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Signals Sampling Theorem

The sampling theorem states that a continuous-time signal can be reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency component of the original signal. This ensures there is no overlap between the translated spectra when taking the Fourier transform of the sampled signal, avoiding aliasing. The document provides a mathematical proof of the sampling theorem involving multiplying the continuous signal by an impulse train, taking the Fourier transform, and showing the sampled spectrum is a summation of the original spectrum shifted by integer multiples of the sampling frequency.

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Kirubasri S
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26 views

Signals Sampling Theorem

The sampling theorem states that a continuous-time signal can be reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency component of the original signal. This ensures there is no overlap between the translated spectra when taking the Fourier transform of the sampled signal, avoiding aliasing. The document provides a mathematical proof of the sampling theorem involving multiplying the continuous signal by an impulse train, taking the Fourier transform, and showing the sampled spectrum is a summation of the original spectrum shifted by integer multiples of the sampling frequency.

Uploaded by

Kirubasri S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/5/24, 8:24 PM Signals Sampling Theorem

Signals Sampling Theorem

Statement: A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be
recovered back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the
highest frequency component of message signal. i. e.

f s ≥ 2f m .

Proof: Consider a continuous time signal x(t). The spectrum of x(t) is a band limited
to fm Hz i.e. the spectrum of x(t) is zero for |ω|>ωm.

Sampling of input signal x(t) can be obtained by multiplying x(t) with an impulse
train δ(t) of period Ts. The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled
signal which is represented with y(t) in the following diagrams:

Here, you can observe that the sampled signal takes the period of impulse. The
process of sampling can be explained by the following mathematical expression:

Sampled signal y(t) = x(t). δ(t) . . . . . . (1)

The trigonometric Fourier series representation of δ (t) is given by

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/signals_and_systems/signals_sampling_theorem.htm 1/3
1/5/24, 8:24 PM Signals Sampling Theorem
∞
δ(t) = a 0 + Σ (a n cos nω s t + b n sin nω s t) . . . . . . (2)
n=1

Where
1 2 1 1
a0 = ∫ −T
δ(t)dt = δ(0) =
Ts Ts Ts
2

2 2 2 2
an = ∫ −T
δ(t) cos nω s dt = δ(0) cos nω s 0 =
Ts T2 T
2

2 2 2
bn = ∫ −T
δ(t) sin nω s t dt = δ(0) sin nω s 0 = 0
Ts Ts
2

Substitute above values in equation 2.

1 ∞ 2
∴ δ(t) = + Σ ( cos nω s t + 0)
Ts n=1 Ts

Substitute δ(t) in equation 1.

→ y(t) = x(t). δ(t)

1 ∞ 2
= x(t)[ + Σ ( cos nω s t)]
Ts n=1 Ts

1 ∞
= [x(t) + 2Σ (cos nω s t)x(t)]
Ts n=1

1
y(t) = [x(t) + 2 cos ω s t. x(t) + 2 cos 2ω s t. x(t) + 2 cos 3ω s t. x(t)
Ts

... ... ]

Take Fourier transform on both sides.

1
Y (ω) = [X(ω) + X(ω − ω s ) + X(ω + ω s ) + X(ω − 2ω s )
Ts

+ X(ω + 2ω s )+ . . . ]

1 ∞
∴ Y (ω) = Σ n=−∞ X(ω − nω s ) where n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
Ts

To reconstruct x(t), you must recover input signal spectrum X(ω) from sampled
signal spectrum Y(ω), which is possible when there is no overlapping between the
cycles of Y(ω).

Possibility of sampled frequency spectrum with different conditions is given by the


following diagrams:

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/signals_and_systems/signals_sampling_theorem.htm 2/3
1/5/24, 8:24 PM Signals Sampling Theorem

Aliasing Effect
The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect, which
can be removed by

considering fs >2fm

By using anti aliasing filters.

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