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Vl1333vlsi For Wireless Communication

The document discusses wireless communication concepts including GSM standards, frequency bands, multipath fading and Doppler effects. Multipath fading causes rapid signal fluctuation from constructive and destructive interference of multiple signal paths. Doppler shift additionally impacts the received signal strength due to mobile terminal velocity. Rayleigh distribution and Doppler spectrum are used to model these effects.

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23 views

Vl1333vlsi For Wireless Communication

The document discusses wireless communication concepts including GSM standards, frequency bands, multipath fading and Doppler effects. Multipath fading causes rapid signal fluctuation from constructive and destructive interference of multiple signal paths. Doppler shift additionally impacts the received signal strength due to mobile terminal velocity. Rayleigh distribution and Doppler spectrum are used to model these effects.

Uploaded by

Dr.chitra ECE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VL1333 VLSI FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

UNIT – I WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS 9


Introduction – Overview of Wireless systems – Standards – Access Methods – Modulation schemes –
Classical channel – Wireless channel description – Path loss – Multipath fading – Standard Translation.
Communication Concepts: Circuit Designer Perspective

Introduction

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard developed by


the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for
second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones
and tablets.

2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks. The
GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full
duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-
switched transport, then by packet data transport via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),
and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM
frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks
operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the
850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In
rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they
were previously used for first-generation systems

What are multipath fading and Doppler shifts?

EFFECT OF MULTIPATH AND DOPPLER IN WIRELESS MEDIUM


Due to the mobility of mobile terminal the received signal is rapidly fluctuating causing changes
in the multiple signal component arriving via different path. And the fluctuation of signal
amplitude is referred to as small scale fading. Here we are going to see effect of Multipath and
doppler in wireless medium.
Rapid fluctuation of signal amplitude causes two effects. The first effect is caused due to the
movement of the mobile terminal towards or away from the base station transmitter. It is called
as the Doppler Effect.
And the second effect is caused by the addition of the signals arriving via different paths is called
as multipath effect.

MODELING OF MULTIPATH FADING


The propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two
or more paths in the wireless medium and the phenomenon is known as multipath propagation.
Fluctuation of the signal amplitude because of the addition of the signal arriving with different
phase resulting in multipath fading. Signal have travelled different distances by travelling along
different paths due to this there is a phase difference. The phase of the arriving path is changing
rapidly so, the received signal amplitude undergoes the rapid fluctuation that is modeled as a
random variable with a particular distribution.

RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION is the most commonly used distribution for multipath fading.
Destructive and constructive interference and the phase shifting of the signal are the effect of
multipath.

DOPPLER EFFECT
It is the spectrum of the fluctuation of the received signal strength. It is also called as the
classical Doppler spectrum and commonly used in mobile radio modeling. For the indoor
application there is another model for Doppler spectrum that is uniform distribution. The fade
rate and fade duration for a given mobile velocity is obtained from rms Doppler spread. Then
these values can be used to design appropriate coding and interleaving technique for mitigating
the effect of fading. The effects of fast is overcome by diversity technique by providing multiple
copies of the signal at receiver.

CHANNEL MEASURMENT AND MODELLING TECHNIQUE


There is need to perform different type of measurement to understand and model the radio
propagation characteristics. It is very difficult to analytically derive the expression how a radio
signal may propagate through complex environment. Measurement of the radio channel are
obtained where the wireless network is required to be setup. The measurement can be narrow
band or wide band or both. For the simulation of environment the result of measurement could
be directly used. All the data are included in a database. And these data are used to construct the
empirical model for e.g. path loss model. These models are usually dependent on the frequency
and the type of measurement taken and are site specific.
There are some difficulties in wireless channel modeling because of the complex propagation
process on the basis of a wireless channel includes scattering, diffraction, reflection, and
transmission through a large number of irregular object.
For the SIMO and MIMO type of application recently 3D measurement and modeling of the
radio channel characteristics which includes the angle of arrival as well as the delay of arrival of
the paths have become popular.
SIMO channel models:
It is a single input multiple output radio channel . in this model a typical cellular environment is
considered where it is assumed that the base station can have a complex receiver and mobile
transmitter are relatively simple .
MIMO channel model:
It is a multiple input multiple output channel model.
An extension of the SIMO model where there are M base station antenna element and N mobile
antenna element is called MIMO channel model.

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