1. Role of science & Technology in Sustainable design of products.

ANS- Materials Innovation: Science and technology drive sustainable product design through the
development of innovative, biodegradable, and recycled materials, reducing reliance on finite resources.
Energy Efficiency: Technological advancements optimize energy consumption in manufacturing
processes and contribute to the creation of products designed for minimal energy use throughout their
life cycle.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Science and technology enable life cycle assessments, utilizing data
analytics and simulation tools to inform sustainable decisions on materials, manufacturing, and end-of-
life considerations.
Product Design Software: Advanced software tools, such as CAD and 3D printing, support sustainable
design by optimizing material usage and facilitating the creation of environmentally friendly product
designs.
Internet of Things (IoT): IoT integration enhances sustainable product design by enabling smart,
connected products that optimize energy consumption, monitor performance, and provide data for
continuous improvement. IoT also aids in end-of-life tracking for responsible disposal.

2. Concurrent / Simultaneous Engineering.

ANS- Concurrent engineering, also known as simultaneous engineering, is a method of designing and
developing products, in which the different stages run simultaneously, rather than consecutively. It
decreases product development time and also the time to market, leading to improved productivity and
reduced costs. It is a long term business strategy, with long term benefits to business. Though initial
implementation can be challenging, the competitive advantage means it is beneficial in the long term. It
removes the need to have multiple design reworks, by creating an environment for designing a product
right the first time round. This approach emphasizes early and continuous communication among team
members to address potential issues before they become critical. This helps in identifying and resolving
design conflicts or challenges at an early stage. Simultaneous engineering aims to minimize the time
required to bring a product to market. The approach considers customer feedback and requirements
early in the process, leading to a product that is more likely to meet or exceed customer expectations.
Example: Automobile Design - Imagine a scenario where an automobile manufacturer is developing a
new electric vehicle (EV) model using the principles of concurrent engineering.
1] Cross-Functional Teams > 2] Parallel Development > 3] Early Issue Detection > 4] Rapid Prototyping
5] Supplier Involvement > 6] Reduced Time-to-Market > 7] Improved Collaboration.
In conclusion, concurrent engineering offers a holistic and efficient approach to product development by
emphasizing collaboration, parallel development, and early issue detection. By applying this approach to
complex projects like automobile design, companies can achieve faster time-to-market, improved
product quality, and enhanced customer satisfaction.

3. Explain Product design for Environment

ANS- Product design for the environment involves incorporating principles and practices that minimize
the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle.
1] Sustainable Materials: Prioritize the use of sustainable and eco-friendly materials in the design
phase. This includes selecting materials that are easily recyclable, biodegradable, or sourced from
renewable resources to reduce the environmental footprint.
2] Energy Efficiency: Design products with a focus on energy efficiency, considering both manufacturing
processes and the operational phase. This involves optimizing energy use during production and
creating products that consume minimal energy during use.
3] Waste Reduction: Implement strategies to minimize waste generation during manufacturing and use.
Design products with considerations for easy disassembly, reusability, and recycling to reduce the
amount of waste ending up in landfills.
4] Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Conduct a life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impact of
the product from raw material extraction to disposal. This analysis helps identify areas for improvement
and guides decisions that contribute to overall sustainability.
5] Durability and User Considerations: Design products for durability to extend their lifespan, reducing
the need for frequent replacements. Consider user behavior and needs to ensure that the product
meets functional requirements while promoting sustainable usage practices.

4. What is PLM? State its need and scope and phases.

ANS- Product lifecycle management (PLM) refers to the handling of a good as it moves through the typical stages
of its product life: development and introduction, growth, maturity/stability, and decline.
This handling involves both the manufacturing of the good and the marketing of it. The concept of product life
cycle helps inform business decision-making, from pricing and promotion to expansion or cost-cutting.
The scope of PLM covers a range of activities, including product design, engineering, manufacturing, quality
control, and maintenance. It extends beyond the physical product to encompass associated data, documents,
and collaboration tools. By managing all these aspects in a unified system, PLM facilitates cross-functional
collaboration, reduces errors, and accelerates time-to-market.
PHASES OF PLM:
1] Thinking and Planning: At the beginning, PLM helps think about and plan the product. Teams work together
to understand what the product needs and make detailed plans.
2] Building and Testing: When creating the product, PLM helps build models and test them. This step includes
making prototypes, checking how well the product works, and ensuring it meets quality and safety rules.
3] Making the Product: PLM continues into the making phase. It helps plan and carry out the production
processes. This ensures that what is designed is what gets made, making the whole process smoother and more
efficient.
4] Getting the Product to People: After making the product, PLM helps with getting it to customers. This involves
tracking where the product goes, making sure it's used correctly, and taking care of any problems that come up
during use.
5] End-of-Life and Recycling: The last step of PLM deals with the end of the product's life. It manages things like
recycling or proper disposal. PLM also helps companies follow environmental rules, keep track of when a product
becomes outdated, and plan for eco-friendly disposal.

5. What is digital mockup? State its benefits and list software used for it.
ANS- A digital mockup is a computerized representation or simulation of a product or system, providing a
detailed and interactive visual model. It encompasses the entire design and manufacturing process, allowing
stakeholders to visualize, analyze, and collaborate on the virtual model before physical production. Digital
mockups are widely used in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and consumer goods, to
validate and refine product designs. Benefits: Firstly, they help designers and engineers check and fix potential
problems in the design before making physical prototypes. Secondly, digital mockups make it easy for teams
from different parts of a company to work together. This helps them talk to each other, find and fix mistakes, and
make sure everything about the product is thought about. Also, using digital mockups helps in making better
decisions because they give a detailed and clear picture of the product. This helps in comparing different design
options and making the product work better. Several software tools are commonly used: 1] Siemens NX. 2]
Dassault Systèmes' CATIA. 3] PTC Creo are prominent examples.

6. What is sustainable development? Explain role of science & technology in it.

ANS- Sustainable development refers to a balanced approach that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves economic,
social, and environmental considerations to create a harmonious and enduring system.
Science and technology play a crucial role in achieving sustainable development by providing innovative
solutions and tools to address challenges. Scientific research enables us to understand the impact of
human activities on the environment and society, guiding the development of sustainable practices.
Technology, on the other hand, offers practical applications and inventions that enhance efficiency and
reduce negative environmental effects. From renewable energy sources to eco-friendly agricultural
practices and waste management technologies, science and technology contribute to sustainable
development by offering solutions that promote resource conservation, environmental protection, and
social well-being. Embracing these advancements can lead to a more sustainable and resilient future for
our planet.
 7. What do you mean by Design for X. How will you use design for X tools in the design process?
ANS- Design for X" is a set of principles and practices aimed at incorporating specific considerations or objectives
into the design process to optimize a product's performance, sustainability, or user experience. The "X" in
"Design for X" represents various factors or attributes, such as reliability, manufacturability, cost, environment,
safety, and more. The goal is to enhance a product's overall quality and efficiency by addressing specific criteria
relevant to its intended use and impact.
1] Identify Design Objectives: Define the specific goals or considerations for the product. This could include
minimizing costs, improving sustainability, enhancing safety, or optimizing for manufacturability.
2] Select Relevant DfX Tools: Choose appropriate tools based on the identified objectives.
3] Incorporate DfX Early in the Design Process: Integrate DfX considerations right from the conceptualization
and design phases. This ensures minimizing the need for extensive redesign later on.
4] Utilize Tools for Simulation and Analysis: Apply simulation and analysis tools to evaluate how different design
choices impact the targeted objectives.
5] Optimize for Objectives: Use optimization tools and algorithms to refine the design iteratively. This involves
adjusting parameters to achieve the desired outcomes, such as minimizing costs or maximizing energy efficiency.
6] Consider Trade-Offs: Evaluate trade-offs between different objectives. Sometimes, achieving one goal might
affect another, so it's essential to find a balance that aligns with overall design priorities.
7] Collaborate Across Disciplines: Promote collaboration among cross-functional teams. DfX tools facilitate
communication and input from various experts, ensuring that multiple perspectives are considered.
8] Integrate Lifecycle Considerations: Consider the entire product lifecycle when applying DfX. This includes
aspects like recyclability, maintenance, and end-of-life considerations.
9] Iterate and Refine: Continuously iterate and refine the design based on feedback and analysis. DfX tools
enable a dynamic and iterative design process, allowing for continuous improvement.
10] Document and Communicate Results: Document the decisions made, results obtained, and changes
implemented throughout the design process. Effective communication is crucial for ensuring that the entire team
is aligned with the DfX objectives.

8. Explain useful life extension strategies.

ANS- 1] Preventive Maintenance: Regularly scheduled maintenance activities are conducted to identify and
address potential issues before they escalate. This proactive approach helps prevent equipment failures and
extends the overall useful life.
2] Predictive Maintenance: Utilizing sensors and data analytics, predictive maintenance predicts when
components are likely to fail, allowing for timely repairs or replacements. This minimizes downtime and extends
the lifespan of equipment.
3] Condition Monitoring: Condition Monitoring of assets such as machinery or structures, helps detect early
signs of deterioration. Reduces the risk of unexpected failures and extends the useful life.
4] Upgrades and Retrofits: Implementing upgrades or retrofits involves replacing or enhancing specific
components or systems with newer, more efficient technologies. This improves performance but also extends
the overall lifespan of the asset.
5] Modular Design: Designing products or systems with a modular structure allows for the easy replacement or
upgrade of individual components. It enhances the flexibility and longevity of the asset.
6] Adaptive Reuse: Rather than disposing of an asset, adaptive reuse involves repurposing it for a different
function or in a different context. It gives second life to asset and contributes to sustainability.
7] Energy Efficiency Measures: Implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices not only reduces
operational costs but also decreases wear and tear on equipment, extending its useful life.
8] Lifecycle Extension Planning: Developing a comprehensive plan that outlines the expected lifespan of assets
and includes strategies for maintenance, upgrades, and replacements ensures life extension.
9] Corrosion Protection: Applying protective coatings, using corrosion-resistant materials, or implementing
corrosion monitoring helps prevent deterioration due to environmental factors, contributing to the longevity of
assets.
10] Training and Knowledge Transfer: Ensuring that personnel are well-trained and knowledgeable about the
proper use, maintenance, and troubleshooting of assets. Reduces misuse or improper handling.
 9. Discuss new product development process.
ANS- New product development refers to the process that goes into bringing a new product to market, from
brainstorming an idea to understanding if it fits into the market, ironing it out to prototyping to final
commercialization. Although it can be a rather lengthy process that sometimes requires iteration, it’s all done to
ensure that your product is the best it can be before it reaches your customers and solves their needs in the best
possible way. 1] Idea Generation: The process starts with generating ideas for new products. This can involve
brainstorming sessions, customer feedback, market research, or insights from internal teams. The goal is to
identify potential opportunities for innovation.
2] Research: Once you’ve developed a product idea, the next step is conducting research There are various steps
you can take to do this, like Market research and Competitor analysis to understand if customers think there are
things your competitors' products or services lack that you can incorporate into your product to better fit your
target market's needs. 3] Planning: In Planning you formulate a final product idea/definition based on your initial
idea and research and begin coming up with your plans to bring it to life.
4] Prototyping: The prototyping phase is when you come up with a sample product that is a mockup of what will
be created during mass production. This prototype is often referred to as a minimum viable product (MVP),
which is a basic version of your tool, still similar to your final product.
5] Testing: Before launching your product you need to test it to ensure it will work as advertised and effectively
solve your customer needs. So, during this stage, you’ll share your prototypes with target audiences and ask for
actionable feedback on how the product works.
6] Product Developement: This stage involves creating the final product that will be commercialized once
completed. You’ll use the insights gained from testing your MVP to make final touches to your prototype, and
begin mass production.
7] Commercialization: The final stage of your new product development process is commercialization, where
you introduce your products to market. This is the culmination of your brainstorming, research, iteration, where
your audiences can finally make use of what you created.
DIAGRAM (BLOCK TYPE): NEW PRODUCT DEELOPMENT PROCESS(HEADING)-
1] Idea Generation > 2] Research > 3] Planning > 4] Prototyping >
5] Testing > 6] Product Development > 7] Commercialization.

10. Explain the product life cycle in detail with suitable example.
ANS- A product life cycle is the length of time from a product first being introduced to consumers until it is
removed from the market. A product’s life cycle is usually broken down into four stages; introduction, growth,
maturity, and decline. Product life cycles are used by management and marketing professionals to help
determine advertising schedules, price points, expansion to new product markets, packaging redesigns, and
more. These strategic methods of supporting a product are known as product life cycle management.
1] Market Introduction and Development: This product life cycle stage involves developing a market strategy,
usually through an investment in advertising and marketing to make consumers aware of the product and its
benefits.
2]Market Growth: If a product successfully navigates through the market introduction it is ready to enter the
growth stage of the life cycle. This should see growing demand promote an increase in production and the
product becoming more widely available.
3] Market Maturity: At this point a product is established in the marketplace and so the cost of producing and
marketing the existing product will decline. As the product life cycle reaches this mature stage there are the
beginnings of market saturation
4] Market Decline: As competition continues to rise, with other companies seeking to emulate your success with
additional product features or lower prices, so the life cycle will go into decline. Decline can also be caused by
new innovations that supersede your existing product, such as horse-drawn carriages going out of fashion as the
automobile took over.
Examples of product passing through the product life cycle:
Electric Vehicles: Electric vehicles are experiencing a growth stage in their product life cycle as companies work
to push them into the marketplace with continued design improvements. Although electric vehicles are not new,
the consistent innovation in the market and the improving sales potential means that they are still growing and
not yet into the mature phase.
 11. Explain the general framework of LCCA. OR Explain cost analysis and life cycle approach in detail.
ANS- Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) General Framework:
1] Define Objectives: Start by setting clear goals. Understand what you want to achieve with the Life Cycle Cost
Analysis (LCCA). It's like deciding why you're saving money before you start.
Identify Costs: List all the costs involved, not just upfront expenses. Think about the entire lifespan, including
buying, using, and maintaining. This is like considering not only how much a toy costs but also how much it might
cost to fix or replace parts. 2] Select a Timeframe: Decide how long you want to look at costs. Is it a short time or
a long time? Choosing a timeframe helps you focus on specific periods, just like planning your budget for a week
or a month. 3] Consider Alternatives: Think about different choices you have. Maybe there are different
products or ways of doing things. This is like deciding between different toys to buy and thinking about which
one will cost less in the long run.
4] Estimate Costs: Make educated guesses about future costs. It's like thinking about how much your favorite
video game might cost to play over time, including buying new features or fixing bugs.
5] Discount Future Costs: Realize that money in the future might not be worth as much as money now. It's like
understanding that saving $10 today is better than saving $10 a year from now.
6] Calculate Net Present Value (NVP): Add up all the costs, but take away the value of future money. This helps
compare costs more accurately over time. It's like adding up all the money you spend on toys, but considering
that some money in the future is not as important as money today.
7] Make Decisions: Finally, use all this information to make smart choices. It's like deciding which toy to buy
based not just on the price but also on how much it might cost to keep and use it.
In simple terms, LCCA is like looking at all the costs of something, not just what you pay at the beginning. It helps
you make wise decisions by considering everything from start to finish.
DIAGRAM(Cycle Type): LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (HEADING IN MIDDLE)
1] Initial Cost > 2] Service Cost > 3] Preventative Maintenance Cost >
4] Operating Cost. > 5] Disposal Cost.

12. Explain the strategies for recovery at the end-of-life cycle

ANS- 1] Recycling: Recycling involves recovering materials from the product to be used in the production of new
items. This strategy reduces the demand for raw materials, conserves energy, and minimizes waste. Companies
often establish take-back programs to collect products for recycling.
2] Remanufacturing: Remanufacturing involves disassembling and rebuilding used products to restore them to a
like-new condition. This strategy extends the product's life and reduces the need for new manufacturing.
Remanufactured products often undergo rigorous testing to ensure quality.
3] Reuse: Reuse focuses on extending the life of a product by repurposing it or allowing it to be used in its
original form.
4] Energy Recovery (Waste-to-Energy): In cases where traditional recycling or reuse is not feasible, energy
recovery involves harnessing the energy content of the end-of-life product through incineration.
5] Landfill Disposal: While generally considered the least desirable option, some end-of-life products may end up
in landfills. However, responsible disposal practices involve complying with regulations, managing hazardous
materials appropriately, and exploring alternative strategies whenever possible.
6] Responsible Disposal: Organizations must adhere to local and international regulations regarding the disposal
of hazardous materials..
7] Circular Economy Adoption: Embracing a circular economy model involves designing products with the end-
of-life in mind, aiming to close the loop by reusing, recycling, or repurposing materials. This proactive approach
focuses on sustainability throughout the entire product lifecycle.
8] Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): EPR programs shift the responsibility of managing a product's end-
of-life from consumers to producers. Manufacturers are required to take back and manage their products after
use, encouraging more sustainable design and recovery practices.
9] Educational Initiatives: Promoting awareness among consumers about responsible end-of-life practices is
essential. Educational initiatives can encourage proper disposal methods, such as recycling electronics or
returning products to designated collection points.
10] Innovative Technologies: Exploring and investing in innovative technologies, such as advanced recycling
methods or material recovery techniques, can enhance the efficiency of end-of-life recovery processes and
reduce environmental impact. DIAGRAM ( CIRCLE TYPE): ACOORDING TO NUMBERING MAKE CYCLE
 13. What is the virtual product development process? Write its applications and advantages.
ANS- The Virtual Product Development (VPD) process is a methodology that utilizes digital technologies and
simulation tools to design, analyze, and optimize a product before physical prototypes are produced. This
approach enhances efficiency, reduces costs, and accelerates the product development lifecycle. The key stages
of the VPD process include:
1] Conceptualization: Digital tools are used to brainstorm and visualize product concepts.
2] Design and Prototyping: Product designs are created digitally, allowing for rapid prototyping through virtual
simulations. This stage involves refining the product according specifications and requirements.
3] Simulation and Analysis: Virtual simulations are conducted to analyze the product's performance under
various conditions. This includes stress testing, thermal analysis, and fluid dynamics simulations.
4] Collaboration and Iteration: Virtual collaboration platforms enable teams to work together in real-time,
regardless of geographical locations. This fosters iterative design processes, allowing quick adjustments based on
feedback and analysis results.
5] Validation: Virtual testing helps validate the design against predefined criteria and user requirements. This
phase ensures that the product is ready for the next steps in the development process.
6] Digital Twin Implementation: A digital twin, a real-time digital replica of the physical product, is created. It
allows for ongoing monitoring, analysis, and optimization throughout the product's lifecycle.
7] Manufacturing Planning: Digital tools assist in planning the manufacturing process, optimizing production
workflows, and ensuring that the design can be feasibly manufactured.
8] Cost Analysis: Virtual tools can be employed to estimate and analyze the overall cost of the product, including
manufacturing, materials, and other associated expenses.
9] Supply Chain Optimization: VPD facilitates the optimization of the supply chain by digitally modeling and
analyzing different scenarios. This helps identify potential bottlenecks and optimize logistics.
10] Documentation and Visualization: All aspects of the virtual product development process are documented
digitally. Visualization tools help communicate design concepts, analyses.
Applications: For example, in making cars, engineers use computers to design and test how each part works
together before building a physical car. In electronics, virtual development helps design and test gadgets like
phones or computers on a computer screen before making the actual device.
Advantages:1] Faster prototyping. 2] Reduced costs through simulation. 3] Enhanced collaboration among
global teams. 4] The ability to identify and address potential issues early in the design phase. 5] Make better
products faster and at a lower cost.

14.What are the characteristic features of concurrent engineering?

ANS- Concurrent Engineering (CE) is characterized by several key features that distinguish it from traditional
sequential approaches to product development. Characteristic features of concurrent engineering:
1] Cross-Functional Collaboration: Concurrent engineering involves interdisciplinary collaboration, bringing
together experts from various fields such as design, engineering, manufacturing, marketing, and supply chain
management. 2] Simultaneous Activities: This allows teams to work on design, engineering, and manufacturing
aspects in parallel, reducing project timelines. 3] Iterative Design and Testing: This approach enables teams to
identify and address design flaws and functional issues early, reducing the likelihood of costly changes later.
4] Shared Information and Data Integration: Cross-functional teams use integrated communication tools and
systems to share data, designs, and progress updates. This facilitates real-time collaboration and decision-
making.
5] Design for Manufacturability: CE focuses on designing products with manufacturability in mind. Engineers and
designers work closely to ensure that the product can be efficiently produced using available manufacturing
processes and technologies. 6] Rapid Response to Changes: CE allows for quick adaptation to changes. When
issues arise or requirements evolve, the integrated teams can rapidly modify designs, processes, or plans,
minimizing disruption to the overall project. 7] Risk Management: Risk assessment and mitigation are integral to
CE. By identifying potential risks early, teams can devise strategies to mitigate them and ensure a smoother
product development process. 8] Continuous Communication: Open and continuous communication among
team members is crucial in CE. Regular meetings, progress reviews, and status updates help keep everyone
informed and aligned with project goals. 9] Focused Project Management: CE employs project management
techniques that prioritize cross-functional collaboration and simultaneous activities.
10]Reduced Time-to-Market: Due to its parallel and collaborative nature, CE significantly reduces the time
required to bring a product to market. This can be a competitive advantage in rapidly changing industries.
15. Explain various reasons for implementation of PDM system. Explain various barriers for PDM
implementation.
ANS- Product Data Management stands for systems that help control internal product information.
All companies have external or internal projects they work on. Many of them turn into full-scale products that go
to the market. PDM apps exist to help record all information about them throughout the existing app lifecycle.
Reasons for the implementation of PDM systems:
1] Data Centralization: PDM systems centralize product-related data in a single, accessible repository. This
ensures that everyone has access to the most up-to-date and accurate information.
2] Version Control: PDM systems help manage different versions of product designs, preventing confusion and
errors caused by working with outdated versions. This ensures that teams are always working on the latest
iteration of a product. 3] Collaboration and Communication: PDM systems facilitate collaboration among teams,
departments, and even external partners by providing a centralized platform for communication. 4] Data
Security and Access Control: PDM systems offer robust security features, including access controls and
permissions, to protect sensitive product data. Only authorized individuals can view specific information. 5]
Reduction in Errors and Rework: By enforcing version control and providing real-time collaboration, PDM
systems contribute to a reduction in errors and rework. This benefits in saving time and resources. 6] Cost
Savings: PDM systems contribute to cost savings by improving efficiency, reducing the need for physical
document storage, minimizing errors, and avoiding costly rework.
Barriers for Implementing Product Data Management (PDM) system :
1] Costs: PDM systems can be expensive to set up and maintain, making it a barrier for smaller businesses with
limited budgets.
2] Complexity: The complexity of PDM systems may pose a challenge, especially for teams unfamiliar with the
technology, leading to resistance in adopting new processes.
3] Resistance to Change: Employees may resist changing their work processes, and convincing them to embrace
PDM can be a barrier to successful implementation.
4] Lack of Expertise: Limited knowledge and expertise in PDM technology within the organization can hinder
smooth implementation.
5] Data Quality Concerns: Ensuring the accuracy and quality of data entered into the PDM system is crucial, and
concerns about data quality can act as a barrier.
6] Training Needs: Training staff to use PDM effectively requires time and resources, and the need for training
can be a barrier.
7] Limited IT Support: Inadequate IT support can hinder the implementation and ongoing maintenance of the
PDM system.

16. What are the strategies of PLM?

ANS- Here are some common PLM strategies:
1] Centralized Data Management Strategy: It focuses on consolidating all product-related data, documents, and
information in a centralized repository. Makes sure that accurate and up-to date data is accessible.
2] Cross-Functional Collaboration Strategy: Collaboration is at the core of PLM. This strategy emphasizes
fostering collaboration among multidisciplinary teams, including design, engineering, manufacturing, marketing,
and supply chain. Cross-functional collaboration ensures that all aspects of the product's lifecycle are considered.
3] Integrated Process Strategy: This strategy aims to connect various stages of the product lifecycle seamlessly. It
ensures that information flows smoothly between all departments, eliminating silos and inefficiencies.
4] Agile and Iterative Strategy: This strategy promotes an iterative and adaptive approach to product
development. It allows for flexibility and responsiveness to changes in customer requirements, market dynamics,
and technological advancements.
5] Quality-Centric Strategy: Quality is paramount in product development. This strategy maintains high-quality
standards throughout the entire product lifecycle, from design to manufacturing and post-sales support.
6] Innovation and R&D Strategy: Focusing on innovation and research and development (R&D), this strategy
aims to continuously generate new ideas, technologies, and solutions that can drive product differentiation and
market competitiveness.
7] Sustainability and Eco-Friendly Strategy: Organizations are increasingly considering environmental factors.
This strategy emphasizes sustainable design, materials, and processes, aiming to create products that have a
minimal impact on the environment.
17. What are the characteristic features of PDM?
ANS- Product Data Management (PDM) systems are designed to efficiently manage and control product-related
information throughout its lifecycle. Here are the characteristic features of PDM:
1] Version Control: PDM offers robust version control mechanisms that track changes made to documents and
designs over time
2] Revision Management: PDM systems manage revisions of documents, allowing teams to track changes,
document updates, and manage the evolution of product information.
3] Collaboration Tools: PDM systems offer collaboration features such as commenting, annotation, and review
workflows. This enables cross-functional teams to collaborate on designs, documents, and decisions.
4] Workflow Management: PDM supports predefined workflows that guide processes like design approval,
review, and release. Workflow automation ensures consistency and reduces manual errors.
5] Change Management: PDM systems enable efficient change management by tracking and documenting
changes to product designs, components, and processes. This ensures traceability and helps manage revisions
effectively.
6] BOM Management: PDM includes Bill of Materials (BOM) management capabilities, allowing organizations to
create, update, and manage product structures and components in a controlled manner.
7] Audit Trail and Traceability: PDM systems maintain an audit trail that records all actions performed on
product data. This audit trail ensures traceability, regulatory compliance, and accountability.
8] Document Management: PDM systems manage a wide range of documents, including CAD drawings,
specifications, manuals, requirements, and other product-related documentation.
9] Scalability: PDM systems are scalable to accommodate growing data volumes and expanding product
portfolios. They can handle increased complexity and usage over time.
10] Reporting and Analytics: PDM systems often offer reporting and analytics features, allowing organizations to
gain insights into data usage, changes, and trends.

18. What are the stages of PLM?

Ans: Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is a comprehensive approach that covers the entire lifecycle of a
product, from its initial concept and design to manufacturing, distribution, and end-of-life management.
The stages of PLM typically include:
1]Concept and Ideation: This stage involves generating ideas and concepts for new products or product
enhancements.
2]Design and Development: Detailed product design takes place. Computer- Aided Design (CAD) software is
used.
3] Testing and Validation: Prototypes are tested to ensure they meet functional requirements and user
expectations. This stage involves simulation, physical testing, and user feedback to identify and rectify issues.
4] Manufacturing and Production Planning: Once the design is finalized, the focus shifts to planning
manufacturing processes.
5] Production and Manufacturing: The product is manufactured based on the finalized design and production
plan. Quality control measures are implemented to monitor and maintain product consistency and reliability.
6] Supply Chain Management: This stage involves managing the sourcing, procurement, and distribution of
materials and components. It ensures a smooth flow of resources throughout the production process.
7] Sales and Distribution: After manufacturing, products are marketed, sold, and distributed to customers. This
stage includes channel management, sales strategies, and distribution logistics.
8] Customer Support and Maintenance: Throughout the product's lifecycle, customer support and maintenance
are essential. Addressing customer inquiries, providing technical support, and offering maintenance services
contribute to customer satisfaction.
9] End-of-Life and Disposal: When a product reaches the end of its useful life, proper disposal, recycling, or
refurbishment processes need to be managed responsibly. Compliance with environmental regulations is crucial.
10] Continuous Improvement and Enhancement: Even after the product is in the market, PLM continues with a
focus on continuous improvement and enhancements.
11] Collaboration and Communication: Collaboration is a thread that runs through all PLM stages. Effective
communication ensure a successful product lifecycle.
12] Document Management and Compliance: Throughout the product lifecycle, managing documents,
specifications, regulations, and compliance standards is vital. Document control ensures accuracy and
traceability.
 19. Write a short note on Product Design and Development.
ANS- Product design and development is the iterative and creative process of turning an idea or concept into a
tangible product that meets customer needs and market demands. This multifaceted journey encompasses
various stages, from conceptualization to production, aiming to create innovative, functional, and commercially
viable products. The process involves a combination of design thinking, engineering expertise, market analysis,
and user- centric approaches. Key stages in product design and development:
1] Idea Generation and Conceptualization: 2] Feasibility Assessment:. 3] Design and Prototyping:
4] Testing and Validation.5] Iterative Refinement: 6] Final Design and Engineering: 7] Manufacturing and
Production Planning. 8] Production and Quality Control. 9] Launch and Marketing:
10] Post-Launch Monitoring and Enhancement
In summary, product design and development is a dynamic and iterative process that involves creativity,
engineering expertise, market insight, and user-centred approaches. By following a well-defined process and
collaborating across disciplines, organizations can create innovative and successful products that meet customer
needs and contribute to their competitive edge.

20. Give an example of an extinct product.

ANS- One example of an extinct product is the "Polaroid Instant Camera." The Polaroid Instant Camera,
developed by Edwin Land and introduced to the market in the late 1940s, revolutionized photography by
allowing users to capture, develop, and print photos within minutes without the need for external processing.
The Polaroid Instant Camera worked by exposing a photo-sensitive film, which was then developed and fixed
within the camera itself. The process produced a physical print of the photograph shortly after taking the picture.
This convenience made it a popular choice for capturing immediate moments without having to wait for film
processing. However, with the advent of digital photography and the widespread use of smartphones with built-
in cameras, the demand for instant cameras like the Polaroid declined. The ease of taking digital photos and
sharing them instantly online led to a significant decrease in the use of traditional film-based instant cameras.
While the original Polaroid Corporation faced financial challenges and went through several ownership changes,
in recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in instant photography as a niche market. Some
companies have reintroduced modern versions of instant cameras, combining the nostalgic appeal of physical
prints with contemporary features. Nonetheless, the traditional Polaroid Instant Camera, as it was initially
known, has become an extinct product in its original form due to technological advancements and changing
consumer preferences.

21. Change management of PLM.

Ans: Change management in the context of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) refers to the process of
effectively planning, implementing, and guiding organizational changes related to adopting or transitioning to a
new PLM system or improving existing PLM practices. Change management ensures that the people, processes,
and technologies are aligned and prepared for the changes, minimizing resistance and disruptions.
Key steps and considerations for change management in PLM:
Assessment and Planning: Understand the current state of PLM practices, systems, and processes within the
organization. Identify the drivers and reasons for implementing or changing the PLM system. Assess the
readiness of the organization and stakeholders for change. Define clear goals and objectives for the PLM change
initiative.
Stakeholder Engagement: Identify and involve key stakeholders from various departments and levels in the
organization. Communicate the reasons for the change, the benefits, and the overall vision.
Communication Strategy: Develop a comprehensive communication plan that outlines how information will be
shared at each stage of the PLM change initiative. Ensure stakeholder groups are well communicated.
Training and Education: Provide training programs to ensure that employees understand the new PLM system,
processes, and tools.
Continuous Improvement: Encourage a culture of continuous improvement by seeking feedback from users and
stakeholders. Use the feedback to refine processes, address issues, and optimize the PLM system's functionality.
Leadership Commitment: Visible support and commitment from top leadership play a crucial role in fostering a
positive attitude towards change throughout the organization.
By following a well-structured change management approach, organizations can effectively navigate the
challenges associated with PLM changes, promote user adoption, and maximize the benefits of their PLM
initiatives.