Biology Practical Work-Bo

24

EXPERIMENT 13

Aim of the Experiment u a

throug
system
aentyication of the structure of human excretory (urinary)

Requirement
Model/chart of human excretory system.

Observation urinary nd a urethra,

bladder and
ureters, a
pair of kidneys,
a pair of
Human excretory system consists of a column.

Naneys are bean shaped organs located on either side of the vertebral
renal artery.
Blood is supplied to the kidneys by aorta through
Blood from the kidneys is collected by vena cava through
renal veim
the kidneys with the u
Jr ters e tubular structures arising from the hilum of the
kidneys and join urinany
bladder.
of urine.
Urinary bladder is concerned with temporary storage bladder to outside.
Uretnra 1s a tubular structure which helps in voiding of urine from urinary
Pure blood Impure blood

Aorta
Vena cava
Adrenal gland

Renal artery
Renal vein

Hilus

Ureter
Kidney

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Fig. 17 Structure of excretory systems of humans

BiologyPracticalWork-Book X

EXPERIMENT 14
m of the Experiment
wfifictticoi tte
intertigi sfttutt af hurian hrert thryh
h
Reqirement

adaie chart showiny ternal strture

human hea
Qbservation

Heart a MNTd by periardium

Heart frour chambered

Tw uppe thin waled chambers are calied atria or auricde
Auricles are separated from each other
by interauricular septum
Lower laryger thick waled chambers are ventricle
Between auricke and ventricle tricuspid valves are presents on right side and bieuspid vavt *T
Si
Right auricle collects biood from the body through vena cava
(deoxygenated)
a t auricie coliects oxygenated blood from lungs through
pulmonary vein.
Right ventrice sends deoxygenated blood to lungs through pulmonary artery
Left ventricie supplies blood to the entire
body through aorta.

veria cavaMA
Superior
Aota

Puimonary
artery Puimonar
atery

Pulmonary
vetis Pukory
Right
efrim
PuimonC valve-
Mar av
1 rCspia valve-

internar
vefia tava

Fio 18tntemalstrastimeofhuan heat

 BlOl

26 EXPERIMENT 1 5

m o d e l c h a r t .

a
Aim of the Experiment kidney
through
human
structurec of
ldentification ofthe internal
Requirement
structure of human kidney
Model/chart showing internal

Observation
structure.
coloured bean shaped
Kidney is dark medulla.

hilus. inner lighter

Inner concave side is dark cortex
and
divided into
outer pyramids.
called renal
Internallykidneys
are
structure

Medulla is divided into a number of pyramidal

is called papilla.
The tip of the pyramid
Pyramids open into
the pelvis.
into the kidney.
Pelvis is formed by the dilation of ureter bladder.
Ureter transport urine
from kidneys to urinary

Medulla - Cortex
(Pyramids)

Minor calyces

Renal artery

Papilla of
medulla Renal vein

Major calyx
Pelvis

Capsule-
Ureter

Fig. 19 Internal structure of human kidney

Biology
Practical Work-Book X
27
EXPERIMENT 16
of the Experimen
Aim
dentification of the external structure of human brain through a model/chart.
nti

R e q u i r e m e n t

fadcl/chart showing external structure of human brain.

Observation

Brain is covered by meninges.

Brain is highlyconvoluted.
Brain is divided into 3 parts--Fore brain, Mid brain and Hind brain.
Fore brain consists of cerebral hemispheres joined together by corpus callosum.
Posterior part of the fore brain has pituitary attached to it.
Mid brain has 4 optic lobes
Hind brain has 2 cerebellar hemispheres joined by pons.
The posterior most part is medulla oblongata from which spinal cord arises.

Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe-

Occipital iobe

Temporal lobe

Cerebellum
Pons
Spinal cord

Fig. 20 Extenal view of human brain

 Biology Practical We
Work-Bo
EXPERIMENT 18

Aim of the Experiment modevchart.

a
through
/ iternal atruture of human eye

Requirement
Maxiei chat showing intemal structure of human eye

Observation
Human eye is located in eye orbit.
7he anterior visible part of the eye is cornea.
is iris with pupil in it for the entry of light.
C aark Coloured are in the cornea

Eye bal is made of 3 layers.

fibrous connective tiSsue
a) Sclera-Sclera is white, it is made of white
muscles.
It form iris and ciliary
(D) Choroid-Middle melanin containing dark layer.
and cones. Cones are more concentrated at yel
(c) Retina-Inner most wall having sensory cells-rods
a..

spot or fovea centralis.

The area from where optic nerve arises is the area ofno vision called blind spot.

into two chambers-anterior

is biconvex attached to iliary muscles and divides the eye
chamber filled with aqueous humour and posterior vitreous chamber filled with vitreous humour. aque
Lens

Sclera

ris Eye-ball
Ciliary Choroid
muscles
Pupil
Retina

************************************************************** pssag apRAea * A *************** *********

Optical axis of
Eye-lens eye lens

Aqueous
humour
Blindepot
Optic nerve
Cornea Foval
olldw spol

Vitreous
hurmour

Fig. 22 Internal structure of human

eye
B i o l o 9 y P r a l

EXPERIMENT 19
Experiment
Aim ofthe
cation of internal
entification of
internal sstructure of human ear through a model/chart.
ldterc

Requirement

Model/charn nart showing internal structure of human ear.

Observation

Human ear has 3 parts-External ear, Middle ear and Internal ear.

External ear has ear pinna and auditory canal. Auditory canal ends at ear drum.
Middle ear consists of ear ossicle made of three bones maleus, incus and stapes.
Eustachian tube in the middle ear connects it is pharynx.
Intemal ear has 3 semicircular canals for balancing and cochlea for hearing
Semicircular canals have a swelling at one end. This swelling is called ampulla. It has special sensitive cells
which are concerned with the dynamic balance of body.
called organs or
Cochlea is acoiled extension of membranous labyrinth which has special collection of cells
corti. These help in hearing.

Sound waves enter into the inner ear through oval window-fenestra ovalis.

Semicircular
canals Vestibular
nerve

Pinna Facial nerve

Malleus
Auditory
nerve

Oval window

Cochlea

Stapes

Eustachian
Incus tube

Ear canal Ear drum

Outer ear Middle ear Internal ear

Fig. 23 Internal structure of human ear

32 Biology Practical Work-Book x

EXPERIMENT 20
Aim of the Experiment
Tdentification of endocrine glands with the hlep of model/chart.
Requirement
Model/chart showing major endocrines in human body.

Observation
Endocrine system consists of ductless glands.
Pituitary is called the master gland.
Anterior pituitary secretes tropic hormones which control the working of other endocrine glands.
Various hormones secreted by anterior pituitary are-GH (STH), TSH, ACTH, Prolactin, and Gonadotropin.
Posterior lobe of pituitary secretes ADH, and oxytocin.
Thyroid gland secrete thyroxine which controls Basal Metabolic Rate.
Pancreas is a heterocrine gland, its endocrine part is called Islet of Langerhans which is made of three
types of cells.
B cells secrete insulin, a cells secrete glucagon and delta cells secrete somatostatin.
Adrenal gland has outercortex which secretes corticosteroids.
Innerregion called medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Testes secrete male sex hormone testosterone, which promotes the growth and development of male
secondary sex organs and also stimulates the formation of sperms.
Ovaries secrete two female sex hormones oestrogens and progesterone, oestrogens stimulate secondary
sexual charcters and progesterone help to maintain the pregnancy.

Hypothalamus
Male Pineal Female
-Pituitary
(hypophysis)
-Thyroid
Parathyroid-

Thymus-

Adrenals
(suprarenals)
Islets of
Langerhans
in pancreas)
Ovaries
Testes

Fig. 24 Endocrine gland in male and female