ARCHITECTURAL ILLUMINATION

UNIT 1
 VISION AND LIGHT

Light, as waves carry energy, contains energy by different wavelength. In vision, light is the stimulus input.
Light energy goes into eyes stimulate photoreceptor in eyes. However, as an energy wave, energy is passed
on through light at different wavelength.The retina contain the molecules that undergo a chemical change
upon absorbing light, but it is the brain that actually makes sense of the visual information to create an
image.From long wavelength to short wavelength, energy increase. 400 nm to 700 nm is visible spectrum.
 BASIC UNITS OF LIGHT

Candela (cd)
This SI unit is used to measure the luminous intensity of a light source
which is moving in a specific direction. It is also sometimes referred to
as a candle and represented as cd / m 2.

Lumen (lm)
Another measurement unit, the lumen is actually a derived SI unit of
luminous flux. It is represented by the symbol “lm” and is basically
used to measure the output of artificial lights.

Lux (lx)
Lux is basically the unit of illumination and is equal to one lumen per
square metre. One lux equals 0.0929 footcandles and this is the metric
equivalent of foot-candles. It is also known as a metre-candle. Notably,
SI prefixes can also be used where one kilolux (klx) is equal to 1000 lux.

Foot Candle (fc or ftc)

Light intensity can also be measured in terms of footcandle which is
equivalent to lumens per square foot. In simple terms, this can be
defined as the brightness of one candle covering a distance of one foot.
One foot candle is approximately 10.7639 lux.
 Photometry

Photometry is a measurement method to analyse (aqueous) solutions by

means of a light source.
Light (physical) is a spectra of electromagnetic waves, divided into
different ranges: Visible light (white light) ranges from approx. 380 – 780
nm

What type of measurement is performed in with a photometer?

3 Measurement modes of photometric analysis and their relation

1. Transmission T(%): Ratio of light intensity after cuvette (I) and before (Io)
2. Absorbance: Abs = - log10 (T ) or „extinction of light“ passing the cuvette
3. Concentration: quantitative analysis of a substance (mg/l, ppm,…) at a defined wavelength
based on a calibration curve
 The Quality of the light produced is made on three general considerations:

Glare: Reflective surfaces and unshielded lamps or filaments may be sources of glare, which is considered a level of brightness
that interferes with vision and causes discomfort or eye fatigue. Glare may be reduced by shielding or repositioning the light
source, or by decreasing the contrast between the source and it surroundings.

Diffusion: One of the ways to avoid annoying reflections of light and glare is to use diffusion to scatter light into many different
directions. This is often achieved by using a variety of light sources, or indirect light sources, such as pointing a lamp at a white-
painted ceiling to help scatter and reflect that light back into the room.

Colour: As discussed the chromaticity of a light source can have a psychological effect on people, with blues and greens said to
be ‘cool’ (4000°K and above) while reds, oranges and yellow colours are said to be ‘warm’ (3000°K and below).
 DAYLIGHT :

Daylight in buildings is the natural illumination experienced by the occupants of any man-made construction with openings to the
outside, e.g., dwelling and workplace. The quantity and quality of daylight in buildings is continually varying due to the natural
changes in sun and sky conditions from one moment to the next. These changes have components that are random (e.g.,
individual cloud formations), daily (i.e., progression from day to night), and seasonal (e.g., changing day length and prevailing
weather patterns). For any given sky and sun condition the quantity and character of daylight in a space will depend on the size,
orientation, and nature of the building apertures; the shape and aspect of the building and its surroundings; and the optical (i.e.,
reflective and transmissive) properties of all the surfaces

Daylight:
The totality of visible radiation originating from both the sun and the sky.

Daylight factor:
The ratio of internal illuminance to unobstructed external illuminance under the CIE standard overcast sky.

Daylight metric:
Some mathematical combination of (potentially disparate) measurements and/or dimensions and/or conditions of
daylight represented on a continuous scale.

Illuminance:
The total luminous flux incident on a surface per unit area. It is a measure of the intensity of the incident light,
wavelength-weighted by the eye’s sensitivity to correlate with human brightness perception. SI unit: lux or lumens per
square meter.

Luminance:
Photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light traveling in a given direction. It describes the
amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit
for luminance is candela per square meter.
TYPES OF LIGHTS
NATURAL LIGHT :

natural light is light that is generated naturally, the common

source of which is the Sun. This is as opposed to artificial light,
which is typically produced by electrical appliances such as
lamps.

Natural light is received during daylight hours and coves the

visible spectrum with violet at one end and red at the other.
Not only is natural light beneficial for health, wellbeing and a
good source of Vitamin D, it is required by plants to carry out
photosynthesis.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT :

artificial light is light that is generated by external energy, the

common source of which is electricity. artificial light, which is
typically produced by electrical appliances such as lamps.
Types of artificial lighting

Ambient lighting
This is the general artificial lighting and overall illumination in a room. It
can provide an even spread of light to give a comfortable level of
brightness for most people to be able to see reasonably well and navigate
safely around the room. Typically, it can be provided by a pendant fitting
or ceiling downlights.

Task lighting
This allows the completion of tasks such as reading, studying and way-
finding. It is used where ambient light levels are insufficient for the task in
hand. A reading lamp is an example, as are under-cabinet lights.

Accent lighting
This type of lighting imparts drama and character and allows certain
features regarded of interest to be highlighted. The idea is to draw the
viewer’s attention to the item that is lit, whether a feature wall, an
ornamental pool or an expensive vase.
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS
Incandescent lights

LED lights

Fluorescent lights

Halogen lights

Compact fluorescent lights (CFLs)

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lights

Xenon lights

Laser lights

Infrared lights

Ultraviolet lights

Each type of light has its own unique properties and uses, including
differences in efficiency, color temperature, and intensity.
Incandescent
lights

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent

lamp or incandescent light globe is an
electric light with a wire filament heated
until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a
glass bulb with a vacuum or inert gas to
protect the filament from oxidation. Current
Less than 5% of
is supplied to the filament by terminals or
the energy they
wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket consume is
provides mechanical support and electrical converted into
connections. visible light; the
rest is lost as heat.
Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a
wide range of sizes, light output, and
voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300
volts.
led lights

LED stands for light emitting diode. LED lighting

products produce light up to 90% more efficiently than
incandescent light bulbs. How do they work? An
electrical current passes through a microchip, which
illuminates the tiny light sources we call LEDs and the
result is visible light. To prevent performance issues, the
heat LEDs produce is absorbed into a heat sink.

LEDs are “directional” light sources, which means they

emit light in a specific direction, unlike incandescent and
CFL, which emit light and heat in all directions. That
means LEDs are able to use light and energy more
efficiently in a multitude of applications.
fluorescent lamp

A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure

mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence
to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites
mercury vapor, which produces short-wave ultraviolet light
that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the
lamp to glow. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical energy
into useful light much more efficiently than an incandescent
lamp. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting
systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the
efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output.
For comparison, the luminous efficacy of an incandescent
bulb may only be 16 lumens per watt.

Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are

classified as hazardous waste.
halogen lights

A halogen lamp (also called tungsten

halogen, quartz-halogen, and quartz iodine
lamp) is an incandescent lamp consisting of
a tungsten filament sealed in a compact
transparent envelope that is filled with a
mixture of an inert gas and a small amount Standard and halogen
of a halogen, such as iodine or bromine. incandescent bulbs are
much less efficient than
LED and compact
The combination of the halogen gas and fluorescent lamps, and
the tungsten filament produces a halogen- therefore have been or
cycle chemical reaction, which redeposits are being phased out in
many places.
evaporated tungsten on the filament,
increasing its life and maintaining the
clarity of the envelope.
led lights

LED stands for light emitting diode. LED lighting

products produce light up to 90% more efficiently than
incandescent light bulbs. How do they work? An
electrical current passes through a microchip, which
illuminates the tiny light sources we call LEDs and the
result is visible light. To prevent performance issues, the
heat LEDs produce is absorbed into a heat sink.

LEDs are “directional” light sources, which means they

emit light in a specific direction, unlike incandescent and
CFL, which emit light and heat in all directions. That
means LEDs are able to use light and energy more
efficiently in a multitude of applications.
Incandescent
lights

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent

lamp or incandescent light globe is an
electric light with a wire filament heated
until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a
glass bulb with a vacuum or inert gas to
protect the filament from oxidation. Current
Less than 5% of
is supplied to the filament by terminals or
the energy they
wires embedded in the glass. A bulb socket consume is
provides mechanical support and electrical converted into
connections. visible light; the
rest is lost as heat.
Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a
wide range of sizes, light output, and
voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300
volts.
cfl lights

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact

fluorescent light, energy-saving light and compact
fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to
replace an incandescent light bulb; some types fit into
light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs. The
lamps use a tube that is curved or folded to fit into the
space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact
electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving

the same amount of visible light, CFLs use one-fifth to
one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen
times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an
incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its
purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's
lifetime.
High-intensity discharge lamps

High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) are a

type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which
produces light by means of an electric arc
between tungsten electrodes housed inside a
translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused
alumina arc tube. This tube is filled with noble gas
and often also contains suitable metal or metal
salts. The noble gas enables the arc's initial strike.
Many modern
vehicles use HID
Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates bulbs for the main
the metallic admixture. Its presence in the arc lighting systems
plasma greatly increases the intensity of visible
light produced by the arc for a given power input,
as the metals have many emission spectral lines in
the visible part of the spectrum. High-intensity
discharge lamps are a type of arc lamp..
xenon lights

Xenon high-intensity-discharge headlights have bulbs,

but unlike halogen lights, they don’t have filaments so
they tend to last longer than halogens but not as long
as LEDs. They use less energy than halogens and more
than LEDs. They also are hotter than LEDs and become
dimmer over time.

In an xenon headlight, electric current passes through

the xenon gas to create an arc between two electrodes
and generate intense white or bluish light that is often
brighter than LEDs. Aftermarket xenon lights are
available in different shades of blue and yellow as well
as white.
laser lights
A laser is a device that emits light through a
process of optical amplification based on the
stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
The word "laser" is for "light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation". The first laser
was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at
Hughes Research Laboratories, based on
theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and
Arthur Leonard Schawlow.
Lasers can also have
high temporal
coherence, which
A laser differs from other sources of light in that it
allows them to emit
emits light which is coherent. Spatial coherence
light with a very
allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot,
narrow spectrum.
enabling applications such as laser cutting and
lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser
beam to stay narrow over great distances
(collimation), enabling applications such as laser
pointers and lidar (light detection and ranging).
infrared lights

Infrared (IR), sometimes called infrared light, is

electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths
longer than those of visible light and shorter than radio
waves. It is therefore invisible to the human eye. IR is
generally understood to encompass wavelengths from
around 1 millimeter (300 GHz) to the nominal red edge
of the visible spectrum, around 700 nanometers (430
THz).[1][verification needed] Longer IR wavelengths (30
μm-100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the
terahertz radiation range.[2] Almost all black-body
radiation from objects near room temperature is at
infrared wavelengths. As a form of electromagnetic
radiation, IR propagates energy and momentum, exerts
radiation pressure, and has properties corresponding to
both those of a wave and of a particle, the photon.

It was long known that fires emit invisible heat.

ultraviolet light
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic
radiation with wavelength from 10 nm[1] (with a
corresponding frequency around 30 PHz) to 400 nm
(750 THz), shorter than that of visible light, but
longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight,
and constitutes about 10% of the total
electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is
also produced by electric arcs, Cherenkov radiation, Ultraviolet rays are
and specialized lights, such as mercury-vapor lamps, invisible to most
tanning lamps, and black lights. Although long- humans. The lens of
wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing the human eye blocks
radiation because its photons lack the energy to most radiation in the
ionize atoms, it can cause chemical reactions and wavelength range of
causes many substances to glow or fluoresce. 300–400 nm

These interactions can involve absorption or

adjusting energy states in molecules, but do not
necessarily involve heating
THANK YOU
AJ MANISH 19171AA009
DC KESHAVA REDDY 19171AA016
G CHANDU 19171AA025