Science of a new or improved product, process or

- System of knowledge of the natural world services in a reproducible way.

gained through the scientific method. - Is concerned with the know
- Primarily interested in the acquisition of -how resulting in a new product or process
knowledge. distributed for commercial consumption or
- Preoccupied with the “know-why” resulting appropriated through patents.
in new knowledge usually disseminated ➢ Deals with how humans modify, change,
through science papers. alter or control the natural world.
- Science is a kind of human cultural ➢ Concerned with what can be or should
activity which is practiced by people known be designed, made or developed from
as scientist and formerly called natural natural world and substances to satisfy
philosophers and savants. human needs and wants.
- Science is complex system of people, ➢ Focuses on Development and Innovation
skills, facilities, knowledge, material or ➢ Inventing new or better tools and
physical resources and technologies materials.
devoted and directed to the inquiry into and
understanding of the natural world. SOCIETY
- Science as a modern science is the
dynamic cumulative inquiry into nature Society
using the scientific method. - people in general thought of as living
➢ Deals with the natural world. together in organized communities with
➢ Concerned with WHAT IS (exist) in the shared laws, traditions and values.
natural world. – an organized group of people associated
➢ Focuses on Research as members of a community.
➢ Discovering natural phenomena DEVELOPMENT -which involves
(knowledge) transforming research findings into
prototype inventions of new materials,
Technology devices and processes.
- Comes from Greek words TECHNE INNOVATION - which involves
meaning “art or craft” and LOGIA meaning a commercialization of prototype inventions of
‘subject or interest”. Research and Development into marketable
- Practical application of knowledge products or processes.
- Science of industrial arts and manufacture RESEARCH- a process of acquiring new
- Material products or result of human knowledge. The power and promise of
fabrication and making. technology can be further enhanced through
- A kind of human cultural activity or the study of technology to assure that all
endeavor which is practiced by people people are technologically literate in the
called technologist which include engineers, future. Society- people in general thought of
craftsmen and machinists. as living together in organized communities
- A complex system of knowledge, skills, with shared laws, traditions and values.
people, methods, tools, organization,
facilities, materials, physical resources Types of Research
devoted and directed to the research, 1. Fundamental/Basic Research- gaining
development, production as well operation new knowledge
2. Applied-practical application 1. Identification of an aspect, problem,
3. Mission-Oriented-accomplishing a question or phenomenon of nature of
particular mission or technological objective interest to the scientists or practitioner.
2. Formulation of some sort of intellectual
Types of Technology construct- a guess or hypothesis or theory
1. Material technology - extraction, explain the aspect, problem, question or
fabrication, processing, combination and phenomenon.
synthesis of materials 3. Application of the construct to the aspect,
2. Equipment technology - design and problem, question or phenomenon.
fabrication of tools, instruments, devices 4. Assessment, evaluation or analysis of the
and machines. adequacy of fit, compatibility or
3. Energy technology- deals with the appropriateness of the construct to the
distribution of various forms of energy such aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.
as solar panels, wind turbines and 5. Acceptance, adoption modification or
hydrothermal. rejection of the construct base on the
4. Information technology - based on application and assessment, evaluation or
machines that collect, store, process, analysis.
retrieve, transmit and utilize data or
information. Technology Processes
5. Life technology - these are devices, 1. Identification of a specific need, desire or
medicines, procedures and systems opportunity to be satisfied of interest to the
designed to preserve, repair, maintain, practitioner or technologist
reproduce and improve living systems. 2. Conceptualization of design or plan to
6.Management technology - Planning, satisfy the need or opportunity
organization, coordination and control of 3. Production or execution of plan or design
social activities 4. The use of phase.

Branches of Science Classification of technology based on a

1. Geology country’s level of technological
2. Chemistry sophistication.
3. Physics 1.First Wave Technology- Agricultural
4. Biology Age- comprising the pre-industrial
5. Astronomy technologies which are labor-intensive,
small-scale, decentralized and based on
Scientific Processes empirical rather than scientific knowledge.
1. Observing 2.Second Wave technology- comprising
2. Describing the industrial technologies which were
3. Comparing developed since the time of industrial
4. Classifying revolution until the end of World War II.
5. Measuring These are usually capitalintensive
6. Making inference technologies and are essentially based on
the classical principles of classical physics,
Science Processes chemistry and biology.
3. Third-Wave technology- comprising the
post-industrial or the high technologies
which are called science-intensive since
they are based on the modern scientific
knowledge of the structures, properties and
interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei.

Evolution of Societies
1. Hunter and Gatherer Societies- the
most primitive of all societies.
2. Shifting and Farming- e.g. slash and
burn farming
3. Agricultural and Mining Societies- both
depend on the natural resources of the
world to sustain the needs of people but
both entail the risk of environmental
damage.
4. Manufacturing and Processing
Societies-the use of coal marked the start
of industrialization.
5. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies-
production of synthetic food and other
resources and recycling of nonrenewable
resources.