ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken lots of efforts in doing this project. However it would not
have been possible without the kind support of many individuals .
Firstly I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all
those who gave me the possibility to complete this project. Special thanks
to my biology teacher Mrs. Meenakshi maam and Mrs. Shajitha maam whose
help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all kind of
fabrication process and in writing this project.
Secondly I would like this opportunity to thank my parents and friends for
helping me to complete this project within the limited time.

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 INDEX
SL CONTENT PAGE
1 Chlamydia 7
2 Genital warts 8
3 Gonorrhoea 8
4 Herpes 9
5 HIV 9
6 Syphilis 10
7 Bacterial and viral infections 11
8 Symptoms of STD 11
9 Ways to prevent STD 12
10 Treatment for STD 12
11 Bibliography 13

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 OBJECTIVE

The aim of this project is to :-

 study more about sexually transmitted diseases

 understand the different types of sexually transmitted diseases

 understand about viral, bacterial infections

 know about the symptoms of these diseases

 recognize the methods through which it can prevent the diseases

 check out on the methods to cure sexually transmitted diseases

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 INTRODUCTION

Sexually transmitted diseases or sexually transmitted infections,

are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual
contact. It is also known as reproductive tract infections. The contact is
usually vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through
other intimate physical contact.

Globally the World Health Organization estimates that more than one
million people get sexually transmitted diseases every day. STDs can be
caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Most STDs affect both men and
women, but in many cases the health problems they cause can be more severe
for women. If a pregnant woman has an STD, it can cause serious health
problems for the baby. STDs don't always cause symptoms or may only cause
mild symptoms. So it is possible to have an infection and not know it. But
you can still pass it on to others.

The US has the highest rate of STIs in the resource-rich world. In the
US, about 20 million new infections occur each year. More than half of these
occur among young people (15-24 years old), even though that age group
accounts for only a small proportion of all sexually active people. The US
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that the number
of people who get chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis (the three nationally
reportable STIs) is increasing in most years.

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Different types of sexually transmitted diseases are:-

 Chlamydia

This is one of the most common STIs. It is caused by a

bacterium that exists in vaginal secretions and semen It can be spread
by vaginal, oral, or anal sex without a condom or latex/polyurethane
barrier. Pregnant people can pass it on to their babies during delivery.
Chlamydia can be successfully treated with antibiotics. Symptoms may
include vaginal discharge and burning during urination, but most
people do not have any symptoms. If left untreated, it can spread to the
upper, internal reproductive organs (ovaries and fallopian tubes) and
cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can lead to permanent
infertility.

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 Genital Warts

Genital warts are caused by viruses. HPV (human papillomavirus) is

the name of a large group of viruses. Certain types of HPV cause warts
on the hands or feet. Other types cause infections in the genital area
that can lead to genital warts, cervical cancer, or cancer of the vulva,
vagina, anus, or penis. Genital HPV is spread easily through skin-to-
skin contact during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Condoms do not entirely
prevent transmission. There's no cure for genital warts but it's possible
for your body to clear the virus over time.

 Gonorrhoea

This STI is transmitted by a bacterium in vaginal secretions and semen.

It can be spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom or
latex/polyurethane barrier. Symptoms may include a yellowish or
greenish vaginal discharge and a burning feeling when urinating
("peeing"). Gonorrhoea can also affect the anus ("butt") and the throat.
Many women have no symptoms. Gonorrhoea can be treated with
antibiotics.

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 Herpes

This STI is caused by a virus that lives in the nerves. There are two
common types of herpes. Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) usually
causes cold sores around the mouth. Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2)
usually causes sores in the genital area. However, it is possible to get
HSV-2 in the mouth and HSV-1 in the genital area. People with herpes
may have no symptoms. If they do have symptoms, these are usually
itchy or painful blisters. The virus is spread through skin-to-skin
contact with sores, but it may also spread through the normal unbroken
skin of a person who has herpes. Many people who have never had
symptoms may not realize that they have herpes. Genital HSV-2
infection is more common in women than men.

 HIV
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is the
virus that causes AIDS. It is present in blood, vaginal secretions, semen,
and breast milk. HIV can be spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex

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when a condom, other latex/polyurethane barrier, or treatment-as-
prevention method is not used. As many as one in seven people
livingwith HIV in the US do not know they have the virus. If left
untreated, HIV can cause serious illness and death. If you test positive
for HIV, there are effective medications that can help you stay well for
a very long time. There is no cure for HIV

 Syphilis

This STI is caused by a bacterium. It can be spread by vaginal, anal, or

oral sex without a condom or latex/polyurethane barrier. The disease
has several phases. While it can be asymptomatic (cause no symptoms),
people who have symptoms and primary syphilis (early disease) may
have pain-free open sores, called chancres, in the genital or anal area
or around the mouth. The sores usually heal on their own within three
to six weeks. People with secondary syphilis (a later stage of the
disease) often have a rash and/or hair loss. If left untreated, syphilis can
proceed to the latent stage during which it may have no visible
symptoms but can cause damage to the heart, brain, and other

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 organs. Syphilis can be successfully treated with antibiotics. People
who are pregnant can pass syphilis to their babies during pregnancy and
childbirth

Bacterial and Viral Infections:-

STDs/STIs are either viral or bacterial. A viral infection is caused by
a virus and cannot be cured. However, although a virus will remain in
the body for life, symptoms of the virus might not be present at all
times. A bacterial infection is caused by a bacterial organism, and the
active infection can be cured. The infection must be treated early,
however, to ensure that the damage it caused to the body can be
repaired. Whether an infection is viral or bacterial, the infection can
have long-term effects on the body, such as infertility or sterility, and
can leave the body vulnerable to more serious diseases, such as HIV.
Ultimately, untreated STDs/STIs can affect numerous organ systems
in the body.
Bacterial infections include chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis.
Viral infections include human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes (HSV
or herpes simplex virus), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and Hepatitis B.

Symptoms of STDs:
 an unusual discharge from the vagina, penis or anus.
 pain when peeing.
 lumps or skin growths around the genitals or bottom (anus)
 a rash.
 unusual vaginal bleeding.
 itchy genitals or anus.
 blisters and sores around your genitals or anus.
 warts around your genitals or anus.

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5 ways to prevent STDs include:
 Abstinence - The most reliable way to avoid infection is to not have
sex.
 Vaccines - They are safe, effective and recommended ways to prevent
Hepatitis B and HPV.
 Reduce Number of Sex Partners – If you have more than one sex
partner, it is imperative that you and your partners tested, and that you
share your test results with one another.
 Mutual Monogamy - Being in a long-term, mutually monogamous
relationship with an uninfected partner is one of the most reliable
ways to avoid STDs.
 Use Condoms - Correct and consistent use of the male latex condom
is highly effective in reducing STD transmission. Use a condom every
time you have anal, vaginal, or oral sex.

Treatment for STIs usually consists of one of the following,

depending on the infection:

 Antibiotics. Antibiotics, often in a single dose, can cure many

sexually transmitted bacterial and parasitic infections, including
gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. Typically, a
person will be treated for gonorrhoea and chlamydia at the same time
because the two infections often appear together.

 Basically there is no cure for AIDS, by intaking medicines one can

prolong their life

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 CONCLUSION

Sexually transmitted diseases or sexually transmitted

infections, are infections that are passed from one person to another through
sexual contact. It is also known as reproductive tract infections. sexually
transmitted infections are generally acquired by sexual contact. The bacteria,
viruses or parasites that cause sexually transmitted diseases may pass from
person to person in blood, semen, or vaginal and other bodily fluids.
Sometimes these infections can be transmitted non sexually, such as from
mothers to their infants during pregnancy or childbirth, or through blood
transfusions or shared needles. STIs don't always cause symptoms. It's
possible to contract sexually transmitted infections from people who seem
perfectly healthy and may not even know they have an infection .There are
prevention measures to be taken to prevent from getting STDs .Most of the
sexually transmitted diseases are curable except AIDS.

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 BIBILOGRAPHY
https://www.thewellproject.org/hiv-information/sexually-transmitted-
infections-or-diseases-stis-or-stds

https://medlineplus.gov/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html#:~:text=Sexual
ly%20transmitted%20diseases%20(STDs)%2C,through%20other%20int
imate%20physical%20contact.

https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/stdsAtext
=Bacterial%20infections%20include%20chlamydia%2C%20gonorrhea,
%2FAIDS)%20and%20Hepatitis%20B.

https://www.achn.net/about-access/whats-new/health-resources/5-ways-
to-prevent-stds/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-
diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

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