Diploma Engineering

Laboratory Manual
(Microwave and Radar Communication)
(4351103)

[EC SEMESTER-V]
Enrolment No
Name
Branch Electronics and communication engineering

Academic Term
Institute

Directorate Of Technical Education

Gandhinagar - Gujarat
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

DTE’s Vision:

● To provide globally competitive technical education;

● Remove geographical imbalances and inconsistencies;

● Develop student friendly resources with a special focus on girls’ education

and support to weaker sections;
● Develop programs relevant to industry and create a vibrant pool of technical
professionals.

DTE’s Mission:
-----
Institute’s Vision:
Mould Youth into Competent, Innovative and Technologically Skilled Professionals.

Institute’s Mission:

● Prepare the student with strong fundamental concepts, analytical abilities

and problem-solving skills.
● Offer ambience and support to cultivate creativity and Innovation.

● Disseminate quality training to enhance skills and Entrepreneurship for

professional development.
● Establish opportunities for the students and teachers for lifelong learning to
meet the ever-changing global technological standards.
● Foster students to seek excellence in technical education.

Department’s Vision:
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

To build technically competent Electronics and Communication Engineers with

moral values and professional ethics to serve dynamic needs of industries and
society.

Department’s Mission:

● Enlighten the students to face, analyze and solve the problems with
fundamental knowledge.
● Enhance the skills of students as per industry need and inspire them for
lifelong learning.
● Foster the students to become an entrepreneur.

● Provide an environment to sharpen their imagination.

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ___________________________________________________

Enrollment No. _________________________ of 5th Semester of Diploma in Electronics &
Communication Engineering of 604 Bhailalbhai and Bhikhabhai Institute of Technology,
Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388120 has satisfactorily completed the term work in course Microwave
& RADAR Communication for the academic year: ____________ Term: Odd prescribed in the
GTU curriculum.

Place: Vallabh Vidyanagar

Date:

Signature of Course Faculty Head of the Department

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Preface
The primary aim of any laboratory/Practical/field work is enhancement of required skills as
well as creative ability amongst students to solve real time problems by developing relevant
competencies in the psychomotor domain. Keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused
outcome-based curriculum - 2021 (COGC-2021) for Diploma engineering programmes. In this more
time is allotted to practical work than theory. It shows the importance of enhancement of skills
amongst students and it pays attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst
Students, Instructors and Lecturers to achieve relevant outcomes by performing rather than writing
practice in study type. It is essential for effective implementation of competency focused outcome-
based Green curriculum-2021. Every practical has been keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop
& enhance relevant industry needed competency in each and every student. These psychomotor skills
are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content delivery methods in the
classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual has been designed to focus on the industry-defined relevant
outcomes, rather than the old practice of conducting practical tests to prove concepts and theory.

By using this lab manual, students can read the procedure one day in advance to the actual
performance day of the practical experiment which generates interest and also, they can have an idea
of judgement of magnitude prior to performance. This in turn enhances predetermined outcomes
amongst students. Each and every Experiment /Practical in this manual begins by competency,
industry relevant skills, course outcomes as well as practical outcomes which serve as a key role for
doing the practical. The students will also have a clear idea of safety and necessary precautions to be
taken while performing experiments.

This manual also provides guidelines to lecturers to facilitate student-centered lab activities for
each practical/experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the students
follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve outcomes. It also
gives an idea of how students will be assessed by providing Rubrics.
Course specific para

Microwave devices are essential for electronics and communication engineering diploma
holders and they need to assimilate it in order to maintain Microwave devices used in the
Telecommunication Industry. Hence, the basic knowledge of microwave signal generation,
propagation, amplification and measurement is vital. This course has been designed so that the
diploma engineer can achieve skills to maintain microwave devices, components and accessories
used in the telecommunication industry.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Although we try our level best to design this lab manual, there are always chances of
improvement. We welcome any suggestions for improvement.

Programme Outcomes (POs):

1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science
and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering
problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.

3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-defined technical

problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified
needs.

4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.

7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the context
of technological changes in the field of engineering.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Practical Outcome - Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

a) CO1 Distinguish Electromagnetic wave propagation through reflections from voltage and Current
transmission.
b) CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from a field point of view.
c) CO3 Maintain microwave components and set up of microwave bench for optimum Operation.
d) CO4 Maintain microwave semiconductor devices used to realized amplifiers and Oscillators.
e) CO5 Maintain SONAR and RADAR systems as microwave applications.

Sr. CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5

Practical Outcome/Title of experiment
No.

Identify various components of microwave √ √

1
bench.

2 Test different controls and functions of √

klystron power supply.
3 Demonstrate the working functions of √ √ √
VSWR meter.
4 Set the microwave bench for optimum √ √ √
frequency operation.
5 Calibrate the given variable attenuator. √ √

6 Measure microwave frequency using the

√ √
given direct frequency meter.
Observe the maxima and minima on
7 slotted waveguide and calculate guided √ √
wavelength.
8 Calculation of mode. √ √

9 Reflex Klystron Characteristics. √ √

10 Measure VSWR for given microwave loads. √ √

11 Study of microwave components √ √

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant skills are expected to be developed in the students by
performance of experiments of this course.

(2 or 3 skills)

1. Maintain Microwave devices, components and accessories.

2. install Microwave devices, components and accessories.

3. Calculate specific Microwave component parameters and evaluate its performance for
field tests.

4. Find VSWR and Reflection coefficient for a specific transmission line.

Guidelines to Course Faculty

5. Course faculty should demonstrate experiment with all necessary implementation
strategies described in the curriculum.
6. Course faculty should explain industrial relevance before starting each experiment.
7. Course faculty should Involve & give opportunity to all students for hands-on experience.
8. Course faculty should ensure mentioned skills are developed in the students by asking.
9. Utilise 2 hrs of lab hours effectively and ensure completion of write up with quiz also.
10. Encourage peer to peer learning by doing the same experiment through fast learners.

Instructions for Students

1. Organize the work in the group and make a record of all observations.
2. Students shall develop maintenance skills as expected by industries.
3. Students shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
4. Students shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc.
5. Students shall refer to technical magazines and data books.
6. Students should develop the habit to submit the practical on date and time.
7. Students should prepare well while submitting a write-up of exercise.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Continuous Assessment Sheet

Sr. Marks
No.
Practical Outcome / Title of experiment Page Date Sign
(25)

Identify various components of microwave

1
bench.

2 Test different controls and functions of klystron

power supply.
3 Demonstrate the working functions of VSWR
meter.
4 Set the microwave bench for optimum
frequency operation.
5 Calibrate the given variable attenuator.

6 Measure microwave frequency using the given

direct frequency meter.
7 Observe the maxima and minima on slotted
waveguide and calculate guided wavelength.
8 Calculation of mode.

9 Reflex Klystron Characteristics.

10 Measure VSWR for given microwave loads.

11 Study of microwave components

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.1: Identify various components of microwave bench.
A. Objective:
1. To study microwave bench.
2. To identify different components of microwave bench.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge.
2. PO2.Problem analysis.
3. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing.
4. PO5.Engineering Practices for society, sustainability & environment.
5. PO7.Lifelong learning.
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
1. identifying
2. finding
D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)
1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from a field point of
view.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and set up of microwave bench for
optimum Operation.

E. Practical Outcome (PRo)

1. To study microwave bench.
2. To identify different components of microwave bench.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)

1. work as a leader / team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

H. Interpretation of Results (Not Applicable for CE & IT software subjects)

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
..
I. Conclusion (Not Applicable for CE & IT software
subjects)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
J. Practical related Quiz.

1. list types of transmission lines

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. A typical transmission line has a resistance of 8 Ω/km, impedance of 2
mh/km, a capacitance of 0.002 μF/μm and a conductance of 0.07 μs/km.
Calculate the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant, phase
constant of the transmission line at a frequency of 2kHz.
Find the characteristic impedance for lossless line.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
K. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvjGIJdrnJQ&list=PLgwJf8NK-
2e6HWPlWMhNzRoit6cr_UZqB

L. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Date: ……………
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Practical No.2 Identify various microwave components in the microwave circuit.

.

A. Objective:
1. To Identify microwave components.
2. To Find specific microwave component from given components.
3. Note relevant Technical specifications of the components.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO5.Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment
6. PO7.Life-long learning
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
1. Identifying
2. Analysis
3. Decision Making

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from field point of view.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
1. Identify microwave Bends,Tees,two port and multiport components.
2. Calculate component wavelength range.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)
1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic instruments
and tools.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
At microwave frequency transfer of energy from one point to another is
accomplished by a suitable guiding structure called waveguide. The structures
have different types of construction. The components and accessories used at
microwave frequency are operated in X band with a range of 8 to 12 GHZ for
laboratory purposes. The components are made of brass and the inner surface is
made of silver coating for better reflections.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Couplers

1. The waveguide couplers are available in many forms and applicable at

different places. The simplest couplers are bends and twists because the
mode of transmission in microwave can be TE mode or TM mode the
components are made accordingly to accommodate the requirement. The
couplers are mainly used to physically change the direction of the signal.
The commonly used bends are shown in the figure.
2. E bend: When the direction of the electric field is required to be changed
this component is used.
3. H bend: When the change of direction of magnetic field is required, the H
bend is used. Basically when minor changes are required the rounded
bends are used.
4. E bend corner: When the sharp change in direction of electric field is to be
obtained, the two places of the waveguide are connected using E bend
corner. It helps proper coupling of the signal.
5. H bend corner: When the change in the direction of magnetic field
required is sharp, the component preferred is H bend corner. It is a well
known fact that the electric field is perpendicular to the surface of earth.
So to identify the component the orientation of broader wall of the guide
component is to be considered, if it is in the direction of electric field, it
has to be used for change of direction of E field and otherwise for
magnetic i.e. H field.
6. Bend in circular waveguide: If the coupling of the signal is using circular
waveguide, this component is preferred.
7. Waveguide twist: When reversal of polarization of field is required the
twist is used. The longer the twist, the more gradual is the change of plane
& better the suppression of reflection.
8. Taper: If the coupling of signal up to a particular point in the connection is
using the rectangular waveguide and after that point it is to be ,using
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

circular waveguide, the taper is used as an accessory to properly couple

the signals.

TEE Junctions:

These types of couplers are identified by their “T” shape.

1. E plane Tee: It is also known as a voltage or series junction.it is a
waveguide Tee in which the axis of side arm is parallel to the E field of the
main guide.The orientation of the component is such that its broader wall
of port-3 is perpendicular to earth surface.it is used for coupling of electric
field.

2. H plane Tee: It is also known as a current or shunt junction.it is a

waveguide Tee in which the axis of side arm is parallel to the H field of the
main guide.The orientation of the component is such that its broader wall
of port-3 is parallel to earth's surface.it is used for coupling of magnetic
field.
3. Hybrid/Magic Tee: It is a type of multiport coupler. The relationship of
electric and magnetic fields are such that, for the dominant mode, if the
signal is fed through port 4 it appears at port 1 & 2 but not at 3.Similarly if
the signal is fed to port 1,2 and 4 are used when magnetic fields are to be
coupled & port 1,2,3 are used if electric field is to be coupled.If any port is
not in use it has to be terminated by matched load/termination properly
for best result practically.
Other main components:
A wave pyramidal horn : They can be used to radiate the microwave power or to
pick up the power. The construction of this component is simple and frequency
range and bandwidths are comparatively larger.
A matched Termination : The load that gives perfect load matching or in other
word zero reflection of all the power incident on it, is called a matched load in a
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

waveguide is a piece of distance cord, which is placed in the waveguide, parallel

to the electric field. The front end of the cord is tapered to prevent any
discontinuity to microwave signals.the operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.4
GHz
Tunable probe:
Model XP 655 probe is used in conjunction with a slotted waveguide section for
laboratory purposes.
The probe consists of wire with a coaxial section. The RF power taken from the
line, using this probe is rectified by a crystal detector, mounted in the probe. The
wire penetration is adjustable inside the slot. The probe can be tuned over a wide
range of frequency. The operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz
Movable short: Model X7-481 adjustable waveguide shorts are used for
terminating a waveguide transmission line with a short circuit.
It consists of a sliding short inside a waveguide housing. Movement of the plunger
is screw controlled. The operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz
Frequency meter:
Meter XF-455 is an absorption type cavity wavemeter, designed for frequency
measurement in X bend.it consists of a high Q, tunable resonant cavity coupled to
a section of a waveguide through a slot.
Practically full power is transmitted at frequency of resonance.At resonance the
cavity absorbs power which is indicated by a dip in the output. The tuning of a
cavity is achieved by means of a plunger connected to micrometer from any
micrometer reading the corresponding frequency can be obtained using a
calibration chart provided. The operating frequency range is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz
Slotted section with universal probe carriage.
A slotted section:
A slotted section is used for the measurement of VSWR, wavelength
measurement and for other useful measurements. It consists of a waveguide with
a slot on the top surface. A connecting probe is movable through the slot. This
mount, which is used as a coupling probe is movable through the slotted part of
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

the waveguide. This helps in the measurement of the distance from the source
and also to couple the microwave signal to an ammeter or any other measuring
device.
Model X5_651 is used for monitoring standing wave patterns inside a waveguide
and also for VSWR measurement.it consists of a precision slotted waveguide
section mounted on a stable and adjustable stand. The probe moves over the
section with the helical rack and pinion. The movement of the carriage can be
read to 0.01cm with the overlapping vernier scale. The attachment of a dial gauge
to carriage helps in more accurate measurement. The operating frequency range
is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz
Tunable detector mount: model XD 451 is designed for the detection of
microwave signals and also for monitoring power in conjunction with a suitable
detector .A detector crystal is maintained in a waveguide section and non-
contacting shorted plunger is used for matching purpose. The operating frequency
range is 8.2 – 12.5 GHz

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

E bend Twist H bend

H plane Tee E plane Tee Magic Tee

Matched termination Movable short

Pyramidal Horn
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Tunable probe
Slotted line
Frequency meter

PIN modulator GUNN oscillator Variable attenuator

Fixed attenuator
Taper
Waveguide stand
Resources/Equipment Required
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 Waveguide Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1

X band
2 Waveguide couplers like,E bend,H Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1 each
bend,E plane corner,H plane X band
corner,waveguide twist,taper.

3 TEE junctions like E plane TEE,H Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1each

plane TEE,Magic TEE X band

4 Circulator,Multihole directional Frequency:8.2 to 12.5 GHz 1 each

coupler X band

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

Lab manual expert has to write
1. Do not damage the sensible knobs on microwave components
2. Handle with care the vernier and micrometer screw gauge on slotted section
waveguide
J. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

Lab manual expert has to write/ Provide blank space for source code (CE & IT)
1. Study the specifications of all components
2. Identify the given microwave components
3. Learn where to connect the component for specific measurement

K. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Identify the components/devices.
2. Study the basic principle of operation of devices and components.
3. Know the typical application of each component.
4. Identify the E field and H field mode patterns in these devices
5. calculate the range of wavelength for the components as per given
specification
6.

Sr. No. Min f Max f Min λ=(c/f) Max λ(c/f)

1
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

L. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty

and student)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
M. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....
N. Practical related Quiz.
1. List two port microwave components
....................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.......................................................
2. List types of waveguide TEE
...............................................................................................................................
..
...............................................................................................................................
..
3. List more than two port (multi port)microwave components
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
....
O. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgBiWVLyFiA (faculty explains microwave components
)

P. Assessment-Rubrics

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.3 Test different control functions of GUNN power supply and draw V/I
characteristics .

A. Objective:
1. To understand the operation of GUNN power supply
2. To draw the V/I characteristics
3. To find negative resistance region for microwave operation

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO5.Engineering Practices for society,sustainability &environment
6. PO6.Project Management:
7. PO7.Life-long learning
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
1. identifying
2. operating
3. Decision Making
D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)
1. CO2 Interpret different parameters of analog modulated signals.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum Operation.
3. CO4 Maintain microwave semiconductor devices used to realize amplifiers and
Oscillators.

E. Practical Outcome (PRo)

1. Set microwave bench Observe and record voltage and current reading
2. Plot voltage Vs current and find negative resistance regions.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)

1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

GUNN Power Supply: It comprises of electronically regulated power supply &

square wave generator designed to operate oscillator ,type XG 11 and PIN
modulator XM55.The DC voltage is variable from 0-12v.the output voltage will not
exceed +11v because of overvoltage zener protection.The frequency of square
wave modulator can be continuously varied from 800-1100 Hz.The front panel
meter indicates the gunn volt & current drawn by Gunn diode.The power supply
has been designed to protect the gunn in the following conditions:

● Reverse voltage applied

● over voltage transmission

● low frequency generated by negative resistance of gunn diode.

GUNN Oscillator:It is narrow bend stable low noise MW source.the gunn diode is
mounted in waveguide carrier and source frequency can be tunable over the
range 8.5 to 12 GHz by a micrometer controlled tuning plunger max power output
is 25 mw but it varies with frequency and Pmin is 5mw.

PIN Modulator:It has been designed to amplify the MW output of gunn oscillator
modulating voltage of 1KHz obtained from Gunn power supply to drive the
modulator.it has built in 6dB attenuator to avoid any loading of the PIN diode.v-0
to 12 v,I-950mVA,sta-0 to 2.1 for I. 10% variation in mains,Mod range-0
±10V,freq- 800 to 1100 Hz,O/P-BNC female for gunn diode.

The Features for PIN diode:The Gunn power supply consists of a voltage
regulating circuit with the O/P of variable DC voltage of 0-12 V & an astable
multivibrator which gives a pulse of 10Vpp.

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

I. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply Voltage Range: 0 to 12 VDC, Current: 1 Amp. 1

Max Regulation: 0.2+-10% variation in main
power supply Ripple: 1 m Vrma
Modulation Frequency: 1KHz with 20%
variation (900-1100 Hz) Output Connector:
BNC (F) for Gunn Oscillator and TNC (F) for PIN
Modulator

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W,Max insertion loss 0.2 dB 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Slotted waveguide Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

7 VSWR meter Frequency : 1KHz,Range:70 dB Minima in 10dB 1

steps

8 Waveguide stand - 5
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

9 BNC cable - 3

10 Cooling fan - 1

11 Movable short - 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

Lab manual expert has to write
1. Before switching on the power supply the Gunn bias & mod amplitude should be
fully anticlockwise to protect Gunn oscillator & PIN modulator.
2. BNC connector should be used.
3. The Gunn diode current should be so as to get max deflection in VSWR meter.
4. Gunn oscillator cavity can be tuned
5. Before putting off the Gunn supply Gunn bias and mod should be fully
anticlockwise.

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Arrange the microwave component as shown in the diagram.
2. set the switch for selection of voltage,current,power be in voltage selection.
3. set the reading of voltage from the meter or digital display.
4. set the switch in the current position and note the corresponding current reading.
5. Repeat steps 2,3 and 4 for as many readings as you can.
6. Draw the graph of voltage V/I current.
7. Find peak voltage(Vp) and Valley voltage (Vv) from the graph.

L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

Sr. Gunn bias Gunn diode Sr. Gunn bias Gunn diode
No. Voltage(v) Current(mA) No. Voltage(v) Current(mA)
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

7 17
8 18
9 19
10 20
M. Interpretation of Results ( To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty
and student)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
....
O. Practical related Quiz.
1. What are different materials used to manufacture Gunn diodes?.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
2. Plot voltage Vs current curve and find negative resistance region range.

negative resistance region: Vp…………………V & Vv………………….v

P. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdSboadbgLM

Q. Graph ( Not Applicable for CE & IT subjects)

1. Plot voltage Vs current curve and find negative resistance region range.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

R. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.4 To set Microwave bench for optimum operation.
A. Objective:
1. Set the microwave bench for optimum operation.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO5.Engineering Practices for society,sustainability &environment
6. PO6Project Management:
7. PO7.Life-long learning
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
1. identifying
2. observation
3. appropriateness
4. accuracy
5. Decision Making
D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)
1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from a field point of view.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum Operation.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
1. Observe and identify the negative resistance region location
2. set frequency meter,Gunn supply and Gunn oscillator for optimum operation.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)
1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
A microwave test bench is an assembly of various microwave components, held
together by Nuts & Bolts. It consists of a microwave source (Oscillator) at one end.
The waves generated are led down by a wave guide through various components,
so that the student can observe the propagation of waves, and their interaction
and/or processing by various components. Among the Microwave measurement
devices, a setup of Microwave bench, which consists of Microwave devices has a
prominent place. This whole setup, with few alterations, is able to measure many
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

values like guide wavelength, free space wavelength, cut-off wavelength,

impedance, frequency, VSWR, Klystron characteristics, Gunn diode characteristics,
power measurements,
H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):

I. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply As per previous specifications 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W,Max insertion loss 0.2 dB 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Slotted waveguide Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

7 VSWR meter Frequency : 1KHz,Range:70 dB Minima in 10dB 1

steps

8 Waveguide stand - 5
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

9 BNC cable - 3

10 Cooling fan - 1

11 Movable short - 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

Lab manual expert has to write
1. Before switching on the power supply the Gunn bias & mod amplitude should
be fully anticlockwise to protect Gunn oscillator & PIN modulator.
2. BNC and TNC connector should be used
3. The Gunn diode current should be so as to get max deflection in VSWR meter.
4. Gunn oscillator cavity can be tuned
5. Before putting off the Gunn supply Gunn bias and mod should be fully
anticlockwise.

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

Lab manual expert has to write/ Provide blank space for source code (CE & IT)
.
1. Arrange the microwave component as shown in the diagram.
2. Randomly keep the variable control of the Gunn oscillator at any point.
3. Keep the variable control of movable short at any random point.
4. Tune the frequency meter and try to get a dip in the reading of the micro
ammeter.(sudden decrease in the current reading).
5. If not possible vary the Gunn oscillator variable knob or the movable short
control to get the dip by trial and error method.
6. Now connect the VSWR meter in place of the micrometer and see if the
reading in dB is appropriate power or not. If not, change the range if required
and also the variable attenuator will help in getting adequate reading.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

7. By changing the probe position on the slotted section make sure that the
pointer oscillates between two readings and the oscillation is sufficient to be
observed.
8. Now the position of Gunn oscillator control, movable short and wave meter
are set for the optimum operation.

L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

At optimum bench set up observation:
Gunn oscillator..............................(cm)
Frequency meter..............................(GHz)
Variable attenuator.........................(cm)
M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty
and student)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified
by faculty)

......................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
O. Practical related Quiz.
1. List microwave devices and components used in test bench set up
....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....
2. Name the other possible sources possible for microwave test bench
P. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microwave_engineering/
microwave_engineering_measurement_devices.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNYkkPoOPRU

Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………

Practical No.5 Measure the frequency generated by source and different wavelength in
rectangular waveguide for TE1,0 mode

A. Objective:
1. To measure voltage maxima and minima using a slotted waveguide.
2. To measure the guide wavelength
3. To compute the free space wavelength.
4. To Calculate microwave frequency, phase velocity and characteristic wave
impedance

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO6.Project Management:
6. PO7.Life-long learning
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
1.observing
2.Measurement
3.computing
4.Decide
D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)
1. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum Operation.
E. Practical Outcome (PRo)
1. measure the guide wavelength
2. compute the free space wavelength.
3. microwave frequency, phase velocity and characteristic wave impedance

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)

1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

G. Prerequisite Theory:
The measurement of frequency or wavelength is one of the primary requirements
in most microwave measurements. Frequency is the most fundamental quantity
because the frequency of oscillation is the same for all parts of the microwave
system under steady-state conditions. Wavelength on the other hand depends on
the configuration of the electric and magnetic fields as determined by the
geometry of the measuring device.The resonant mode excited by the possible
frequency is calculated the fundamental mode or the dominant mode.A better way
to measure frequency is with a calibrated resonant cavity. A resonant cavity wave
meter is analog of a tuned resonant circuit, in general there are two primary types
(1) Transmission cavities, which only signal to which they are tuned and (2)
Absorption cavities, which attenuate (by absorption) only frequency to which they
are tuned. An absorption type is preferred for laboratory frequency
measurements. For the power level is adjusted to give a full scale reading on the
output VSWR meter then the wave meter is turned slowly until there is a dip in the
power level.
The frequency may then the read form the dial of the meter.For dominant mode
TE10 mode rectangular wave guide the following relation is in use:

1/λ02 = 1/λc2 + 1/λg2

Where, λo is free space wavelength

λg is guide wavelength
λc is cut off wavelength
λ = c/f, c=3 x 108 m/s, f= frequency in GHz,

For TE10 mode λc =2a where ‘a’ is broad dimension of waveguide

Note: From the free space wavelength calculate the frequency

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W,Max insertion loss 0.2 dB 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Slotted waveguide Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

7 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1

8 Waveguide stand - 5

9 BNC cable - 3

10 Cooling fan - 1

11 Movable short - 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Do not ON the Power Supply without Permission.
2. Check Circuit connection twice before proceeding.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Arrange the Apparatus as shown in the block diagram.Turn ON the microwave

power supply. (Gunn power supply ) and let the Gunn oscillator be in any fixed
position.
2. Set the wavemeter in such a way that for a certain detuned wavemeter position,
the µA shows maximum reading of current. This is the first possible maxima.
3. When the µA shows the maximum reading, observe the position of the probe in
the slotted section which is the reading for the first position of maxima. Record
the probe position as d1.
4. Now change the position of the probe left or right, so that the µA shows
minimum reading. Note this new position of the probe from the slotted section
as minima.
5. repeat step 3 and record the probe position as second maxima d2.
6. Calculate the difference between these two observations of positions.
7. The same process can be repeated to record two consecutive minima positions
8. The difference of position(d1-d2) gives the reading of λg/2.
9. Calculate λg=2(d1-d2).
10. For finding the microwave frequency being propagated, i.e. f, from wavemeter,
take the reading of frequency when a direct frequency meter type instrument is
used or take the micrometer reading of wavemeter and from the calibration chart
find out corresponding frequency in case of indirect frequency meter..
11. Calculate λc=2a Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension ‘a’ measure it
with a scale.
12. From calculated values of λg and λc, calculate λ0 using the equation.
13. 1/λ02 = 1/λc2 + 1/λg2
14. Calculate the frequency (f0cal)=(c/λ0(cal))
15. calculate Zo and vp using the equations.
Z0=377// (1-( λ0/ λc)2,Vp=Vc / (1-( λ0/ λc)2) whereVc= (3x108m/s)

L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Sr. maxima maxim λg=

No observed d1(cm) a 2(d1-d2) λ0(cal)= f0(cal)=c/λ0(cal) %error=
. frequency(f) d2(cm)
1/(√(1/λg2+1/λc2) f-f0(cal)/f

1
2
calculations:

1.Vp=Vc(3x10^8M/S)/ / (1-( λ0/ λc)2)

Vp=...............................

2.Z0=377// (1-( λ0/ λc)2

Z0=...............................

M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty

and student)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
O. Practical related Quiz.
1. What is the purpose of the slotted line in the microwave bench?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
2. What is the purpose of a crystal detector probe?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
3. How does the waveguide act as a high pass filter?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
P. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn0qL-SY8PM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ES3HObniA5

Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.6 Measure VSWR for given microwave loads.

A. Objective:
1. To operate VSWR meter
2. To measure SWR for different loads.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO5.Engineering Practices for society,sustainability &environment
6. PO6.Project Management:
7. PO7.Life-long learning
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
1. operating
2. Measurement
3. Decision Making
D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)
1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from field point of view.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum operation
E. Practical Outcome (PRo)
1. To operate VSWR meter
2. To identify different loads.
3. To measure SWR for different loads.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)
1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools.
Prerequisite Theory:
The SWR meter is basically a high gain tuned amplifier,used for the measurement
of SWR in “X band” operation in conjunction with a slotted line. It has a square
meter to record the SWR. General specifications of this meter are as follows:
1. Square law calibration over 7dB range with an accuracy of ±0.2dB.
2. Meter scale marked in SWR and dB with normal and expanded functions which
corresponds to the switching control of the instrument.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

3. Sensitivity of 0.1 microvolt at 200 ohm input level.

4. Noise level less than 0.3 microvolt at 40Hz bandwidth.
5. Input frequency of 1 kHz with 30Hz bandwidth.
6. Input facility from crystal detector, transistor, barrater and thermistor or with
8.7mA and 4.3 mA bias current.
The voltage standing wave ratio in any transmission line or system is a measure of
mismatch, between line and load and so, is one of the important parameters. The
VSWR=1, if perfect impedance matching is available or otherwise the value will
increase with increased mismatch. The values of VSWR up to 10 can be measured
by the direct method. But the higher VSWR will be measured by the indirect
method or width of the minimum method. The methods are discussed below.
G. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):

H. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Variable Attenuator Average power 2W,Max insertion loss 0.2 dB 1

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Slotted waveguide Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

7 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1

8 Waveguide stand - 5

9 BNC cable - 3

10 Cooling fan - 1

11 Different load Open load,short load,Horn load and matched 1

load

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Do not ON the Power Supply and VSWR meter without Permission.
2. Check the microwave bench setup twice before proceeding.

J. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

Direct method for low VSWR.

1. Connect the bench set up as shown in figure. The only change is in the last
block, which can be changed by a load, i.e. a horn load for example.
2. Now adjust the attenuator until adequate power reading is available in the
VSWR meter.
3. Make sure that the pointer oscillates between two points by moving the
probe horizontally, which ensures a standing wave pattern along the guide.
4. Adjust the detector probe at the position of max on the slotted section by
observing the VSWR reading.
5. Now replace the indicating meter with dc voltmeter and observe the reading
on it which will be Vmax.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for position of min and get the reading of Vmin.
7. Calculate the VSWR from the equation, VSWR= Vmax/ Vmin.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

8. Alternatively a voltmeter calibrated in terms of SWR can also be used i.e. if full
scale deflection is 10mV on meter when the detector probe is at the position
of maxima on the slotted section. Now if V min observed is 5mV, that reading
can be calibrated as 2 on the VSWR scale. Similarly, other markings on the
voltmeter can be calibrated.
9. change the load and repeat the procedure.
Indirect method for higher VSWR:
For higher values of VSWR, according to the fundamental equation V min will be of a
very small value. If this Vmin is below noise level, the measurement of V min becomes
practically very difficult or the error will be very large. This problem can be solved
by using a special method, known as width of minimum or twice minimum power
method. In this method the minimum voltage is measured in a different way and
the maximum voltage reading is not required for the calculation of VSWR.
Because the SWR is calculated using the following equation.
1. SWR = λg / (π. ∆d),
2. where λg = wavelength inside the waveguide, parallel to the conducting walls,
3. ∆d = (d1-d2)distance between the two 3dB up points.
4. The curve of the standing wave in a waveguide is parabolic near the minimum,
when measured using a detector probe using a crystal diode detector working
on the principle of square law. If the curve is sharp the ∆d will be small and
corresponding SWR is higher.
L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

Sr. No. Type of load VSWR

1 Matched load
2 Horn load
3 Open load
4 Short load
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by

faculty and student)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
O. Practical related Quiz.

1. Define reflection coefficient.

..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..................
2. Define VSWR.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..................

3. What are the maximum and minimum values of the reflection coefficient?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
4. What are the maximum and minimum values of VSWR ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
P. References / Suggestions ( lab manual designer should give)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKBQnXDgkvg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qAFAnC1rP8
Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.7 Measurement of attenuation of a given fixed attenuator.

A. Objective:
1. To measure attenuation of a given fixed attenuator.

2. To measure attenuation loss in dB .

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO5.Engineering Practices for society,sustainability &environment
6. PO6.Project Management:
7. PO7.Life-long learning

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. Measurement
2. operating
3. Decision Making

D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)

1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from field point of view.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum operation.

E. Practical Outcome (PRo)

1. To measure attenuation of a given fixed attenuator.

2. To measure loss in dB .

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)

1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider
networks. Switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

attenuators and continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. For higher

frequencies precisely matched low VSWR resistance networks are used.Fixed
attenuators in circuits are used to lower voltage, dissipate power, and to improve
impedance matching. In measuring signals, attenuator pads or adapters are used
to lower the amplitude of the signal to a known amount to enable measurements,
or to protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage it.
Attenuators are also used to 'match' impedance by lowering apparent SWR.The
attenuator is a two port bi-directional device which attenuates some power when
inserted into the transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log [P1/P2]
Where P1 = Power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
The attenuators consist of a resistive vane inside the waveguide to absorb
microwave power according to its position with respect to the side wall at center
in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed at center
towards the sidewall, attenuation decreases. In the fixed attenuator the vane
position is fixed whereas changed by the help of a micrometer or by other
methods..
H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Fixed Attenuator 10 dB or 20 dB 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Detector mount IN23 1

7 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1

8 Waveguide stand - 5

9 BNC cable - 3

10 Cooling fan - 1

11 Matched load Average power 2.0W 1

12 circulator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Max VSWR 1.2 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Do not ON the Power Supply without Permission.
2. Check bench setup twice before proceeding.
Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Connect the set up and obtain a suitable reading P1 on the VSWR meter.
2. Now disconnect the fixed attenuator without disturbing any other parts.
3. Note down the reading P2 on the VSWR meter.
4. Calculate the difference power P2 - P1.
L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Power reading P1 in presence of a fixed attenuator,

P1 = ...................dB
2. Power reading P2 in absence of a fixed attenuator,
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

P2 = ....................dB
3. Attenuation of unknown fixed attenuator is,
P2 - P1 = .................dB

M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty

and student)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.
O. Practical related Quiz.
1. What is the purpose of the attenuator in the microwave bench?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. With what type of materials the attenuators are made up of?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…............................................................................................................................
3. Why is waveguide considered as a high pass filter ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

P. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)

https://www.eeeguide.com
https://www.eeeguide.com/electrical-and-electronics-engineering-articles/
electronic-communication/#google_vignette

Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………

Practical No.8 Study of Power division in Directional coupler and its characteristics.
A. Objective:
1. To study the operation of a two hole Directional coupler.
2. To measure coupling factor.
3. To measure directivity .
4. To measure insertion loss.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO6.Project Management:
6. PO7.Life-long learning

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. operating
2. Measurement
3. Analysis

D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)

1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from field point of view.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum operation.

E. Practical Outcome (PRo)

1. To study the operation of a Multi Hole Directional coupler.
2. To measure coupling factor.
3. To measure directivity .
4. To measure insertion loss.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)

1. work as a leader/a team member

2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

G. Prerequisite Theory:
The directional coupler has an important role as a tool for microwave
measurement.when this component is inserted into a line for measurement, it
permits the flow of signal to continue,as it copies or samples some energy of the
forward way only,in to appropriate detectors of measuring device.At the same
time it rejects the reflected signal returning signal from the load. The coupling of
power monitoring ,signal mixing,isolation of signals,sources,transmission and
reflection measurements etc.The specifications usually include frequency
band,directivity and coupling coefficient.

A useful form of a directional coupler is constructed by placing an auxiliary section

of uniform waveguide along the narrow or wide dimension of the main
guide,appropriately located apertures connecting the two guides.

The coupling factor is defined as the ratio expressed in dB, of the power entering
the main line input to the power output of the auxiliary guide.C=10 log (Pi/Pao)

The directivity is defined as the ratio expressed in dB,of the powers out of the
auxiliary guide when the amount of power is alternatively applied in the forward
and reverse directions in the main guide.D= 10 log Pao(f)/Pao(r)

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Multi Hole Directional coupler Directivity 35 dB 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Detector mount IN23 1

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

7 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1

8 Waveguide stand - 5

9 BNC cable - 3

10 Cooling fan - 1

11 Matched load Average power 2.0W 1

12 circulator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Max VSWR 1.2 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Do not ON the Power Supply without Permission.
2. Check bench setup twice before proceeding.

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Set up the connections as shown in figure (1) and measure the power reading
from the VSWR meter.
2. Note this reading as Pi,because this will be the input power to the coupler.
3. Set up the connections according to figure (2) and measure the power reading
Po from the VSWR meter.
4. Interchange the position of matched termination with the detector mount and
now observe the power reading as Pao(f).
5. Now set up the connections as shown in figure (3) and observe the power
reading as Pao(r).
L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):
For a ……………. dB coupler,

1. Pi = ……………. dB
2. Po= ……………. dB
3. Pao(f)= ……………. dB
4. Pao(r)= …………… .dB

CALCULATIONS:-
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

1. Coupling Factor C=Pi-Pao ……………………

2. Directivity D=Pao(f)-Pao(r)....................
3. Insertion loss L=Pi-Po ……………………
M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty
and student)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified
by faculty)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
O. Practical related Quiz.

1. What does the coupling factor indicate ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Directivity is the ratio of which to parameters?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

3. List application of directional coupler.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

P. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71u2IM663B0l

Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.9 To study circulator and its characteristics

A. Objective:
1. To study the operation of a ferrite circulator
2. To Measure isolation factor
3. To Measure insertion loss.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1.PO1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2.Problem analysis
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO6.Project Management:
6. PO7.Life-long learning

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. Measurement
2. Calculation
3. Analysis
D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)
1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from a field point of view.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum Operation.
E. Practical Outcome (PRo)
1. To study the operation of a ferrite circulator.
2. To measure isolation factor.
3. To measure insertion loss.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)

1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools.

G. Prerequisite Theory:

Microwave circulator is an important application of “ferrite” ; it works on

the principle of faraday rotation. The circulator is defined as a device with ports
arranged such that energy entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

coupled to other ports. A wave incident on port 1 is coupled to port 2 only, a

wave incident at port 2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on.it is a multi port
device.practically there is no restriction on number of ports but three and four
port circulators are more commonly used.typical 3 port circulators handle only
small power ,it has an isolation of approximately of 20 dB and insertion loss of 0.5
dB.

Following are the basic parameters of the circulator for study.

1. Insertion loss:The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the
power detected by a detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with another
port terminated in the matched load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss.
so if power is applied at port 1, the port 2 is the coupled port and insertion
loss(dB)=P1-P2.

2. Isolation:It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at a not
coupled port with another port terminated in the matched load.it is the
measurement of isolation between the isolated ports. so if power is applied at
port 1, the port 3 is the isolated port and isolation (dB)=P1-P3.

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Variable attenuator, Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Frequency meter Frequency range 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1

7 Detector mount IN23 1

8 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1

9 Waveguide stand - 5

10 BNC cable - 3

11 Cooling fan - 1

12 Slotted line Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

13 circulator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Max VSWR 1.2 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Do not ON the Power Supply without Permission.
2. Check the bench set up twice before proceeding.

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

1. connect the set up as shown in figure (1) and measure the power reading
from the VSWR meter.
2. Note this reading as P1,as this will be the input power to the circulator port 1.
3. connect the set up according to figure (2) and measure the power P2 from
the VSWR meter.
4. Interchange the position of matched termination with the detector mount
and now observe the power reading as P3.
5. Calculate the isolation factor and insertion loss.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

6. The same experiment can be done for other ports of the circulator.
7. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if required
L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):
1. Power measured at Port1,P1= ……………….
2. Power measured at Port2,P2= ……………….
3. Power measured at Port3,P3= ……………….

Calculations:

1. Compute insertion loss on P1 – P2 = ………………. dB.

2. Compute isolation factor as P1 - P3 = ………………. dB.

M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty and
student)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

O. Practical related Quiz.

1. write application of circulator.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
2. What is the principle of working of a circulator?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
P. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05LX8zzKhZ0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zk6j-PO2DF0
Q. Assessment-Rubrics:Max 25 marks
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.10 Demonstrate power division in the arm of Magic Tee and its characteristics.
A. Objective:
1. To study the operation of a magic Tee
2. To Measure isolation loss.
3. To Measure the coupling factor of magic Tee.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1.PO1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO6.Project Management:
6. PO7.Life-long learning

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. identification
2. Measurement
3. Analysis
4. Decision Making

D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)

1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from a field point of view.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum Operation.
E. Practical Outcome (PRo)
1. To study the operation of a magic Tee
2. To Measure isolation loss.
3. To Measure the coupling factor of magic Tee.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)
1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm
forms an H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with arm
1 and 2 a side or collinear arms. If power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric field divides
equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase, and no electrical field exists in arm 4.
Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed in arm 4 (E-arm), it
divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if the
power is fed from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in E-arm,
i.e. arm 4.

The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below.

1. Input VSWR

Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports
are terminated in matched load

2. Isolation:The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the

power supplied by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power
detected at H –arm (port 3) when side arms I and 2 are terminated in matched
load.Hence, isolation between 3&4 ports is

Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [ P4/ P3]

Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined

Coupling coefficient.

It is defined as Cij = 10 (–α /10) Where

α = attenuation / isolation in dB
'i’ is input arm

'j’ is the output arm.

Thus
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

α = 10 log10 [Pi/ Pj] in dB

Where

Pi is the power fed to arm i

Pj is power detected at arm j.

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

4 Variable attenuator, Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Frequency meter Frequency range 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1

7 Detector mount IN23 1

8 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1

9 Waveguide stand - 5

10 BNC cable - 3

11 Cooling fan - 1

12 Slotted line Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

13 Magic Tee Frequency range 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

Lab manual expert has to write
1. Do not ON the Power Supply without Permission.
2. Check the Bench set up twice before proceeding.

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

1.VSWR Measurement of the Ports :

1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig. keeping E arm
towards the slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and
tune the detector mount for maximum output.
3. Measure the SWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low and
medium value.
4. Connect another arm to the slotted line and terminate the other port with
matched termination. Measure the SWR as above. Similarly, SWR of any port
can be measured.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

2.Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient :

1. Remove the tunable probe and Magic Tee from the slotted line and
connect the detector mount to the slotted line.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and
tune the detector mount for maximum output.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter,
set any power level in the SWR meter and note down. Let it be P3.
4. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control
knob, carefully place the Magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm
connected to slotted line, detector to E arm and matched termination to
arm 1 and 2. Note down the reading of the SWR meter. Let it be P4.
5. In the same way measure P1 & P2 by connecting detectors on these ports
one by one.
6. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3-P4 in dB.
7. Determine the coupling coefficient by P3- P1 for port P1 & P2.
8. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies.

L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

1. Power reading at Port3(H-arm),P3= ………….
2. Power reading at Port4(E-arm),P4= …………
3. Power reading at Port4,P1= ………….
4. Power reading at Port4,P2= ………….
Calculations:
1. Isolation ,(P3-P4)=...................................
2. Coupling coefficient, (P3-P1) =...................
3. Coupling coefficient, (P3-P2) = ....................

M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty

and student)
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
O. Practical related Quiz.
1. write applications of Magic Tee.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..
2. Define Isolation factor of Magic Tee.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
P. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=if30sXaKWkY

Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.11 Calibration of given variable attenuator

A. Objective:
1. To study characteristics of variable attenuator
2. To calibrate the variable attenuator.
3. To plot attenuation v/s micrometer reading graph.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO6.Project Management:
6. PO7.Life-long learning

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. identification
2. Measurement
3. plot
4. calibrate

D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)

1. CO2 Analyze performance of microwave components from a field point of view.
2. CO3 Maintain microwave components and Set up of microwave bench for
optimum Operation.
E. Practical Outcome (PRo)
1. To calibrate the variable attenuator.
2. To plot attenuation v/s micrometer reading graph.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)
1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic
instruments and tools.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider
networks. Switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped
attenuators and continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. For higher
frequencies precisely matched low VSWR resistance networks are used. Fixed
attenuators in circuits are used to lower voltage, dissipate power, and to improve
impedance matching. In measuring signals, attenuator pads or adapters are used
to lower the amplitude of the signal to a known amount to enable measurements,
or to protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage it.
Attenuators are also used to 'match' impedance by lowering apparent SWR. The
attenuator is a two port bi-directional device which attenuates some power when
inserted into the transmission line.The attenuators consists of a resistive vane
inside the waveguide to absorb microwave power according to its position with
respect to sidewall at center in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the
vane is placed at center towards the sidewall, attenuation decreases. In the fixed
attenuator the vane position is fixed whereas changed by the help of micrometer
of by other methods.in a variable attenuator ,the amount of attenuation
introduced is controlled by changing position of the material inside the guide.The
material is mounted in such a way that it can be moved in a number of
positions.The device that attenuates the signal is termed as attenuator. The
attenuator used in the microwave set is of variable type. The variable attenuator
consists of a strip of absorbing material which is arranged in such a way that its
profusion into the guide is adjustable. Hence, the signal power to be fed to the
microwave set up can be set at the desired level.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester
software subjects only):

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Variable attenuator, Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Frequency meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1

7 Detector mount IN23 1

8 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1

9 Waveguide stand - 5

10 BNC cable - 3

11 Cooling fan - 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Lab manual expert has to write

1. Do not ON the Power Supply without Permission.
2. Check Bench set up connection twice before proceeding.

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

Lab manual expert has to write/ Provide blank space for source code (CE & IT)
1. Set up the bench as shown in the block diagram.
2. Turn the supply “ON”
3. Keep the attenuator position at its extreme value and also measure the least
count of micrometer scale.
4. Adjust the variable load so that VSWR reading is an adequate range
5. Note the corresponding attenuation on the VSWR meter..
6. change the micrometer scale multiple times and note respective VSWR
readings .
7. Draw the graph of attenuation in dB v/s micrometer reading in mm.

L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

Sr no Micrometer scale(mm) Attenuation (dB)

10

11

12
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

13

14

15
From graph:
The slope of the curve =.........................dB/mm
Hence the rate of change =..............................dB/mm of attenuation.
M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty
and student)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by
faculty)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
O. Practical related Quiz.
1. What is the difference between fixed attenuator and variable attenuator?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
2. Where the rotary vane precision attenuator is preferable?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….
P. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)
http://evalidate.in/lab3/index.htm
Q. Graph ( Not Applicable for CE & IT subjects)
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

R. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.12 Introduction to RADAR .

A. Objective:
1. To understand the principle of RADAR.
2. To study the Block diagram of RADAR.
3. To study parameters affecting the range of RADAR.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis
3. PO3Design/ development of solutions
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO7.Life-long learning

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. understand
2. study

D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)

1. CO2 a) Interpret different parameters of analog modulated signals.
E. Practical Outcome (PRo)
1. To understand the principle of RADAR.
2. To study the Block diagram of RADAR.
3. To study parameters affecting the range of RADAR.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)

work as a leader/a team member.
G. Prerequisite Theory:Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to
determine the range,angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships,
spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar
system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or
microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same
antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine
properties of the object. Radio waves(pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect
from the object and return to the receiver,giving information about the object's location
and speed.
Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and
during World War II. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an
acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging or Radio Direction And Ranging.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air and terrestrial traffic control,
radar astronomy, air-defence systems, anti missile systems, marine radars to locate
landmarks and other ships, aircraft anti-collision systems, ocean surveillance systems,
outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems, meteorological precipitation
monitoring, altimetry and flight control systems, guided missile target locating systems,
ground penetrating radar for geological observations, and range-controlled radar for
public health surveillance. Hightech radar systems are associated with digital signal
processing, machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very
high noise levels. Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum. One example is "LIDAR",which uses ultraviolet, visible or near
infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves.

PRINCIPLES: A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in
predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually
reflected or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by
materials of considerable electrical conductivity especially by most metals, by seawater
and by wet ground. Some of these make the use of radar altimeters possible. The radar signal
s that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar
work. If The object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there is a slight
equivalent change in the frequency of the radio waves, caused by the Doppler effect. Radar
receivers are usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the
reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, they can be
strengthened by electronic amplifiers. More sophisticated methods of signal processing are
also used in order to recover useful radar signals The weak absorption of radio waves by the
medium through which it passes is what enables radar sets to detect objects at relatively
long ranges ranges at which other electromagnetic wavelengths, such as visible light, infrared
light, and ultraviolet light, are too strongly attenuated. Such weather phenomena as fog,
clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet that block visible light are usually transparent to radio
waves. Certain radio frequencies that are absorbed or scattered by water vapour, raindrops,
or atmospheric gases (especially oxygen)are avoided in designing radars, except when their
detection is intended.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

The block diagram given above shows the main components of pulse radar and their operation.
The transmitter may be an oscillator, such as a magnetron, which is pulsed (turned on and off) by
the modulator to generate a repetitive train of pulses of the kind shown in Fig.The waveform
generated by the transmitter travels along a transmission line to the antenna,which is generally
used for both transmitting and receiving. The duplexer consists of two devices, one known as TR
(Transmit-Receive) and the other as ATR (Anti-TransmitReceive). The TR protects the delicate
circuits of the receiver from the high power of the transmitter during transmission and the ATR
channels the returned echo signal to the receiver, and not to the transmitter, during reception.
The first stage of the receiver is a low noise RF (radio frequency) amplifier. The mixer and the
local oscillator convert the RF signal to an IF (intermediate frequency) signal. This signal is passed
through an IF amplifier which is designed to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at its output. The
pulse modulation of the echo signal is extracted by the detector and amplified by the video
amplifier to a level at which the signal can be properly displayed on a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).
Timing signals are also supplied for range reference. Angle information is obtained from the
pointing direction of the antenna.The most common form of the CRT display is the PPI (Plan
Position Indicator), which maps(in polar coordinates) the location of the target in azimuth and
range. This is an intensity-modulated display in which the amplitude of the receiver output
modulates the electron-beam intensity as the electron beam is made to sweep outward from the
center of the tube. The beam rotates in angle in response to the antenna position.
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the
object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields where the need for such
positioning is crucial. The first use of radar was for military purposes: to locate air,ground and
sea targets. This evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships,and roads.

APPLICATIONS:

In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices,display weather information,and in altimeter
give accurate altitude readings.The first commercial device fitted to aircraft was a 1938 Bell Lab
unit on some United AirLines aircraft. Such aircraft can land in fog at airports equipped with
radar assisted ground-controlled approach systems in which the plane's flight is observed on
radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.Marine radars are used to
measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate, and
to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands,
buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbour, vessel traffic service radar systems are used to
monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters.Meteorologists use radar to monitor
precipitation and wind. It has become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and
watching for severe weather such as thunderstorms,tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation
types, etc. Geologists use specialized ground- penetrating radars to map the composition of
Earth's crust. Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the roads. Smaller radar
systems are used to detect human movement. Examples are breathing pattern detection for
sleep monitoring and hand and finger gesture detection for computer interaction. Automatic
door opening, light activation and intruder sensing are also common.

ADVANTAGES:

The radar can see through the medium consisting of fog, snow, rain, darkness, etc.

Radar signals can penetrate and see through insulators.

It can help find out following parameters of object or target: Velocity of Target

DISADVANTAGES:

It cannot distinguish and resolve multiple targets which are very close like our eye.

It cannot recognize the colour of the targets.

It cannot see targets which are placed behind some conducting sheets.

It is also difficult to recognise short range target types.

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Switching time of radar duplexer is very crucial when targets are very close. In this situation
reflected pulses arrive much earlier than the time required to connect the receiver part with the
antenna by the duplexer. This results in "reflected pulse is not received by the radar".

H. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

Visit a place where RADAR has been installed and write the observations you noticed there:

1. place visited………………………….
2. type of RADAR installed ……………………………………
3. Scanning method of RADAR …………………………….
4. Specific application ………………………………..
L. Interpretation of Results (Not Applicable for CE & IT software subjects)
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
......

M. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be

verified by faculty)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
N. Practical related Quiz.
1. List any four applications of RADAR
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
2. List display methods used in a RADAR.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
3. List types of radar
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
......
O. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/radar_systems/
radar_systems_antenna_parameters.htm
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

P. Graph ( Not Applicable for CE & IT subjects)

Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Date: ……………
Practical No.13 Measure VSWR and Reflection coefficient for given length of transmission line.

A. Objective:
1. To measureVSWR of a transmission line..
2. To compute reflection coefficient .
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
1. PO1.Basic and Discipline specific knowledge:
2. PO2.Problem analysis:
3. PO3.Design/ development of solutions:
4. PO4.Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing
5. PO5.Engineering practices for society,sustainability and environment
6. PO7.Life-long learning

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. Measurement
2. operating
3. Decision Making

D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)

1. CO1 Distinguish Electromagnetic wave propagation through reflections from voltage
and Current transmission

E. Practical Outcome (PRo)

1. To measureVSWR of a transmission line.
2. To compute reflection coefficient.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)
1. work as a leader/a team member.
2. Follow safety practices while using electrical, electronics, pneumatic instruments
and tools.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as sum of
two travelling waves: the incident wave propagating from generator and the reflected
wave propagating towards the generator.The reflected wave is set up by reflection of
incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance.The
magnitude and phase or reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of
reflecting impedance.The presence of two travelling waves,gives rise to standing wave
along the line.The maximum field strength is found when two waves are in phase and
the minimum when the two waves are in opposite phase.The distance between two
successive minimum(and maximum)is half the guide wavelength on the line.
 Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident waves is

called reflection coefficient. The voltage standing wave ratio(VSWR) is defined as the
ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along the line.
Hence VSWR:

Reflection coefficient :

ρ=(Z-Z0)/(Z+Z0)
Where Z is the impedance at a point on line
Z0 is characteristic impedance
The above equation gives

ρ=( S-1)/(S+1)

where Emax=Maximum field strength along the line

Emin=Minimum field strength along the line
Ei=Voltage of the incident wave
Er=Voltage of the reflected wave

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart (CE & IT 1st and 2nd semester software
subjects only):
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

GUNN power
supply VSWR
meter

GUNN PIN Variable Freque Slott S.S

Isolat
oscilla modul Attenua ncy ed Tun
or
tor ator tor meter line er

Matched
terminati
on
I. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quanti
/Components/Trainer kit ty

1 GUNN power supply as per previous specification 1

2 Gunn oscillator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

3 PIN modulator Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

4 Variable attenuator, Frequency range 8.2 to 12.5 GHz,X band 1

5 Isolator Min isolation loss:20 dB,Min insertion 1

loss:0.4dB

6 Frequency meter 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1

7 Slotted line Max residual VSWR 1.01W 1

8 S.S.tuner 8.2 to 12.4 GHz 1

9 Matched termination Average power 2.0W 1

10 VSWR meter as per previous specification 1

11 Waveguide stand - 5

12 BNC cable - 3
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

13 Cooling fan - 1

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Do not ON the Power Supply without Permission.
2. Check bench setup twice before proceeding.
K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):
1. set up the equipment as shown in the figure
2. switch on the power supply
3. keep the variable attenuator and VSWR meter for tuning maximum deflection in
VSWR meter .
4. Move the probe along slotted line ,the deflection in VSWR meter will change.
Measurement of Low,Medium VSWR:
1. Move the probe along with slotted line to maximum deflection in VSWR meter
2. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter
indicate 1.0 on normal SWR scale(0-∞)
3. Keep all the control knobs as it is,move the probe to next minimum position.Read
the VSWR on the scale and record it.
4. Repeat the above step for change of S.S tuner probe depth and record the
corresponding SWR.
5. if the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10 ,change the range dB switch to next higher
position and read the VSWR on the second VSWR scale i.e 3 to 10.
Measurement of High VSWR:(double minima method)
1. set the depth of S.S tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR
2. move the probe along the slotted line until a minimum is indicated
3. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control and variable attenuator to cbtain a
reading of 3dB on normal dB scale(0 to 10dB) of VSWR meter.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained
i.e ‘0’ dB on 0 to 10 dB scale.Note and record the probe position on the slotted
line.let it be d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along slotted line until
full scale deflection is obtained on 0-10 dB normal dB scale.let it be d2.
6. Repeat the S.S tuner and termination by short circuit termination.
7. Measure the distance between two successive minima.Twice this distance is
guide wavelength
8. Compute SWR :S= λg /(π(d1-d2))
9. calculate ρ=( S-1)/(S+1)

L. Observations and Calculations/Input-Output (CE & IT software subjects):

Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

1. VSWR(low) =......................................
2. Reflection coefficient=..........................
3. VSWR(medium)=..................................
4. Reflection coefficient=.............................
5. VSWR(high)=...........................................
6. Reflection coefficient=...........................
M. Interpretation of Results (To de discussed and written during experiment by faculty and
student)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
N. Conclusion (To be written by student after performing experiment and to be verified by faculty )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
O. Practical related Quiz.
1. What is the the significance of VSWR?
.....................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
......
2. Mention different techniques for measuring VSWR
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
......
3. What is the relatin between VSWR and Reflection coefficient?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
......
4. Define Return loss.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
......

P. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twZ0YbnQfDA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lbmue9S1XE
Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Max 25 marks
Microwave and Radar Communication (4351103)

Rubrics Prepare Operate Follow safe Record Interpret Total

The the practices observatio the result
experimen equipment measures. ns and
tal setup. setup or correctly. conclude.
circuit.

Marks 5 8 2 8 2 25

Sign with Date