ESE A gS SHANTI NAGAR ‘STATION ROAD SHIKOHABAD 28 PROJECT FILE 2022-2023 PHYSICS SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO: SHIVA A (8981) MR.KESHAV DEV Ce eGT P so) eeAWN ogo 9¢5— 2 REA oT aN SHANTI NAGAR STATION ROAD SHIKOHABAD THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT “SHIVA YADAV” STUDENT OF CLASS 12™ (PCB) HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THEIR PHYSICS PROJECT ON THE TOPIC DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW PRISM UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR. KESHAV DEV SIR C Po Tpyss) SIGNATUREACKNOWLEDGEMENT The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the names of those persons who helped to make it possible. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude in few words and respect to all those who helped me in the completion of this project. It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses of gratitude to my Physics teacher, Teacher name for her valuable support, constant help and guidance at each and every stage, without which this project would not have come forth. 1 also register my sense of gratitude to our principal, Mr.principal, for his immense encouragement that has made this project successful. I would also like to thank my friends and family for encouraging me during the course of this project. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank CBSE for giving us the opportunity to undertake this project.by AM: Fe a To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence, using a hollow prism filled one by one with different transparent fluids. ji)And find the speed of light in given transparent fluids. | APPARATUS REQUIRED: _ Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow prism, different liquids(water, kerosene, oil, spirit etc) drawing pins, pencil, half metre scale, thumb pins,graph papers and a protractor INTRODUCTION: In gpties, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides. and in colloquial use "prism" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, plastie and fluorite A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow), Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different polarizations.HH’ PRISM AND NATURE OF LIG Before Isaac Newion, it was believed that white light was colorless, and that the prism itself the cols, Newton's experiments demonstrated that all the colors already existed in shion, and that "corpuscles" (particles) of light were fanned out produce the light in a heten -ause partic! only later that Young and Fresnel combined Newton's particle theory with Huygens' wave theory to show that color is the visible manifestation of light’s wavelength, neous 's with different colors traveled with different speeds through the prism. It was be Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red color from one prism through a second prism and found the color unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must already be present in the incoming light — thus, the prism did not create colors, but merely separated colors that are already there, He also used a lens and a second prism to recompose the spectrum back into white light. This experiment has become a classic example of the methodology introduced during the scientific revolution, The results of this experiment dramatically transformed the field of metaphysics, leading to John Locke's primary vs secondary quality distinetion. Newton discussed prism dispersion in great detail in his book Opticks: "He also introduced the use of more than one prism to control dispersion.2/Newton's description of his experiments on prism dispersion was qualitative, and is quite readable. A quantitative were introduced in the 1980s. |THEORY: row DOES A PRISM WORK: | Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for example, from air into the glass of the prism). This speed change causes the light to be refracted and to enter the new medium at a different angle (Huygens principle), The degree of bending of the light's pathdepends on the angle that the inciclent beam of light makes with the surface, and on the ratio :s of the two media (Snell's law). The refractive index of many between the get ‘rials (stich as glass) varies with the wavelength or color of the light used, a phenomenon on. This causes light of different colors to be refracted differently and to leave the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This can be used to known as dispers separate a beam of white light into its constituent spectrum of colors, Prisms will generally disperse light over amuch larger frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making them useful for broad-spectrum spectroscopy, Furthermore, prisms do not suffer from complications arising from overlapping spectral orders, which all gratings have. Prisms are sometimes used for the internal reflection at the surfaces rather than for dispersion. If light inside the prism hits one of the surfaces at a sufficiently steep angle, total intemal reflection occurs and all of the light is reflected. This makes a prism a useful or in some situations. substitute for a mii Ak triangular prism, dpersing light; waves shown to ilustrote the dffering wavelengths of light ‘Angle of Minimum Deviation [[A) Defination: The minimum value of angle of deviation, is called angle of minimum | deviation. tt is represented by the symbol Dur b) Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D) there are two values of angle of incidence. One value equals “’ and other value equals ‘e” As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’ decreases from large value and angle of deviation decreases. When angle of deviation is minimum(D,,), then, ‘? and ‘e’ becomes equal.[DIAGRAM Treident ry aceasta teat : Puen inktecasuttaiec : Ur germ mae fend the violet ray the most Eee Which of these images should we take for the project..??? Normal ) eneES OF PRISM: Comparison of the spectra obtained from a diffraction grating by diffraction (2), and a prem by refraction (2). Longer wavelenaths (red) are diffracted move, but refracted less than shorter wavelengths (violet) Main artic prim Dispersive prisms are used to break up light into its constituent spectral colors because the refractive index depends on frequency; the white light entering the prism is a mixture of different frequencies, each of which gets bent slightly differently. Blue light is slowed down more than red light and will therefore be bent more than red light { OBSERVATIONS As given in the practical book on page no.256 [| CALCULATIONS: What should we do in the calculations...?? Should we go according to the formula given in the book..?? [[GRAPHs: Graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation. RESULT:L.The i-D graph indicates that as the angle of incidence(i) increases, the angle of deviation(D)nfirst decreases, attains a minimum value (Dj) and then again start increasing for further increase in angle of incidence, 2,The angle of minimum deviation for a)waterD,.= °C b)kerosene or glycerineDy= °C cjspiritD,,= °C d)turpentine oilD,= °C 3.The refractive indices of the a) water n= b)kerosene or glycerine n= ©) spirit n= 4) turpentine oil n= 4,Speed of light a) water v= m/s b) kerosene or glycerine v= m/s <) spirit v= m/s d) turpentine oil v=_ m/s