POON’s NEW TOURISM

In the past – having mass tourism : holodays in large volumes in the most cost-
effective ways
To compete the others- try to achieve the lowest operating costs -> have a large scale
development (phát triển theo qui mô lớn)

MASS TOURISM
Advantages Disadvantage
- it brings money to the local economy - a lot of the profit made by large
- creates jobs for local people companies
- young people are more likely to stay in - jobs are badly paid and seasonal
the area - traffic caused by tourists
- improve roads, infrastructure, - behavior of tourists can offend locals
communication which benefits local - transporting people places causes
people. global warming
- income from tourism can be reinvested - tourism can increase litter and pollution
in other projects. Ca also be reinvested can lead to the destruction of natural
into protecting the environment habitats

At the end of the twentieth century – having

1 New consumers
The differences b/w new and old consumers
Old consumers New consumers
Not experienced travel -> be confident Have experiences in travelling
when travelling in groups (inclusive Want to manage and control their
tours) holidays/ be able to search information
for travel arrangements
Require tourism suppliers provide
products/ services that be customized to
the needs of specific market segments

2 New technologies
Living in information-intensive industry and IT is indispensable tool (important)
IT is used in processing , storing , retrieval and distribution information
Is a key tool in transforming mass tourism b/c it facilitates the provision of high -
quality, flexible tourism experiences
3 Emergence of new global best practice
Mass production - reduced costs and generated profits through the production of large
volumes of identical products, allowing producers to compete on price.
flexible production emphasises product quality, the need to respond to, and satisfy,
customer needs through the development of customised products for specific market
segments.
New tourism embraces/ uses the flexible production by providing quality tourism
experiences that closely match the needs of particular market segments, continuously
try to improve customer satisfaction levels to maintain customer loyalty and
innovating in the development of new products
There is competition between destinations and between suppliers
-> to survive in market, suppliers and destinations have to develop attractions and
services that stand out - and that will attract positive word-of-mouth recommendations
and loyal customers - perhaps by offering unique experiences, providing high levels of
satisfaction, or actively seeking to reduce the negative impacts of their activities on
the host community, economy and environment
4 Limit to growth
Mass tourism destroys exactly what it seeks - such things as quiet, cultures and
landscapes, unpolluted waters, intact (not be destroyed) reefs, fishes, turtles,
mountains, ski slopes, wildlife and virgin forests.
What happen to New Tourism?
New tourism requires environmentally tourism production and consumption, such as
through environmental planning and management in destination development,
environmental sensitivity in tourism suppliers’ operations, and through changes to
consumer behaviour in their choice of suppliers and their activities in destinations
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
forms of tourism that take ‘full account of its current and future economic, social and
environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment
and host communities
people, planet and profits- the triple bottom line’
In a tourism context this requires tourism development and activities that: conserve
natural resources, biodiversity and ecological processes; respect the values and
traditions of host communities; increase understanding and tolerance between
cultures; provide fair distribution of socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders;
ensure viable operations in the long term; provide stable employment and business
opportunities to host communities; and help to reduce poverty. Sustainable tourism
also provides strong tourist satisfaction and creates meaningful experiences that raise
tourists’ awareness of sustainability issues

TOURISM AND THE EXPERIENCE ECONOMY- nền KT trải nghiệm

experience economy’ to describe a new phase of economic development that began in
the 1990s
In the experience economy, businesses compete on the type and quality of experience
that they create for their customers: the more unique and memorable the experience,
the more successful the business is likely to be.
James H. Gilmore Nền kinh tế trải nghiệm (Experience Economy) đơn giản là việc
bán những trải nghiệm đáng nhớ hay có ý nghĩa cho khách hàng.”
Post-tourism
In the early 2000s, the term ‘post-tourism’ developed to describe tourism experiences
that are created specifically to provide entertainment, fun
THE IMPACT OF TOURISM
Direct economic impacts-. the impacts that are generated directly via tourism
expenditure. Tourist income directly generates income and jobs in hotels, attractions,
tour companies and travel agencies. Tourists’ expenditure may also generate direct
economic impacts in places that are not strictly part of the tourism industries, such as
health spas, clothing stores, cinemas and internet cafes.
Indirect economic impacts-. This refers to where tourist expenditure indirectly to the
local economy, via purchases made by the businesses that cater for tourists. If a hotel,
for example, buys in foodstuffs from a local producer or wholesaler, it will increase its
order if business is going well: either because there are more tourists or because the
tourists are spending more. Similarly, if a local retail store attracts more customers
because of tourism, it may need to hire extra staff. In both cases businesses that are
not within the tourism sector are benefitting from tourism indirectly.
Induced economic impacts: This refers to the economic impacts that are the result of
expenditure by residents of the region, who have been directly or indirectly affected
by tourist expenditure. This type of economic impact is the least visible of the three: it
refers to the general economic situation of the region. If through tourism many
residents of a region are better off (because of income that is generated directly or
indirectly), they are likely to spend more and make many local businesses flourish.
They may in turn hue more staff or pay more taxes. The idea is therefore that because
the region is generally better off due to tourism this affects almost everybody, even
people who do not benefit directly or indirectly from tourism income.

THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM

What is the most important economic impact of tourism?
Tourism boosts the revenue of the economy, creates thousands of jobs, develops
the infrastructures of a country, and plants a sense of cultural exchange between
foreigners and citizens.

What are the 3 impact of tourism?

Tourism can generate positive or negative impacts under three main categories:
economic, social, and environmental

What is the positive and negative impact of tourism?

Tourism can have positive and negative effects on people and the environment.
Tourism is an important industry and can help the low-income countries’
development. Tourism requires management or it can become unsustainable
Tourism can be seen as a form of meeting: between people from different
places, between cultures and between lifestyles.
In tourism the nature and quality of personal contact between tourists and the
host community form an important part of the tourists’ experience of a
destination and many destinations promote the friendliness of the community as
an attraction. For example:
VN- Timeless Charm (Vn vẻ đẹp bất tận) and the five petal lotus (begins in
March 2012)

These slogans imply/identify that the host community is welcoming to tourists

and supportive of tourism development, and that the meetings between tourists
and members of the host community will be positive. Tourism can bring people
together, foster friendships (thúc đẩy tình bạn bè) and enable contacts between
people from all around the world. However, in many cases, the contacts
between hosts and tourists are superficial (not true).
Impact
+ Direct Impact : generate directly through tourism expenditure (chi tiêu)
Generate income and jobs in hotels/ tour companies/ TA….
Generate directly in places that are not strictly part of the
tourism industries (spa/ clothing stores/….)

+ Indirect impact
tourist expenditure indirectly affect to the local economy, via purchases made
by the businesses that cater for tourists. If a hotel, for example, buys in
foodstuffs from a local producer or wholesaler, it will increase its order if
business is going well: either because there are more tourists or because the
tourists are spending more. Similarly, if a local retail store attracts more
customers because of tourism, it may need to hire extra staff. In both cases
businesses that are not within the tourism sector are benefitting from tourism
indirectly.
+ Induced impact: (tác động kt gây ra)
result of expenditure by residents of the region, who have been directly or
indirectly affected by tourist expenditure
it refers to the general economic situation of the region. If through tourism
many residents of a region are better off (because of income that is generated
directly or indirectly), they are likely to spend more and make many local
businesses’ development

EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
As tourism plays an increasingly important role in the economy of many
countries, its role as a creator of jobs is becoming widely apparent. Tourism is
often seen as particularly suitable to tackle unemployment and
underemployment by policy makers because:
- it is a growing sector in many destination
- it is varied and resilient (đa dạng và khả năng phục hồi cao)
- it is labour-intensive
it provides many jobs with low entry possibilities (not need high education
background) - many tourism jobs are relatively low-skilled, and employees do
not need extensive training or experience.
Worldwide, the tourism sector was estimated to directly and indirectly generate
292 million global jobs in 2016.
By 2027, travel and tourism is expected to support more than 380 million jobs
globally, which equates to 1 in 9 of all jobs in the world, and the sector is
expected to contribute around 23 per cent of total global net job creation over
the next decade.

The impact of tourism on employment can be measured by counting the number

of individuals employed, or the number of jobs generated.
The two figures can be different, as several people can be employed in a part-
time capacity to fill one job. The structure of tourism in a destination creates
problems in measuring employment because it is a heterogeneous sector, with a
wide variety of types and sizes of businesses.
Some jobs are directly generated by tourism (by businesses selling products and
services directly to tourists, e.g. travel agents and cruise operators), whereas
other jobs are indirectly created (with the suppliers of tourism businesses, e.g.
food producers, wine merchants or printers of promotional material).
Therefore it can be very difficult to get an overview of all the jobs directly and
indirectly linked to tourism. An added difficulty here is that tourism
incorporates many sub-sectors: accommodation, food and beverage, transport,
retail and insurance, to name but a few.

How to deal with it?

- is often measured by translating expenditure or consumption into a
number of jobs using a labour coefficient or ratio (hệ số hay tỉ lệ lao
động). This means that the total expenditure of tourists is divided by a
figure that is calculated to represent how many direct jobs this
expenditure would normally generate. The result of this calculation is an
approximate number of full-time equivalent jobs. The ratio can then be
used to predict how many extra jobs an increase in tourism expenditure
would create. It can also be used as the basis of an estimate of indirect
employment (OECD, 2008b: 137).
- It is important to note here that by using a ratio of tourist expenditure one
can only estimate the number of jobs in the sector: although this process
will lead to a rigorous estimate, it is important to remember that it is an
estimate nonetheless.
THE TAX REVENUE GENERATION

Tourism can be a source of income for the government via taxes.

A tax, is an involuntary payment (khoảng thanh toán khg tự nguyện) to the
government that does not entitle the payer to receive a direct benefit or
equivalent value in return (không cho phép người trả tiền nhận lại lợi ích trực
tiếp hoặc giá trị tương đương (Mak, 2004: 149).
Taxes related to tourism can be levied on tourism businesses, or directly on
tourists - có thể được đánh vào các cơ sở kinh doanh du lịch, hoặc đánh trực tiếp
vào khách du lịch
Although most taxes are payable by residents of a country and tourists alike,
some are specifically targeted at tourists. A common example is entry/exit
charges and visa fees- phí xuất nhập cảnh và phí thị thực.

Taxation aims to create revenue- Đánh thuế nhằm mục đích tạo ra doanh thu
Tourists, for example, use a range of public goods that they do not pay for: they
use roads, pavements, parks and beaches; their rubbish and waste needs to be
collected; they expect certain security measures to be in place at free events, and
require the provision of signage, parking facilities and information about the
destination. While tourists generate costs for the destination economy, the local
population pays for them via taxation: it is clear that here the market system is
‘failing’ to divide these costs fairly. This is why taxes targeting tourists can be
seen as a justified way to recuperate these costs.

BALANCED OF PAYMENTS
A country’s balance of payments is ‘a systematic record of all transactions
between residents of one country and the rest of the world’ (Begg et al., 1994:
513).
bản ghi có hệ thống về tất cả các giao dịch giữa cư dân của một quốc gia và
phần còn lại của thế giới

In this re cord money coming into the country is entered as ‘credits’ CÓ ,

whereas money leaving the country is entered as ‘debits’ NỢ.
A balance of payments record can be compiled specifically for tourism: in this
case, the money foreign tourists spend in a country will be compared to the
money residents of that country spend on holidays abroad- số tiền khách du lịch
nước ngoài chi tiêu ở một quốc gia sẽ được so sánh với số tiền mà cư dân của
quốc gia đó chi tiêu cho các kỳ nghỉ ở nước ngoài.

In some countries, the tourism balance of payments will be positive (dương)

because inbound tourists’ expenditure is greater than that of outbound tourists-
chi tiêu của khách du lịch trong nước lớn hơn chi tiêu của khách du lịch nước
ngoài

This economic impact refers to the contribution one industry or sector can make
to other sectors in the economy of the host community. Tourism can be seen as a
sector with a lot of 'backward linkages’ to other sectors in the destination’s
economy (Wall and Mathieson, 2006: 84).

Tourism development, however, is not a guaranteed way to bring widespread

economic improvements to regions.
Although the development of tourism can bring a range of economic benefits to
a region, not all the economic impacts are always positive. Tourism
development is also associated with a number of economic disadvantages

COSTS

While tourism may be able to bring money into the economy, there are also
certain costs to the local community associated with it. These are usually paid
by public money, which in turn is often reliant / rely on taxes paid by the local
community. These costs can be divided into three categories: direct, indirect and
opportunity costs.
nhưng cũng có những chi phí nhất định đối với cộng đồng địa phương liên quan
đến nó. Các khoản này thường được trả bằng tiền công, do đó thường phụ thuộc
/ dựa vào thuế do cộng đồng địa phương đóng. Các chi phí này có thể được chia
thành ba loại: chi phí trực tiếp, gián tiếp và chi phí cơ hội.
Direct costs
Chi phí trực tiếp là một chi phí được gắn trực tiếp với việc sản xuất một hàng
hóa hoặc dịch vụ cụ thể.
Chi phí trực tiếp là các đối tượng chi phí như chi phí của một dịch vụ, sản phẩm
hoặc một bộ phận.
Chi phí trực tiếp và chi phí gián tiếp là hai loại chi phí chính mà mỗi công ty
phải chịu.
Chi phí trực tiếp thường là chi phí biến đổi hay có nghĩa là chúng dao động với
các mức sản xuất khác nhau như chi phí hàng tồn kho.

Các chi phí như chi phí gián tiếp khó phân bổ hơn cho một sản phẩm hay dịch
vụ cụ thể như chi phí khấu hao và chi phí quản lí.
Đặc điểm Chi phí trực tiếp
Mặc dù chi phí trực tiếp thường là chi phí biến đổi, nhưng chúng cũng có thể là
chi phí cố định. Ví dụ như tiền thuê một nhà máy có thể được gắn trực tiếp lên
cơ sở sản xuất một hàng hóa nhất định.
Thông thường, tiền thuê sẽ được coi là chi phí chung (Overhead Cost), tuy
nhiên, các công ty có thể gắn tiền thuê là chi phí cố định cho các đơn vị sản xuất
cho một cơ sở vật chất cụ thể.
Ví dụ về Chi phí trực tiếp
Bất kì chi phí nào liên quan đến việc sản xuất hàng hóa, ngay cả khi đó chỉ là
một phần chi phí được phân bổ cho cơ sở sản xuất, được gọi là chi phí trực tiếp.
Một số ví dụ về chi phí trực tiếp là:
- Chi phí lao động trực tiếp
- Chi phí nguyên liệu trực tiếp
- Chi phí sản xuất vật tư
- Chi phí tiền lương cho nhân viên sản xuất
- Chi phí cho việc tiêu thụ nhiên liệu hoặc năng lượng
Do chi phí trực tiếp có thể được xác định cho một sản phẩm cụ thể, chi phí trực
tiếp không cần phải được phân bổ cho một sản phẩm, bộ phận hoặc các đối
tượng chi phí khác.
Chi phí trực tiếp thường phù hợp hơn với việc liệt kê từng chi phí riêng còn các
mục không phải là chi phí trực tiếp thường được gộp lại và phân bổ dựa trên
cho các sản phẩm, bộ phận hay mục chi phí.

Chi phí trực tiếp và chi phí gián tiếp là hai loại chi phí chính liên quan đến sản
xuất hàng hóa hoặc dịch vụ. Chi phí trực tiếp bắt nguồn trực tiếp từ việc sản
xuất một sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ, còn chi phí gián tiếp thì không.
Chi phí cơ hội là gì? Opportunity Cost là thuật ngữ được dùng rất nhiều
hiện nay trong kinh doanh, được các doanh nghiệp chú ý đến để giúp mình
đánh giá & đưa ra được những quyết định chính xác nhất.
Chi phí cơ hội trong cuộc sống
Chi phí cơ hội trong cuộc sống được biểu hiện qua những ví dụ sau: Lấy ví dụ
về việc đi làm thêm của sinh viên. Nếu như đi làm thêm, sinh viên đó sẽ không
còn nhiều thời gian để học, ôn bài hoặc thậm chí có thể phải bỏ buổi lên lớp, bỏ
đi những cơ hội khác về việc làm tốt hơn hoặc cơ hội vui chơi với bạn bè cùng
trang lứa… Nếu như sinh viên đi làm thêm thì cơ hội tốt nhất bị bỏ đi chính là
đến lớp nghe giảng, mục đích chính của sinh viên là đi học, tiếp thu kiến thức
chuyên ngành. Bài học bị bỏ đi là chiến lược kinh doanh quan trọng, do đó cần
phải xác định chi phí cơ hội trong từng trường hợp cụ thể.

Lúc này chi phí cơ hội Opportunity Cost được hiểu là bài học chiến lược kinh
doanh của bạn sinh viên đó.

Mặc dù đôi khi sẽ phải đánh đổi những cái quý hơn, tốt hơn cho cuộc sống của
bản thân nhưng vì có nhiều lý do bắt buộc, người ta sẽ phải nghĩ đến cái đại cục,
điều quý giá hơn với họ ở thời điểm đó để lựa chọn. Giống như bạn sinh viên
đó, nếu đến lớp nghe giảng thì bị đuổi việc, đuổi việc thì không có tiền ăn ở,
sinh hoạt hay nộp học phí.

Ví dụ về chi phí cơ hội trong thực tế

Ví dụ về chi phí cơ hội trong cuộc sống rất nhiều, điển hình là câu chuyện tính
chi phí cơ hội của việc học đại học. Thay vì lựa chọn học đại học, bạn chọn làm
công nhân với mức lương 8 triệu đồng/tháng. Tuy nhiên, nếu không học đại học,
bạn sẽ không có những kiến thức chuyên ngành, không có logic trong việc xử lý
và giải quyết các vấn đề. Ngoài ra, không học đại học, bạn sẽ bị bỏ lỡ các cơ hội
vui chơi, giải trí, mở rộng các mối quan hệ.

Giả sử chi phí bỏ ra trong 4 năm đại học là 60 triệu đồng, sau khi ra trường, bạn
có kiến thức chuyên ngành và kiếm được một công việc với mức thu nhập 18
triệu đồng/tháng. Suy ra sau 10 năm, bạn sẽ kiếm được: 18 triệu đồng * 12
tháng * 10 năm = 2160 triệu đồng – 300 triệu đồng (chi phí bỏ ra 4 năm đại
học) = 1860 triệu đồng.
Với mức lương công nhân trung bình 8 triệu đồng/tháng, sau 14 năm bạn sẽ
kiếm được: 8 triệu đồng * 12 tháng * 14 năm = 1344 triệu đồng. Từ đó, OC của
việc học đại học = 1860 – 1344 = 516 triệu đồng.

Làm cách nào để nắm bắt cơ hội trong cuộc sống?

Việc xác định chi phí này cho mọi phương án là điều không phải ai cũng thực
hiện được. Vì vậy, muốn nắm bắt mọi cơ hội trong cuộc sống, chúng ta cần có
những bí quyết sau:

Cân nhắc kỹ lưỡng mọi vấn đề

Trong cuộc sống, ai trong chúng ta cũng phải đối mặt với việc phải đưa ra các
quyết định để lựa chọn. Khi đó, bạn cần phải tỉnh táo để cân nhắc, xem xét kỹ
lưỡng mọi khía cạnh của vấn đề. Bạn cần phải tính toán chi phí xem có phù hợp
với điều kiện hiện tại của mình hay không? Từ đó đưa ra quyết định giải quyết
vấn đề.
Hiểu rõ mục tiêu của bản thân
Hiểu rõ mục tiêu mà bản thân đặt ra là điều rất quan trọng. Để nắm bắt được các
cơ hội trong cuộc sống, bạn cần xác định rõ mục tiêu của bản thân, bởi mục tiêu
sẽ là ngọn đèn giúp bạn nắm bắt mọi cơ hội ngay lập tức. Nếu không hiểu rõ
bản thân muốn gì, bạn sẽ bị mắc kẹt trong mọi vấn đề và phân vân lưỡng lự
khiến cơ hội sẽ bị vụt mất.

Direct costs are costs that are directly linked to the supply of tourism products
or services.
Indirect costs are costs that are not directly linked to the provision of tourism
goods and services, but that rise when the volume of tourists in the destination
rises
Chi phí gián tiếp là chi phí không liên quan trực tiếp đến việc cung cấp hàng
hóa và dịch vụ du lịch, nhưng sẽ tăng lên khi lượng khách du lịch tại điểm đến
tăng lên.
Opportunity costs are costs of the opportunities that are lost because of the
development of tourism. Instead of investing in a tourist information centre, for
example, the destination could invest in a job centre that helps unemployed
people find employment. If this option or opportunity had been chosen, the
costs to the local community could have been reduced, as fewer unemployment
benefits may have needed to be paid. If the savings made by the job centre
would have been higher than the income from tourism, then those surplus
savings can be seen as an opportunity cost.
Lạm phát là gì ? Tình trạng lạm phát ở Việt Nam
Lạm phát là sự tăng mức giá chung một cách liên tục của hàng hóa và dịch vụ
theo thời gian và sự mất giá trị của một loại tiền tệ nào đó. Khi mức giá chung
tăng cao, một đơn vị tiền tệ sẽ mua được ít hàng hóa và dịch vụ hơn so với trước
đây, do đó lạm phát phản ánh sự suy giảm sức mua trên một đơn vị tiền tệ.

Lạm phát có 3 mức độ:

+ Lạm phát tự nhiên: 0 – dưới 10%
+ Lạm phát phi mã: 10% đến dưới 1000%
+ Siêu lạm phát: trên 1000%

Inflation can be described as a rise in the general level of prices or a fall in the
purchasing power of money (Tribe, 2005: 272). Tourism can cause inflation
because it can make the demand for a certain product or service go up sharply
where it may be in limited supply
Lạm phát có thể được mô tả là sự gia tăng của mức giá chung hoặc sự giảm sức
mua của đồng tiền (Tribe, 2005: 272). Du lịch có thể gây ra lạm phát vì nó có
thể làm cho nhu cầu đối với một sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ nhất định tăng mạnh
khi nguồn cung có thể bị hạn chế.
inflation, caused by an economy that is growing so rapidly that supply cannot
follow demand, is called ‘demand-pull inflation’ (Tribe, 2005).

Increased propensity to imports – tăng xu hướng nhập khẩu

The economic benefits of tourism can be diminished strongly if the destination
becomes more dependent on imports because of tourism development. If a
luxury hotel, for example, builds a resort hotel in a developing country, many of
the luxury goods the tourists desire and expect may not be available locally. In
this case they will need to be imported from other regions, which causes the
economic benefits of tourism to ‘leak’ out of the destination. This may cause a
situation whereby the destination bears the disadvantages of tourism
development (in terms of resource use, congestion and pollution) whereas the
local population enjoys few of the economic benefits that are caused by tourism.

MEASURING ECONOMIC IMPACTS

This section will discuss two methods that can be used for measuring the
economic impacts of tourism: the multiplier effect and Tourism Satellite
Accounts (TSA). These are not the only two methods that can be used for this
purpose: for a more in-depth review of measuring tools, see Vanhove (2005:
193-199).
MULTIPLIER EFFECT
different sectors in the economy are interdependent.
-> ourism does not stand on its own in the economy: a hotel, for example, needs
to source foodstuffs from the agricultural industry
The income that is created through tourism is thus dissipated (phân tán)
throughout the local economy via many of its sectors. The same idea can be
applied to employment: a strong tourism industry creates jobs in the area, and as
the employees of the tourism industry become financially better off, they may
start using more services in the local area , thus creating jobs in other sectors
and industries. In this section we will take the income multiplier as an example.
At its most basic level, this multiplier can be seen as the sum of ‘direct, indirect
and induced income generation’ (Vanhove, 2005).

GRP or Gross Regional Product- tổng sản phẩm khu vực/ dia bàn) as
determined đc xác định by injections bơm tiền vào (money coming in) and
leakages (money flowing out) (
GRP = C + I + G + E- M

CONSUMPTION
‘Consumption’ stands for the money that is spent by consumers on goods and
ser¬vices (direct consumption) and by the producers of these goods and services
(indirect consumption). For example: when consumers (in this case, tourists)
spend money on tourism goods and services, this leads to direct income
generation; when money is spent within the region to produce tourism goods
and services, this leads to indirect income generation
‘Tiêu dùng’ là viết tắt của số tiền mà người tiêu dùng chi cho hàng hóa và dịch
vụ (tiêu dùng trực tiếp) và bởi người sản xuất hàng hóa và dịch vụ này (tiêu
dùng gián tiếp). Ví dụ: khi người tiêu dùng (trong trường hợp này là khách du
lịch) chi tiền cho hàng hóa và dịch vụ du lịch, điều này dẫn đến việc tạo ra thu
nhập trực tiếp; khi tiền được chi tiêu trong khu vực để sản xuất hàng hóa và dịch
vụ du lịch, điều này dẫn đến việc tạo ra thu nhập gián tiếp
Levels of consumption vary between different purposes of tourism and different
types of tourist; for instance, leisure tourists usually use their own financial
resources, whereas business tourists are funded by their employer. Business
tourists tend to spend more than leisure tourists: ‘As a rule of thumb, the ratio of
daily expenditure by business travellers to that of leisure visitors is generally
situated somewhere between 2:1 and 3:1. In other words, business visitors
spend on average two to three times more per day than leisure visitors
Mức độ tiêu dùng khác nhau giữa các mục đích du lịch khác nhau và các loại
khách du lịch khác nhau; ví dụ, khách du lịch giải trí thường sử dụng nguồn tài
chính của riêng họ, trong khi khách du lịch kinh doanh được tài trợ bởi chủ của
họ. Khách du lịch kinh doanh có xu hướng chi tiêu nhiều hơn khách du lịch giải
trí: ‘Theo quy luật chung, tỷ lệ chi tiêu hàng ngày của khách doanh nhân so với
chi tiêu của khách du lịch thường nằm trong khoảng từ 2: 1 đến 3: 1. Nói cách
khác, khách kinh doanh chi tiêu trung bình nhiều hơn 2-3 lần mỗi ngày so với
khách du lịch
The sum of all consumption related to a trip is called ‘gross’ consumption.
Gross con¬sumption also includes expenditure in the home environment before
travelling (e.g. buying suntan lotion or new clothes before the holiday, or
booking travel via an agent at home who earns commission on the trip) or after
returning (e.g. getting your photos developed). The money that is spent at the
destination is called ‘net’ consumption: to calculate net consumption, the
consumption at home is thus deducted from the gross consumption (Mihalic,
2002). To calculate GRP, it is the net consumption that is of importance, as
expenditure at home does not impact on the economy of the destination.
INVESTMENT
Tourism development can attract investment from individuals or businesses who
consider tourism as a way to make a profitable return. Investors can be local, or
can come from outside the region. Small destinations that attract large numbers
of tourists are particularly prone to attracting outside investment. The risk with
outside investors is that the profits may leak out of the region, thus reducing the
multiplier effect
Destinations in early stages of development, for example in developing
countries, usu¬ally need substantial financial investments to develop
accommodation, infrastructure and attractions
This type of investment is often long-term and risky: not only is there no
guarantee that the destination will be successful, the tourism industry is also
heavily reliant on the general state of the economy and can be very seasonal.
Private investors are usually not keen to tie up large sums of capital in
investments that will only yield profits in the longer- term. This is why the
public sector may provide certain (such as subsidies, tax concessions or
low-cost loans) to encourage private investment

Government spending
National, regional and local governments can decide to spend money on
developing tourism in a region. This is often seen as an investment, in the hope
that tourism will generate substantial income or employment opportunities or
economic restructuring
Public investments in tourism usually take one of the following forms:
Incentives to attract new suppliers-. As discussed in the section above, tourism
investments can be risky and public bodies may provide incentives to stimulate
investment from private suppliers. Tax concessions, for example, are schemes
whereby the government (temporarily or permanently) reduces taxes on certain
business activities so that they become financially worthwhile. The government
may also make available loans with low interest rates, or put in place a grants
scheme whereby businesses can apply for money for tourism projects.
Promotion: Governments may stimulate demand by investing in destination
promotion and branding. Tourism promotion campaigns are often largely (or
even completely) publicly funded. The services of tourist information centres,
tourist offices and convention bureaus can all be seen as ways to stimulate
demand for and promote the destination.
Planning and regulation-. The public sector plays an important role in the
planning and regulation of tourism The public sector covers the costs of
providing this role.
Lập kế hoạch và quy định-. Khu vực công đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong
việc lập kế hoạch và điều tiết du lịch .Khu vực công trang trải các chi phí để
cung cấp vai trò này.
Infrastructure-. The government may invest in tourism-related infrastructure
such as airports, roads, attractions, the maintenance of historic buildings and
green spaces, museums, attractions, convention centres and festival halls.
EXPORTS
Inbound tourism is an export because it involves the flow of money into the
national economy from outside. This may seem like a paradox: after all, tourists
are coming to visit the destination, and goods and services are thus not
physically shipped (or exported) to them in their home country. International
tourism, however, causes foreign consumers to buy a local product with foreign
money; as such, this can be seen as an export, even though the tourist travels to
consume the goods and services in the destination.

TOURISM – ECONOMIC REGENERATION IN URBAN AND RURAL

AREAS
Tourism development in cities can have several advantages. It can contribute to
economic diversification(đa dạng KT)
This is not to say tourism development has no disadvantages.
Tourism- in high season- depend on local labour (low-paid/ low-skilled) ->
cannot attract Ts
Tourism-> decline agriculture
Rural areas – be attracted by Ts b/c of peaceful +quiet life/ fresh air + scenery
+outdoor activities
> chosen more than sun-sea-sand holiday
Tourism -> make economy to become diversity
Tourism can be a suitable economic regeneration strategy (chiến lược tái tạo
KT) for areas which depend on traditional, small-scale agrarian industries
(ngành nông nghiệp truyền thống- qui mô nhỏ) / /əˈɡrer.i.ən/
THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM

THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ON HOST

COMMUNITIES
Tourism- a form of meeting
+ b/w pp different places
+ b/w cultures and b/w lifestyles
The connection b/w nature +quality personal contact b/w Tourists +host
community
-> create an attraction for example when we visit Taiwan, we will have an
experience a smile country where local pp welcome you by a warm smile
VNs slogan- “Vietnam – Timeless Charm” nét duyên dáng vượt thời gian and
the five petal lotus have been selected as the slogan and symbol of Vietnamese
tourism in 2012-2015.
Tourism brings pp together, foster friendships (thúc đẩy tình bạn) and enable
contacts between people from all around the world although the contacts are
superficial (hời hợt)
The opportunity to communicate may be restricted by language and cultural
barriers
POSTIVE IMPACTS
• A better understanding between cultures.
• Revival of culture. (PHỤC HƯNG vh)
• Improved standard of living.
BETTER UNDETSTANDING B/W CULTURES
The first article in Global code of ethics (qui tắc đđ toàn cầu) mentioned
contribution of tourism to the mutual understanding and respect between
peoples and societies đóng góp của du lịch vào sự hiểu biết và tôn trọng lẫn
nhau giữa các dân tộc và xã hội
Tourism is a way that pp can understand unfamiliar pp/ places/ cultures -> to
create a deeper understanding, tolerance (khoan dung) and respect for #
religious (tôn giáo)/ moral (đạo đức) and philosophical beliefs (triết học).
REVIVAL CULTURE
The admiration of tourists for local culture, arts, traditions or customs can
increase the cultural pride of the local community and (tăng niềm tự hào) revive
aspects of this culture that might have been declining. Certain art forms or
traditions, for example, can be mainly kept alive by an older generation: the
positive attention of tourists can encourage young people in the host community
to become actively involved as well.
IMPROVED STANDARD OF LIVING
Tourism develop -> need the improvement the infrastructure ->living standard -
be better (to serve tourists in …
Potential negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism for host communities
include:
A conflict of interests
B/w tourists and host community when they have different requirements
Tourists: want to have a free place to relax with many activities to enjoy
Beach is a place to chill
Local people: Beach is a place to work – a source for living (fishermen)
The conflict happens when the resources are limited -> negative social impacts
B pressure on limited resources
Tourists -> bring the benefit to destination
-> bring the pressure (public transport/ parking facilities/ waste
collection in high season) (local pp feel disappointed when someone make the
inconvenient )

C resentment – phẫn nộ
The negative social impacts of tourism can cause a feeling of resentment against
the tourist within the host community because the economic impacts do not
benefit the host community directly. Where it is felt that the benefits (tác động
kt) brought by tourism do not outweigh the social costs, the local community
may become frustrated and dissatisfied with tourism and express this in their
relations with the tourists. In areas that are dependent on tourism and where the
economy relies on the income derived from it, negative attitudes of the host
community towards Ts can be decreased – however we should pay attention on
the racial background b/w Ts and Host

D. Loss of Cultural pride (mất sự tự hào VH)

Tourism – can highlight local cultural pride, but tourism can also have the
reverse effect and cause a feeling of inferiority (not be in good mood) in the
host population. This is often the case when there is a big difference between
the financial power of the tourist and the host community. Local residents may
feel that they are objectified in front of the camera and that their culture is
overly commercialised (Cole, 2008).
A contributing factor to this loss of cultural pride may be that the local
population does not feel a part of tourism development and does not share in the
benefits it brings: tourism development may be in the hands of foreign investors
or large corporations, or the policy makers may not have consulted the locals in
their decision making. To encourage a feeling of ownership and pride trough
tourism development, community participation should be a key element of
socially sustainable development.

E staged authenticity –
In tourism, aspects of culture and the tourist experience (such as cuisine,
festivals, housing, artifacts) are said to be authentic when they are considered to
be traditional, original, unique, and intrinsically linked to the culture that is
visited

Tourists want to go to one place b/c they want to see an experience events/
culture that they have never seen it before or it is different from what they use
when they are at their home
Cultures in less developed Cs => have pure value
Some places want to protect the Ts from unpleasant feeling with beggars or
street vendors.
 The cultural experience that is sold in the tourist does not always respond
to actual culture
 The tourism sector responds to this by providing a cultural product that
itself is a form of staged authenticity (dàn dựng)
Another example a beautiful women wears rings on the neck (This traditional
custom is now mainly practised for commercial reasons: each girl who decides
to wear the rings is paid by the tourist boat operators

Authenticity is an issue not only for intangible aspects of culture (khía cạnh vô
hình của VH) such as cultural customs and norms,(phong tục và chuẩn mực)
but also for tangible (hữu hình) aspects of culture. The development of cultural
sites, such as heritage sites, for tourism needs to balance commercial interests
with the conservation of the authenticity of the site (cân bằng giữa các hoạt
động thương mại với việc bảo tồn tính xác thực) b/c Over-commercialisation
may reduce the authenticity of the visitor experience.

F demonstration effect
a term used in sociology and economics when describing the effects on
behaviour from observing other people’s actions. In tourism, it is used to refer
to the copying of tourists’ behaviours, dress codes or preferences by the host
community
Internet/ film/ TV have contributed to the changes the tastes and the beahviours
of host population

G commodification - trinketisation - Cocacolonisation

‘Commodification’ means that a value, a cultural aspect is turned into a
commodity (hang hóa) that it is commercialised.
 This can cause changes or mutations (đột biến) in those values or cultural
aspects
 Another consequence hệ quả of commodification may be standardisation:
this means that everything becomes consumable and thus similar and
familiar A clear example of standardisation can be seen in popular
souvenirs: in many tourist destinations the same souvenirs are sold and
only the name of the destination differs
Trinketisation’ is a term that refers to the commercialisation and trivialisation of
culture (tầm thường) E.G kangaroo is a symbol of Australia which is
manufactured in China b/c of cheap labour cost.
‘Cocacolonisation - In the field of tourism, these terms refer to the spreading of
Western cultures and values throughout the world: just as these brands are
present everywhere, so are Western cultural values increasing their influence
worldwide. These values often represent (over-)consumption and the free
market, materialistic wants, homogeneity and a distancing from nature and the
natural environment. ‘Disneyfication’ additionally refers to the sanitising of
environments into clean and safe places, removing all risk, until these places
feel like a Disney theme park
the term is used negatively to refer to the modification of what is authentic and
complex into easily understandable and consumable chunks.

H displacement
means that local residents, because of the development of tourism, are forced to
move away from their homes. This may be because they have been evicted, to
make way for a hotel complex for example -
Another reason could be that because of the influx of tourists, property and land
prices have gone up, so that local residents can no longer afford to buy or rent in
the area. They might be priced out of the market by developers, or by tourists
from wealthier areas looking to buy a second home.
 the local residents lose not only their homes, but also their livelihoods
The poor local community do not understand – they think they are doing a
charity for tourism. they received no compensations . PP + cattle and livestock
have to moved
I crime and prostitution
J begging by children and child labour.

SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT ON TOURISTS

Tourism can have profound impacts on the host communities and destinations,
but travelling can also have impacts on the tourists themselves. Du lịch có thể
có tác động sâu sắc đến cộng đồng và điểm đến của chủ nhà, nhưng đi du lịch
cũng có thể có tác động đến chính khách du lịch.
After all, if tourism does not do the tourist any good, why do so many people
travel and love to travel? Tourists may decide to travel for different reasons, and
the types of holidays they take may be very different; still, we can distinguish
some general impacts on tourists. Positive impacts mostly have to do with a
sense of psychological and physiological well-being, negative impacts with
feelings of anxiety and disturbance.
POSITIVE IMPACTS
Reasons why pp want to have holidays?
- Holiday is ST we may look forward to all years <-> to save up + have a
careful plan
Rest and renewal-. Holidays provide a break from routine and an escape from
the daily surroundings and activities that may seem stressful or just rather
boring. On holiday the tourist has a chance to relax, to take a break from it all.
This allows tourists to rediscover themselves and what is most important in life
(recreation is after all linked to the word re-create). giải trí xét cho cùng được
liên kết với từ tái tạo On holiday, the tourist has a chance to recharge their
batteries and return to the daily routine refreshed and motivated.

Social interaction - strengthening relationships-. Holidays can provide

opportuni¬ties to meet new people, be it fellow tourists or people from the host
community. This can increase the tourist’s social support network and contribute
to higher confidence levels. The tourist can also gain a better understanding of
peoples and cultures he or she was not familiar with before, which may increase
intercultural understanding and counteract incorrect negative stereotypes (see p.
191). Tourism can also mean spending quality time with loved ones - a partner,
friends or family. Being away from the home environment and the stresses and
routines it represents often encourages tourists to purposely make time for each
other.
Broadening experiences: On holiday, tourists not only get the opportunity to
visit a place they might not have been to before, they can also easily engage in
activi¬ties that are new to them. Trying out windsurfing on holiday or picking
up a few words of Italian may, for example, lead to the development of a new
hobby or a new skill. The tourist may also be more inclined to try a different
cuisine or take an interest in a new art form whilst on holiday. Back home, these
new interests and skills may lead to increased well-being and confidence

Developing independence: Travelling, especially for young people, can also

increase independence. On holiday, tourists may be faced with new situations or
unexpected problems that need to be dealt with: luggage may get lost, or the
dishes on a menu will be written in a language the tourist does not understand.
Dealing with these requires a certain level of independence and confidence.
When a young person travels alone, he or she may develop new skills by having
to be independent in a new environment.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Tourism can also have negative socio-cultural impacts on tourists. Certain
holiday situations can lead to tension, stress and anxiety instead of relaxation
and well-being:
Terrorism: Tourists, because of their high visibility and theIR capacity to attract
large amounts of worldwide media attention, can be prime targets for terrorism.
They will be anxiety and tension in their daily lives after their return from
The long-term effect of this increased stress can be linked to lower activity
rates, depression and suicide.
Crime against tourists-. a large discrepancy between the wealth and lifestyle of
the tourist and the local population, for example, tourists may run an increased
risk of having their belongings stolen via pick-pocketing or burglary of their
holiday home.

Scams: Scams are schemes that are aimed at conning tourists out of their
money. They are influenced to hand over cash voluntarily, only to find out later
that they have been duped. (lừa)
THE ENVIRONMNETAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
Tourists are interested in visiting places having beaches, mountains, etc…
(natural environments).
Compared to 50 years ago, tourism has developed rapidly which creates many
benefits to society but it also has had many impact on environment.
+ polluted beaches / over-developed seafront but tourists do not respect their
surroundings (environment)
+ many negative impacts of tourism on the natural and the built environment
and the animal life.
+ tourists behaviour may exacerbate (do ST badly) the negative environmental
impacts during the holiday. Theses impacts depend on the scale of development
in the destination.
The negative environmental impacts of tourism- Các tác động tiêu cực đến
môi trường của du lịch
The natural environment and resources-. Climate; water and soil pollution;
waste/ litter; over-use of resources.
Mass tourism – create the threats to the natural environment
Is consider one main reasons / drivers to climate change -> cause
damage to the natural environment via pollution , an increase in waste and an
over-use of resources.
Climate changes
The climate has changed throughout history but most of these changes are
attributed to a very small variations in Erath’s orbit (quĩ đạo) that change the
amount of solar energy our planet receives
Global warming is a result of human activity such as burning fossil fuels which
increases the greenhouse effect
Water pollution
Tourism is
Animal life-. Habitats; animal behaviours; eco-systems; and the dangers of the
souvenir trade.
The built environment-. Over-development; pollution via building work;
aesthetic pollution