SALT ANALYSIS SCHEME OF ANALYSIS EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS : 1) Noted the colour Colourless Absence of Cu, Fe’, Fe*,Min**,Co”,Ni?* Blue Pre. of Cu?" Brown Pre. of Fe” Green Pre. of Ni?* Pale pink Pre. of Mn Pink Pre. of Co” 2) Noted the solubility a) Inwater a) Soluble and no a) Pre. of NH," b) Indil. HCI ppt with NascO; b} Insoluble b) Pre. of Pb?* 3) Flame Test: a) Blue surrounded a) Pre. of Cu Alittle of the salt is made into by green paste with conc.HCl. A glass rod b) Brick red b) Pre. of Ca®* is dipped in it and introduced c) Crimsonred c) Pre. of Sr?* into the flame. d) Bluish white d) Pre. of Pb®* e) Grassy greenon e) Pre. of Ba® prolonged heating 4) Ash Test: a) Green ash a) Pre. ofzn™ Alittle of the salt is heated with b) Blue tinted ash b) Pre, of AI* con.HNO; and cobalt nitrate cc) Pale pink ash c) Pre. of Mg™* solution. A filter paper is dipped in it and burnt. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS : I) Dil HySO, test - a) Evolution of a) Pre. of carbonates To the salt add dil,H2SO4, warm Colourless, if required. odourless gas with brisk effervescence, turns limewater milky. b) Smell of vinegar b) Pre. of acetate2) Conc.H2SO,test Treat a small quantity of the salt with Conc.H2SQ., warm if necessary. a) Colourless gas with pungent smell, give dense white fumes whena glass rod dipped in NH,OH is shown. b) Brown gas with pungent smell ¢) Violet vapours with pungent smell d) Light brown gas with pungent smell on strong a) Pre. of Cl* b) Pre. of Br? c) Pre. ofl d) Pre. of NOs* heating. e) Smell of vinegar e) Pre. of CH;COO 3) Paper ball test : Brown fumes Pre.of NO;* Heat a little of the salt with Conc.H:SO4and intraduce a paper ball to it, 4) Test for sulphates - Heata little of the salt solution with dil. HCl and add BaCl, solution. White ppt insoluble in Cone. HCl Pre. of sulphate 5) Test for phosphates : Add Conc.HNOsto the salt solution and boil. Add exess of ammonium molybdate solution and boil again. Yellow ppt Pre. of phosphate CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS : 1) Carbonates : Magnesium sulphate test : To the salt solution add MgSO, solution. White ppt Pre. of carbonates confirmed 2) Chlorides : a) MnOpgtest : Heat a small quantity of salt with Conc.H250. and MnO a) Greenish yellow gas with pungent smell Pre. of chloride confirmedb) Chromyl chloride test : Salt is heated with cone.sulphuric acid and pot.dichromate. The vapours are collected and passed through NaOH solution. Add lead acetate solution to this. Silver nitrate test : Acidify the salt solution with dil.nitric acid and add silver nitrate solution. q b) Reddish brown vapours Yellow solution Yellow ppt ¢) White curdy ppt soluble in excess of NH,OH Pre. of chloride confirmed S Pre. of chloride confirmed 8 3) Acetates ; a) Oxalicacid test : Make a paste of the salt with oxalic acid. Rub the paste and smell. b) Ester test To the salt add conc.H2SO4 and heat, Add alcohol. Shake. Pour the contents into a beaker containing water. ¢} Ferric chloride test : To the salt solution add neutral ferric chloride solution. Filter. Divide the filtrate into two portions : |. Toone add dil.HCl. i, To the second, add water and boil 4) Sulphate : a) To the salt solution add dil. HCl and barium chloride solution. b) To the salt solution add acetic acid and lead acetate solution. a) Smell of vinegar b) Pleasant fruity smell <} Reddish coloured ppt |. Reddish colour disappears ll. Reddish ppt White ppt insoluble in HCl White ppt solublein hot ammonium acetate Pre. of acetate Pre. of acetate confirmed Pre. of acetate confirmed Pre. of sulphate confirmed 8 Pre. of sulphate confirmed 5) Phosphate: a) Ammonium molybdate test : To salt solution add conc.HNOs and boil. Add ammonium molybdate and a) Yellow ppt Pr s .. of phosphateheat again. b) Magnesia mixture test : To the salt solution add magnesia mixture and allow to stand. b) White ppt Pre..of phosphate confirmed. 6) Bromide : a) To salt add conc.H;SO.and MnO, b) To salt add dil. HCl and Agcl a) Dense brown fumes b) Pale yellow ppt partially soluble inNHsOH Pre. of bromide confirmed Pre. of bromide confirmed 7) Nitrate : a) To alittle salt add a) Brown vapours Pre. of nitrate confirmed conc.H2SQ, and add cu and green turnings and heat. solution b) To salt solution add fresh b) Brown ring at the | Pre. of nitrate confirmed FeSOgand cool, Add junction between conc.H»SO4 two layer. ANALYSIS OF CATIONS: 7) To the salt solution add sodium | No ppt Pre. of zero group carbonate solution (Ammonium) 2) To the solution add dil, HCI White ppt Pre. of group 1 (Pb**) 3) To the solution add dil. HCland | Black ppt Pre. of group 2 pass H2S (cu) 4) To the solution add solid White gelatinous ppt Pre. of group 3 ammonium chloride and excess (ar) of ammonium hydroxide 5) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 4 ammonium chloride and excess (zn") of ammonium hydroxide. Pass H2S 6) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 5 ammonium chloride and excess of ammonium hydroxide. Add ammonium carbonate solution 7) To the solution add solid ammonium chloride and excess of ammonium hydroxide. Add sodium hydrogen phosphate White ppt (Ba*,Sr?*,ca*) Pre. of group 6 (mg")solution. Warm, 2) To the salt solution add NaOH solution. Warm. Add Nesslers reagent 1) To the salt solution add NaOH ANALYSIS OF GROUP O0(AMMONIUM) ‘Smell of ammonia. Gives white dense fumes when a glass rod dipped in HCl is introduced. Brown ppt Pre. of ammonium confirmed Pre. of ammonium confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 1(LEAD) 1) Potassium iodide test : To the salt solution add KI solution Yellow ppt Pre. of lead confirmed 2) Potassium chromate test: To the salt solution add kzCrO,solution Yellow ppt Pre. of lead confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 2(Copper) 1) To the salt solution add few drops of potassium ferrocyanide solution and acetic acid. Chocolate coloured precipitate Pre. of Cu” confirmed 2) To the salt solution add acetic acid and potassium iodide solution. White ppt Pre. of Cu’ confirmed 3) To the salt solution add NH,OH solution. Deep blue colour Pre. of Cu” confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 3(Aluminium: ) 7) The white ppt obtained is dissolved in dil:HCl Add 2 drops of blue litmus solution. Then add ammonium hydroxide dropwise till blue colour develops. Blue ppt floating in colourless solution Pre. of aluminium confirmed 2) Add excess of NaOH to the salt solution White ppt solublein excess of NaOH Pre. of aluminium confirmed3) Ashtest is conducted with the | Blue ash Pre. of aluminium confirmed group ppt ANALYSIS OF GROUP 4(2n?*) 1) The white ppt obtained in gp.4 is dissolved in dil. HCI And divided into two a) White ppt soluble | Pre. of Zn” confirmed a) To one part add NaOH in in excess of NaOH drops b) White/bluish Pre. of Zn’ confirmed b) To the second part add white ppt pot.ferrocyanide solution 2) Ash test is conducted with the | Green ash Pre. of Zn” confirmed group ppt ANALYSIS OF GROUP 5(Ba**,Sr°*,Ca**) Test for Ba : Potassium chromate test : 1) To the salt solution add K>CrOs 1) Yellow ppt Pre. of Ba confirmed solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Grassy green Pre. of Ba confirmed the group ppt. flame Test for Sr: 1) Add ammonium sulphate to the 1) White ppt Pre. of Sr confirmed salt solution, 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Crimson red Pre. of Sr confirmed the group ppt. flame Test forCa: 1) To the salt solution add 1) White ppt Pre. of Ca confirmed ammonium oxalate solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Brick red flame Pre. of Ca confirmed the group ppt. ANALYSIS OF GROUP 6(Mg**) Test forMe™ : 1) To the salt solution add 1) White ppt Pre. of magnesium confirmed ammonium phosphate solution, 2) Pale pink ash Pre, of magnesium confirmed 2) Ash test is conducted with group ppt