6b Desert art

Vocabulary art
1 Complete the sentences with these words.

1 This looks like a child’s _____________ of a horse.

2 Look at that cloud. It’s in the _____________ of a heart.
3 Can you draw a ten-centimetre straight _____________ without a ruler?
4 I can see a _____________ at the door, but I don’t know who it is.
5 I prefer plain shirts to ones with a colourful _____________.
6 This _____________ of how to cut up a pineapple isn’t very clear.

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Listening
2 Look at the photo and read
the caption. Match the
questions (1–3) with the
exchanges (a–c).
b 1 What are they?
a 2 Where are they?
c 3 How big are they? The mysterious Nasca lines in Peru

a ‘They must be in a desert because there aren’t any plants or anything

there.’
‘Yes, it looks really dry.’
b ‘They might be roads.’
‘No, they can’t all be roads. That’s clearly a spider.’
c ‘There’s a plane above it.’
‘Yeah, so they must be pretty big.’

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3 Work in pairs. What do you think the answers to the questions in Exercise 2
are? Listen to an extract from a radio programme and check your ideas.
Track 46

4 What do you think the purpose of the lines was? Listen to another Track 47
extract from the radio programme. Complete the sentences.
1 The Nasca people couldn’t have seen the ______________ from above.
2 Maria Reiche was convinced that the lines must have been a type of
______________.
3 Other people thought the lines may have been ancient Inca __________.
4 The strangest idea was the lines could have guided creatures from
______________.
5 The Nasca people can’t have known the lines would still be visible
______________ later.

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5 Which theory do you think is most likely? Compare your ideas with your class.

1b-p. 12
Grammar certainty and possibility

6 Look at the grammar box. Underline the patterns in the sentences in

Exercises 2 and 4.

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7 Look at the grammar box again. Choose the correct option to complete the
rules.

1 We use must to say if something is or was possible / probable.

2 We use might, may and could to say if something is or was possible /
probable.
3 We use can’t and couldn’t to say if something is or was impossible /
improbable.

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8 Complete the sentences with present modal forms.

1 This drawing has eight legs. Insects have six legs. So it _______________
an insect.
2 ‘What are the straight lines?’ ‘I’m not sure. They ____________________
paths.’
3 ‘What’s the plane doing?’ ‘It ____________________ photographing the
lines, but I can’t see a camera.’
4 It’s summer in Europe now, so it ____________________ winter in Peru.
5 I’d like to walk along the lines, but they ____________________ let
people do that.
6 The figures are so big a plane ____________________ the only way to
see them properly.

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9 Complete the sentences about the Nasca lines with the past modal form.

1 The lines ______________________ something very special to the Nasca

people. (must / mean)
2 We know water ______________________ easy to find. (can’t / be)
3 The water in the area ______________________. (might / disappear)
4 People ______________________ the drawings for fun. (might / make)
5 The animal drawings ______________________ roads. (couldn’t / be)
6 The animals _____________________ in the region. (must / live)
7 The Nasca people ______________________ simple tools. (could / use)
8 People ______________________ the lines carefully. (must / look after)

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10 Complete the conversations using the correct option and the verb in
brackets. Use a present or past modal form.
1 A: Why hasn’t my sister returned my phone call?
B: Well, she can’t / may _________________
have forgotten have forgotten (forget).
She never forgets things.
2 A: Is Sandra here? I haven’t seen her today.
B: Yes, she’s here. She can’t / might _________________ (get) a coffee.
3 A: Who’s Tom talking to?
B: It may / must _________________ (be) his father. He said, ‘Hi, Dad.’
4 A: Why did the plane arrive late?
B: I don’t know. It could / mightn’t _________________ (take off) late.
5 A: Is Joe around? We’ve got a meeting.
B: Well, his computer is still on, so he can’t / must _________________
(go out).
6 A: Why is Phil wearing odd socks?
B: He can’t / might _________________ (get dressed) in a hurry this
morning.

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11 Pronunciation weak form of have
a Listen to the conversations from Exercise 10 and check your answers. Is have
in past modals pronounced /hæv/ or /həv/? Is the h pronounced?
Track 48
Have is an auxiliary verb. It is pronounced /(h)əv/ in these
sentences.

b Work in pairs. Read the conversations aloud. Pay attention to your

pronunciation of have.

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Speaking
12 Work in pairs. Look at the comments and think of situations when you might
say these things.
1 You must have forgotten to plug it in.
2 They may have lost your application.
3 They must be at home.
4 You might have dropped it on the way here.
5 He must have forgotten to pick it up.
6 She can’t have finished so quickly.
7 They might be stuck in traffic.
8 You must have spent it on something.

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13 Imagine you are in the situations in Exercise 12. Have conversations that
include the comments. Take turns to begin.

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