs and Trademarks, a
government agency reporting to the Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion (DIPP) and reporting to the Department of Trade and Industry.

The Trademarks Act deals with the mechanism of registration, the protection
of trademarks and the prevention of trademark fraud. The law also regulates the
rights that are acquired by registering a trademark, how rights are
transferred and assigned, the nature of infringement, the penalties for
such infringement, and the remedies available to the owner in the event of such
infringement.
Types of Trademarks
Trademarks can be classified into the following categories:
 Word Marks: These can be words, letter or numericals. Examples: COCO
CHANEL and APPLE.
 Device Marks: These marks consist of unique representations of words,
letters or numbers. For example: spelling AMAZON or EBAY.
 Figurative marks/logos: Consist of shapes or logos. Examples: Mc
Donlads YELLOW M of Mc Donalds Nike SWOOSH sign.
 Service Marks: Service marks fundamentally distinguish one
person's services (as opposed to goods) from another's services.
Examples: The name UNITED AIRLINES, the slogan FLY THE
FRIENDLY SKIES, and the world map logo are service
marks. Because United provides the service.
 Collective Marks: Marks used by group companies. Such marks can be
owned by associations, public authorities and cooperatives. Examples: The
Institute of Certified Public Accountants and CA used in the CPA brand to
denote membership in the Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
 Certification Marks: Certification marks are used to define standards.
They assure consumers that products
meet certain predetermined standards. For example: ISI brand and
FSSAI brand.
 Well-Known Marks: A brand gains well-known brand status when it is
easily recognized by a large portion of the population.
 Unconventional Trademarks: Unconventional trademarks are
trademarks that are recognized for their unique characteristics.
 1. Color Trademark: Purple Trademark for Cadbury Chocolates
2. Sound Mark: A well-known sound trade mark is Hemgrass Ice Cream
jingle.
3. Shape Mark (3D mark): Coca-Cola bottle.
4. Scented Mark: Brazilian footwear company Grendene successfully
trademarked its line of bubblegum-scented jelly sandals in June 2015.
Infringement and Passing off of trademark
 Trademark infringement/Passing off is the unauthorized use of a trademark
or service mark on competing or related goods and services. The success
of a lawsuit to stop the infringement depends on whether the defendant’s
use causes a likelihood of confusion in the average consumer.
 Under Indian legislation the same is provided in Section 29. According to
Section 29, a registered trademark is infringed by a person who, not being
a registered proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in
the course of trade in any way which causes confusion in general public.
 If that mark is being used in different form of business from that in which
registered trademark is being used and have some identical or similar
feature, still it amounts to infringement/passing off of trademark.

Legal remedies
 If the trademark is registered, section 28(1) of The Trademark Act, 1999
provides a right to get relief against the infringement of trademark in
accordance with the provision of the Act.
 Passing off is not specifically mentioned in the act. An infringement
proceeding cannot be initiated against unregistered trademark but Section
27(2) says that a passing off proceeding can take place for an
unauthorized use of an unregistered trademark.

Trademark in Internet
A trademark can visually represent the services or goods of one person,
distinguishing them from those of others. It can consist of product shape,
packaging, and color combination. Includes brands, logos, labels, names,
signatures, letters, words, numbers, packaging or colour combinations. A domain
name serves the same function as a trademark. Domain names perform the
same functions online that brands perform offline in their businesses and
transactions. A trademark is a graphic sign of a company's products or services,
a domain name is a company's navigator on the Internet, a virtual image of
the company. Registered and protected trademarks and domain names have the
following advantages:

1.Trademarks protect and promote brand names, while registered domain names
protect against unauthorized use by businesses or individuals.
2. Brands support the face value of a profession or business, and domain names
increase the value of company contacts from remote locations around the
world.
3. Trademarks make your product or service stand out in the marketplace,
and domain names can make your service or product available to
customers around the world. The registered owner of a trademark is granted the
exclusive right to use the trademark in connection with goods and
services. Used to differentiate the company's products from those of its retail
competitors. Trademarks and domain names therefore serve the same function
as business identifiers.

A well-protected domain name is as important to a company's security and

profitability as an internationally protected trademark. Therefore, registration
of both trademark and domain name is required. However, when acquiring a
domain name, unlike trademarks, there is no examination of suitability and
distinctiveness.
4. MCQ
1) Who among the following are entitled to apply for patents
A. A person claiming to be the first inventor of the invention
B. A Legal representative of the first inventor
C. Anyone who is the assignee of the first inventor of the invention
D. All of the above
2) How long is a patent valid in India?
A. 30 years
B. 20 years
C. 40 years
D. 60 years
3) What Cannot be patented in India?
A. A computer program,
B. Scientific theory,
C. Mathematical method,
D. All of the Above

4) Pct means:
A. Patent council treaty
B. Patent corporation treaty
C. Patent cooperation treaty
D. Patent council terms

5) A person resident in India wants to obtain a patent only in the US,

UK, Germany and France. What will be your advice?
A. File a PCT application
B. Take permission from the Controller before filing an application in the
US, UK, Germany and France
C. Directly go to these countries and file patent applications
D. A patent application for the same invention should be made in India at
least 6 weeks prior to filing abroad
E. Both 2 and 4

6) Trade mark Act, came into force on-

A. 1989
B. 2000
C. 1970
D. 1999

7) A company wishes to ensure that no one else can use their logo.
A. Copy rights
B. Trade mark
 C. Patent
D. Industrial designs

8) Trademark law protects…

A. Words, symbols or devices that differentiate goods or services
from one another.
B. Only brand names
C. Names of specific people and places
D. Inventions that feature some sort of utility function

9) Trademark can be used as domain name

A. Yes
B. No
C. Yes in some cases
D. None of the above

10) Which one of the following could not be registered as a trade mark?
A. The mark is an image.
B. The mark is made up of letters and numbers.
C. The mark is made up of a symbol with no words or letters.
D. The mark represents the natural or technical shape of the goods

5. Summary
6. Glossary
1. Inventor - someone who invented a particular technique or tool or
who invents something as an occupation.
2. novelty- the quality of being new, original, different.
3. Unambiguous-not having multiple interpretation. having only one
clear meaning or interpretation.
4. International Preliminary Examination Authority (IPEA)-
International Preliminary Examination Authority is an examination
authority under PCT.
5. Treaty-A treaty is a formal, legally binding written settlement
among actors in international law.
6. Patent application- it is a request pending at a patent office for the
approval of a patent for an invention defined within side the patent
specification and a fixed of one or more claims said in a
 proper document, consisting of essential professional paperwork
and associated correspondence.
7. Counterfeiters- To imitate something which is authentic, with the
intent to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in an illegal
transactions.
8. Infringement- An action that breaks a rule or a law.
9. Unconventional- A thing which is different from what is usual.
10. Proprietor – Person who owns or manage a business
11. Passing off- When a person deliberately or unintentionally passes
off their goods or services as those belonging to another person.

7. Self assessment short questions

Q1. What do you understand by patents?
Ans:- A patent is the granting of ownership rights by a competent authority to
an inventor. This grant gives an inventor exclusive rights to a patented process,
design, or invention for a specified period of time in exchange for full
disclosure of the invention. They constitute a form of union rights.
A patent is a legal document issued by the government that
gives an inventor the exclusive right to create, use, and sell an invention for
a certain number of years. Patents are also available for fundamental
improvements on previously invented items.

Q2. What is trademark?

Ans:-A trademark is a recognizable mark, design, or
expression that distinguishes a particular vendor's products or services from
similar products or services offered by other vendors. You may use symbols,
logos, words, sounds, colors, designs, or other devices used to identify
a company or product in commerce. Trademarks protect trademark
owners by giving them exclusive rights to use them or by allowing someone
else to use them in exchange for payment.

Q3. How trademark is used in internet?

Ans:-A trademark can visually represent the services or goods of one person,
distinguishing them from those of others. It can consist of product shape,
packaging, and color combination. Includes brands, logos, labels, names,
signatures, letters, words, numbers, packaging or colour combinations. A domain
name serves the same function as a trademark. Domain names perform the
same functions online that brands perform offline in their businesses and
transactions.

8. Self assessment Long And Essay type Questions

Q1. Explain patents in international context?
Ans:- Many inventors and patent holders provide products or
services worldwide. However, the protection of patents granted by the
Indian Patent Office ends at the Indian border. You cannot use an Indian patent
to prevent others in the world from using your invention. There is no single
international patent, so owners will have to seek protection in individual
countries. The rules of reciprocity require that a country that grants a patent to a
foreign country grant that foreign country the same rights as the patent owner
who is a national of that country. These rules apply if the
foreign national's country of origin and the patenting country have signed an
international treaty providing protection.
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
helps applicants obtain international patent protection for their inventions,
assists patent offices in patenting decisions, and facilitate public access to
a variety of technical information related to these inventions. By filing a
single international patent application under the PCT, an applicant can
simultaneously claim an invention in multiple countries.
The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international patent law
treaty, signed in 1970. It provides a uniform procedure for filing patent
applications to protect inventions in each Contracting State. Patent applications
filed under the PCT are called international applications or PCT applications.

Q2. Explain different types of trademarks with example.

Ans:- Trademarks can be classified into the following categories:
 1. Word Marks: These can be words, letter or numericals. Examples: COCO
CHANEL and APPLE.
2. Device Marks: These marks consist of unique representations of words,
letters or numbers. For example: spelling AMAZON or EBAY.
3. Figurative marks/logos: Consist of shapes or logos. Examples: Mc
Donlads YELLOW M of Mc Donalds Nike SWOOSH sign.
4. Service Marks: Service marks fundamentally distinguish one
person's services (as opposed to goods) from another's services.
Examples: The name UNITED AIRLINES, the slogan FLY THE
FRIENDLY SKIES, and the world map logo are service
marks. Because United provides the service.
5. Collective Marks: Marks used by group companies. Such marks can be
owned by associations, public authorities and cooperatives. Examples:
The Institute of Certified Public Accountants and CA used in the CPA
brand to denote membership in the Institute of Certified Public
Accountants.
6. Certification Marks: Certification marks are used to define standards.
They assure consumers that products
meet certain predetermined standards. For example: ISI brand and
FSSAI brand.
7. Well-Known Marks: A brand gains well-known brand status when it is
easily recognized by a large portion of the population.
8. Unconventional Trademarks: Unconventional trademarks are
trademarks that are recognized for their unique characteristics.
a. Color Trademark: Purple Trademark for Cadbury Chocolates
b. Sound Mark: A well-known sound trade mark is Hemgrass Ice Cream
jingle.
c. Shape Mark (3D mark): Coca-Cola bottle.
d. Scented Mark: Brazilian footwear company Grendene successfully
trademarked its line of bubblegum-scented jelly sandals in June 2015.

Q3. Explain Legal remedies and infringement of trademark.

Ans:- Infringement-
Trademark infringement/Passing off is the unauthorized use of a trademark or
service mark on competing or related goods and services. The success of a lawsuit
to stop the infringement depends on whether the defendant’s use causes a likelihood
of confusion in the average consumer.
Under Indian legislation the same is provided in Section 29. According to Section
29, a registered trademark is infringed by a person who, not being a registered
proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in the course of trade in
any way which causes confusion in general public.
If that mark is being used in different form of business from that in which registered
trademark is being used and have some identical or similar feature, still it amounts
to infringement/passing off of trademark.

Legal remedies of trademark-

If the trademark is registered, section 28(1) of The Trademark Act, 1999
provides a right to get relief against the infringement of trademark in
accordance with the provision of the Act. Passing off is not specifically
mentioned in the act. An infringement proceeding cannot be initiated against
unregistered trademark but Section 27(2) says that a passing off proceeding can
take place for an unauthorized use of an unregistered trademark.
9. Match the column And Fill in the blank
Match the column
1. Right to patent - transferable
2. international patents - PCT
3. Grants patent - government
4. Computer software - copyright
5. Synergistic formulations - patentable
6. TM- Intent to use application filed for product.
7. ® - Registered trademark.
8. Figurative Mark- Nike SWOOSH sign
9. SM- Intent to use application filed for services.
10.Word Mark- APPLE

Fill in the blank

1. A patent is the granting of ownership rights by a competent authority to
an inventor.
 2. A patent is a legal document issued by the government that gives an
inventor the exclusive right to create, use, and sell an invention for
a certain number of years.
3. To be granted a patent, an invention must meet three basic criteria: it
must be new, unambiguous, useful.
4. The Patent Cooperation Treaty helps applicants obtain
international patent protection for their inventions, assists patent
offices in patenting decisions, and facilitate public access to a variety of
technical information related to these inventions.
5. Currently, 156 countries have signed the PCT.
6. A trademark is a recognizable mark, design, or expression that distinguishes a
particular vendor's products or services from similar products.
7. Indian Trademark Law protects trademarks under the Trademarks Act, 1999.
8. FSSAI brand is a certification mark used for defining standards.
9. DIPP stands for Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion.
10. Trademarks and domain names therefore serve the same function as business
identifiers.
10. Case Study
Patent-BAJAJ Auto Limited Vs. TVS Motor Company Limited JT 2009 (12)
SC 103
There are two sides to this lawsuit, one relating to patent infringement and the
other to speedy settlement of intellectual property litigation is:

This case involved the unauthorized application and use of the patented Digital
Twin Spark Ignition (DTSi) technology by TVS Motor
Company (Defendants). DTSi was the intellectual property of BAJAJ auto
limited (plaintiff). The plaintiff applied for a patent for this technology in 2002
and was granted a patent in 2005.

Facts
In 2007, the plaintiff filed a patent infringement suit against the defendant
in the Madras High Court seeking permanent injunctive
relief under section 108 of the Act. The Plaintiff also filed for a temporary
injunction while the suit for permanent injunction was pending in the HC.
Simultaneously, a second suit was filed by Defendant under Section 106,
 claiming that the infringement claim filed by the Plaintiff was baseless as
they had made improvements and changes to the patented article.
The HC granted the Plaintiff a temporary injunction and instructed
Defendant that they could execute pending orders but could not take any new
orders for vehicles using this technology.
However, the injunction was vacated after a plea from the Defendant which
led Plaintiff to file an appeal before the Supreme Court of India (SC).
Issues
Q. Whether Defendant had actually infringed the patent even though it had in
fact made improvements and changes to the patented article.
Trademark-SUPERON SCHWEISS TECHNIK INDIA V. MODI HI-
TECH INDIA LTD.
PARTIES:
• The plaintiff, SUPERONSCHWEISSTECHNIK INDIA, is engaged
in manufacturing fire protection systems, fire barriers and other coatings.
and various other products.
• Plaintiff allegedly owns the SUPERON trademark along with another
trademark, VAC PAC, used in the manufacture and sale of
welding electrodes.
• Defendant Modi Hitech India Ltd is said to be in possession of the
trademark GMM/arc, which includes the words VAC PAC, which is the same
as the plaintiff and he operates in the same business sector.
SHORT FACTS:
•Plaintiff's company has his SUPERON brand, which plaintiff sells
its merchandise, which is well-known, and in addition to this his
SUPERON brand, It also claims to have adopted the brand VAC-. PAC. On
the other hand, Defendant added his VAC-PAC wording to the packaging He
sells merchandise under the major brand GMM/arc.
•Plaintiff alleges that Defendant fraudulently adopted his identical VAC-
PAC trademark for the same goods as Plaintiff
which is Welding electrodes. So the "VAC PAC" assumption is
completely disingenuous.
• Accordingly, plaintiffs filed suit in court and
claimed the following relief.
a. Permanent Order to Prevent Infringement of "VAC-PAC" Trademark by
Defendants.
b.Delivery of the product accused by the defendant
c.Determination of Claims by Defendants Concerning Transactions in Matter
Above, and Order to Plaintiffs Regarding Amounts So Ascertained
d.Damage of Rs1.00.00.001/-.
Issue:
Q. Whether the defendant's conduct of using the term VAC PAC constitutes
an assignment of the plaintiff's trademark?
11. References
1www.legalserviceindia.com
2 www.meity.gov.in
3en.wikipedia.org
4www.wipo.int
5https://blog.ipleaders.in/patent-infringement-cases-india/
6https://www.wipo.int/trademarks/en/
7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_trademark_law
8https://www.bitlaw.com/trademark/internet.html
9file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/W11L4%20Script.pdf
10https://www.khuranaandkhurana.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/
Compendium_-For-2018-TM-Cases.pdf