Mathematical Language

and Symbols
Mathematics in the Modern World
Module 2
 Overview
We define language as a systematic means of communicating
ideas or feelings using conventionalized symbols, sounds, or
marks having understood meaning.
Language facilitates communication and clarifies meaning. It
allows people to express themselves and maintains their identity.
Like other languages mathematics has its own language,
symbols, syntax and rules or algorithm.
In this module we will discuss the different mathematical
symbols, syntax, rules and formulas, as well as the translation of
English statement into mathematical symbol and a brief
introduction of logic.
Topic Outline
❖ Characteristics & Convention of Mathematical Language
❖ The Language of Sets
❖ The Language of Relation and Functions
❖ Elementary Logic
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, the students will be able to:

❖ Discuss the language, symbols and conventions of mathematics

❖ Translate English statement into mathematical statement and
symbols;
❖ Recall the language and concepts of sets and how it is apply in
solving word problems;
❖ Use the language of relation and functions in creating
mathematical models and solve problems; and
❖ Acquire basic knowledge of logic.
Preliminary Activity

Some
Math

LOVE

Quotes!!!
Preliminary Activity

From the given quotations we can say that mathematics language

and symbols are being used to express our thoughts, feelings and
sentiments. Can you make your own mathematical quotes?
Characteristics & Convention
of Mathematical Language
Lesson 1
 Characteristics of Mathematical Language

• Precise
Math can able to make very fine distinctions or definitions.
• Concise
Math can able to say things briefly. A long theorem can be
simplify using mathematical symbols.
• Powerful
Math can able to express complex thoughts with relative ease.
In our English class, we discuss the part
of speech like noun. Noun gives name
to a person, a place or a thing and
when used that name into a sentence,
it can be true, or false, or sometimes
true and sometimes false.

Similarly, in mathematics we have

mathematical expressions that gives
name to a number, a set, a function, a
matrix or an ordered pair. When we
used that expressions into
mathematical statement, it can be
true, or false, or sometimes true and
sometimes false.
Truth of Sentences
Mathematical sentences may either be true, false, sometimes true/false.
Examples: Identify whether the statement is TRUE, FALSE, Sometimes True/False.
1. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 + 2
2. 𝑥+2<𝑥−3
3. 𝑓 2 =3

Solution:
1. In the first example, the statement is true since we can assign any value for the variable x (or real
numbers) and the equation is always true. If we would observed, the right side of the equation is
the factor of the expression at the left side, thus the equation is identical.
2. The second statement is false, since no value of x (or real numbers) could make the statement
true.
3. The 3rd statement is sometimes true and sometimes false. It depends on the given function. If the
function is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, then the statement is true, 𝑓 2 = 2 + 1 = 3. However, if the function is
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1, the statement is false because, 𝑓 2 = 22 + 1 ≠ 3.
Mathematical Language
▪ Different use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal, ratio)
Cardinal – tells the number of elements of a set.
Ordinal – tells the order of elements
Nominal – use number in giving a name or decription.
Ratio – tells the proportion or percentage

▪ Mathematical objects may be represented in many ways such as sets

and functions.
The Word “is” in Mathematics
▪ The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, or membership in a set.

Consider the following sentences. Discuss how the word “is” is used.
1. 5 is the principal square root of 25
2. 5 is less than 10
3. 5 is a prime number

Answer :
1. The word “is” is used as equality, we can write the statement as 25 = 5.
2. In statement #2, the word “is” is used as inequality. In symbolic form, the statement is 5 <
10.
3. The word “is” in statement #3 is used as membership. In symbol statement #3 is 5 ∈
𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟. (The symbol ∈ is the symbol for “element”.)
Translate each sentences using mathematical
symbols
1. 0 is an integer.
ans. 0 ∈ 𝑍
2. 𝑥 belongs to both sets A and B.
ans. 𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵)
3. The values of x range from -2 to 5.
ans. {−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5}
4. x is between 4 and 7.
ans. {4 < 𝑥 < 7}
5. The square of the sum of x and y is not more than 20.
ans. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 < 20
6. The square of a number x is nonnegative.
ans. 𝑥 2 > 0
7. The sum of two consecutive numbers is 31.
ans. 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑜.
𝑥 + 1 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠: 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 = 31
8. The sum of the square of x and y is 100.
ans. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100
9. 5 more than a number y is 19.
ans. Since there is no word “is” with the phrase “more than” , then it is not inequality.
The word more than is use as an operation for addition, thus the answer is: 5 + 𝑦 = 19
10. less than 3 the square of m is greater than twice m.
ans. Same as 9, there is no word “is” with the phrase “less than” , thus it is use to denote
subtraction, but the phrase “is greater than” is an inequality, thus the answer is:
𝑚2 − 3 > 2𝑚
Exercise #1. Translate each sentences using
mathematical symbols

1. Twice the sum of x and y decrease by 4 is 32

2. Five times the difference of m and n is greater than 10.
3. Square of a number y decrease by 3 is 25
4. The value of x is between -2 and 4.
5. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 51.
6. Seven times a number x increase by 2 is three times the
number x.
7. The product of two consecutive numbers.
The Language of Sets
Lesson 2
Sets
Any group or collection of objects is called a SET. The objects that
belong in a set are the elements, or ,members of the set.

The following two methods are often used to designate a set:

 Describe the set using words.
 List the elements of the set inside a pair braces, { }. This method is called
the roster method. Commas are used to separate the elements.

Example:
Use the roster method to represent the set of the days in a week.
Solution: {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
Basic Number Sets
Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers: N = {1,2,3,4,5,…}

Whole Numbers: W = {0,1,2,3,4,5,…}

Integers Z = {…, -4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,…}

Rational Numbers: Q = the set of all terminating or repeating decimals.

Irrational Numbers Q’ = the set of all nonterminating, nonrepeating decimals.

1 1 2
Examples: 𝑄 = { , , 5, } 𝑄 ′ = { 2, 5, 𝜋 , 𝑒}
2 3 5

Real Numbers R = the set of all rational or irrational numbers.

Roster Method
Click for the Answer
Use the roster method to write each of the given sets:
a. The set of natural numbers less than 5 {1, 2, 3, 4}
b. The solution set of x + 5 = -1 {−6}
c. The set of negative integers greater than -4 {−1, −2, −3}

d. The set of whole numbers les than 4 {0, 1, 2, 3}

e. The set of negative integers between -5 and 7 {−4, −3, −2, −1}
f. The set of counting numbers larger than 11 and {12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19}
less than or equal to 19
 Definitions Regarding Sets
A set is well defined if it is possible to determine whether any given item
is an element of the set. For instance, the set of letters of the English
alphabet is well defined. The set of great songs is not a well–defined set. It is
not possible to determine whether any given song is an element of the set or is
not an element of the set because there is no standard method for making such
judgement.

The statement “4 is an element of the set of natural numbers” can be written

using mathematical notation as 4 ∈ 𝑁 .

The statement “-3 is not an element of the set of natural numbers,” we use
the symbol ∈ for “ not an element of”, thus -3 ∈ N
Applying the Definition
Click for the Answer
Determine whether each statement is true or false.

a. 4 ∈ {2, 3, 4, 7} True

b. −5 ∈ 𝑁 False

1
c. ∈ 𝑍 True
2

d. The set of nice cars is a well–defined set. False

e. The set of all integers larger than π is well–defined. True

Null Set & Universal Set

The empty set or null set is the set that contains no elements. The
symbol  or { } is used to represent the empty set.

The Universal set is a set of all sets, or the totality of sets. The symbol
use to represent Universal set is U.
Set Builder Notation
The set builder notation is especially useful when describing
infinite sets. It uses the format: {𝑥 Τ𝑥 𝑖𝑠 … . } and read as, a set of x
such that x is….
For example:
The set of natural numbers greater than 7 is written as :
x x  N and x  7
This read as, “a set of x such that x is element of Natural no.(N) and x
is greater than 7”
Set Builder Notation
Use set builder notation to write the following sets

a. The set of integers greater than –3.

𝑥Τ𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > −3
b. The set of whole numbers less than 100
𝑥Τ𝑥 ∈ 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 100
c. The set of integers less than 9
𝑥Τ𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 9
d. The set of natural numbers greater than 4
𝑥 Τ𝑥 ∈ 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 4
Finite Set
A set is finite if the number of elements in the set is a
whole number.
The cardinal number of a finite set is the number of
distinct elements in the set. The cardinal number of a finite
set A is denoted by the notation 𝑛(𝐴) or /A/.

Example:
If 𝐴 = {1, 4, 6,9} then 𝑛 𝐴 = 4.
Read as “A has a cardinal number of 4 or the cardinality of A
is 4.”
Cardinality of a Set.
Find the cardinality of each of the following sets:
Answer:
/J/ = 2
a. J = 2,5
/S/ = 29
b. S = 3,4,5,...31
/T/ = 3
c.
T = 3,3,7,5,5
d. C = − 1,5,4,11,13 /C/ = 5
/D/ = 1
e. D = 0
/E/ = 0
f.
E = 
/H/ = 1
g.
H = 
Equal Sets and Equivalent Sets
Set A is equal to set B, denoted by A = B, if and only if A
and B have exactly the same elements.
Example. Let A= {1, 2,3} and B = {2, 1, 3} then A=B.

Set A is equivalent to set B denoted by A ~ B, if and only if A

and B have the same number of elements.
Example. Let A= {1, 2,3} and B = {a,b,c} then A ~ B.
Equal Sets and Equivalent Sets
State whether each of the following pairs of sets are
equal, equivalent, or neither.
Click for the Answer

Equivalent
1. {a,e,i,o,u} ___ {3,7,11,15,19}
2. {4,-2,7} ___ {3,4,7,9} Neither

3. {𝑥Τ𝑥 ∈ 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≤ 5} ___ {𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝛿, 𝜀, 𝜃} Equivalent

4. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, . . . , 80 ____ {5𝑥Τ𝑥 ∈ 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 17} Equal
Complement of a Set
The Complement of a Set A, denoted by A’ or 𝐴ҧ , is the set of
all elements of the universal set U but are not elements of A.

Example: Find the complement of the sets

Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}, S = {2,4,6,7} and
𝑇 = { 𝑥Τ𝑥 < 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠}
Find
a. 𝑆′ Click for the Answer 𝑆′ = {1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10}

b. 𝑇′ Click for the Answer 𝑇 = 1,3,5,7,9 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑇′ = {2, 4, 6, 8}

The Complement of A ( A’ or 𝐴)ҧ
Venn Diagram

A’
A

Note:
The complement of the universal set and the complement of the empty set:
ഥ = ∅
𝑈 and ഥ =𝑈
∅
A Subset of a Set “⊆”
Set A is a subset of set B, denoted by A ⊆ B if and only if every
element of A is also an element of B.

Example:
Let 𝐵 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = {1, 3, 4}, then A ⊆ B.

Subset Relationship:
A⊆A , for any set A (the set itself is a subset of itself)
∅ ⊆ A , for any set A (the null set a subset of every set)
Proper Subset
Set A is a proper of set B, denoted by 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 , if every element of A is an
element of B, and 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵.

1. Let R = {Mars, Venus} and S = {Mars, Venus, Mercury}.

The first set, R, is a subset of the second set, S, because every
element of R is an element of S. In addition, R is also a proper
subset of S, because R ≠ S.
2. Let T = {Europe, Africa} and V = {Africa, Europe}. The first set, T, is
a subset of the second set, V; however, T is not a proper subset of V
because T = V.
Power Set P(A)
Power Set is the set of all subsets of a set, denoted by P(A).

Examples:
1. List the power set of A ={a, b, c}
Solution:
P(A) = { {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b}, {b,c}, {a,c}, {a,b,c}, ∅}

2. Set C shows that four condiments that a hot dog stand offers on its hot dogs.
C = {mustard, ketchup, onions, relish}. List all the subsets of C.
Solution:
P(C) = { {mustard}, {ketchup}, {onions}, {relish}, {mustard,ketchup},
{mustard,onions}, {mustard, relish}, {ketchup, onions}, {ketchup, relish}, {onion
,relish}, {mustard,ketchup, onions}, {mustard, ketchup, relish}, {ketchup, onions,
relish}, {mustard,onions, relish}, {mustard, ketchup, onions, relish}, ∅}
The Number of Subsets of a Set
A set with n elements has 2n subsets or /P(A)/ = 2n

Application:
A restaurant sells pizzas for which you can choose from seven toppings.

a. How many different variations of pizzas can the restaurant have?

Sol. The number of variation is 27 = 128.

b. What is the minimum number of toppings the restaurant must provide if

it wishes to advertise that it offers over 1000 variation of its pizzas?
Sol. The number of toppings is 2𝑛 > 1,000 , n = 10 since 210 = 1,024.
Set Operations
1. The union of sets A and B, denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is the set that contains all
the elements that belong to A or B or both.

A  B = x x  A or x  B

2. The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is the set of elements

common to both A and B .
A  B = x x  A and x  B

A B A B

A B
A  B
Set Operations
3. The difference of sets A and B, denoted by 𝐴 − 𝐵 is the set of elements
that belongs to A but not in B.

A − B = x x  A and x  B

4. The complement of a set, denoted by A’ or 𝐴ҧ , is the set of elements

that belongs to the universal set U but not in A.
A' = x x  U and x  A 

A
B A

A’
A− B
 Practice
Let A = {1,4,5,7,8}, B = {2,3,4,5,6,8}, and C = {3,6,8, 9}. A B
The elements of the following sets: 1,7 4, 5 2
a. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {4, 5, 8}
8
b. 𝐵 ∩𝐶 ′ = 3, 6, 8 ′ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9} 3, 6
C. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 9

d. 𝐵′ ∩ 𝐶 = 1, 7, 9 ∩ 3, 6, 8, 9 = {9}
C
e. 𝐵 − 𝐶 = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 − 3, 6, 8, 9 = {2, 4, 5}

f. 𝐴 ∪𝐵 ∩𝐶 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ∩ 3, 6, 8, 9 = {3, 6, 8}
 Applications
Problem 1: A movie company is making plans for future movies it wishes to produce.
The company has done a random survey of 1000 people. The results of the survey are
shown below:
695 people like action adventures
340 people like comedies
180 people like both action adventures and comedies

Of the people surveyed, how many people

a. like action adventures but not comedies?
b. like comedies but not action adventures?
c. do not like either of these types of movies?
 Applications
Solution:
To be able to answer the questions in the problem, we may construct a Venn Diagram.
In constructing the diagram, first determine the number of sets, in this example we have 2
sets; those who like action adventures and those who like comedies. Next, represent each
set in a circle and label.

Action Comedy
Adventure
515 180 160
145

1. Then, fill in the intersection, those who like the action adventure & comedy which is 180.
2. Next, fill out those who likes action adventure which is 695 but since 180 of them likes comedy also,
then 515 likes action adventure only.
3. For those who like comedy 340 deduct 180, thus 160 likes comedy only.
4. Recall that there are 1000 participants in the survey and the total in the diagram is only 855, this
means that 145 neither likes action nor comedy.
 Applications
To answer the questions we may refer to the Venn diagram

Action Comedy
Adventure
515 180 160

Of the people surveyed, how many people

a. like action adventures but not comedies? Click: 515
b. like comedies but not action adventures? Click: 160
c. do not like either of these types of movies? Click: 145
 A Music Survey
A music teacher has surveyed 495 students. The results of the survey are listed below:
320 students like rap music
395 students like rock music
295 students like heavy metal music
280 students like both rap music and rock music
190 students like both rap music and heavy metal music
245 students like both rock music and heavy metal music
160 students like all three

How many students

a. like exactly two of the three types of music f. like at least two kinds of music?
b. like only rock music? g. like at most one kind of music?
c. like only one of the three types of music? h. like any kind of music?
d. like both rock and heavy metal music but not
rap?
e. like either rap or rock?
 To Construct the Venn Diagram with 3 sets:
Start by constructing 3 circles for the 3 kinds of music. Then fill-out the spaces starting from the
bottom and up:
320 students like rap music 320 –(160+120+30) = 10
395 students like rock music 395 –(160+120+85) = 30
295 students like heavy metal music 295 –(160+30+85) = 20
280 students like both rap music and rock music 280-160=120
190 students like both rap music and heavy metal music 190-160=30
245 students like both rock music and heavy metal music 245-160=85
160 students like all three
Rap 120 Rock
30
10
160
30 85

40
20
Heavy Metal
Solution:
Rap 120 Rock
30
10
160
30 85

40
20
Heavy Metal

How many students

a. like exactly two of the three types of music Click: 120+ 30+85 = 235
b. like only rock music? Click: 30
c. like only one of the three types of music? Click: 10+ 30+ 20 = 60
d. like both rock and heavy metal music but not rap? Click: 245-160= 85
e. like either rap or rock? Click: 435
f. like at least two kinds of music? Click: 120+ 30+ 85 +160 = 395
g. like at most one kind of music? Click: 10+ 30+ 20 +40 = 100
h. like any kind of music? Click: 495 - 40 = 455
The Language of Relation &
Functions
Lesson 3
Ordered Pair
Given elements a and b, the symbol (a, b) denotes the ordered pair,
consisting of a and b together with the specification that a is the first
element of the pair and b is the second element.
Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal if and only if a=c and b=d.
Symbolically:
(a, b)= (c, d) means a= c and b = d.

Examples:
a. Is (1, 2) = (2, 1)? No!
5 1
b. Is 3, = 9, 2 ? Yes!
10

c. What is the first elements of (7, 1)? 7

Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B ,denoted by AxB and
read as “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a is in set A
and b is in set B. Symbolically:
A x B= {(a, b) / a Є A and b Є B}.

Examples
Let Y = {a, b, c} and Z={1, 2}
a. Find YxZ. 𝑌𝑥𝑍 = { 𝑎, 1 , 𝑎 2 , 𝑏, 1 , 𝑏, 2 , 𝑐, 1 , 𝑐, 2 }
b. Find ZxY. 𝑍𝑥𝑌 = { 1, 𝑎 , 1, 𝑏 , 1, 𝑐 , 2, 𝑎 , 2, 𝑏 , 2, 𝑐 }

c. Find ZxZ. 𝑍𝑥𝑍 = { 1,1 , 1, 2 , 2, 1 , 2, 2 }

d. How many elements are in YxZ, ZxY, and ZxZ?

𝑌𝑥𝑍 = 6, 𝑌𝑥𝑍 = 6, 𝑍𝑥𝑍 = 4,
Relation
Definition:
Relation is a subset of A x B .
It is a correspondence between a first set, called the domain, and a
second set, called the range, such that each member of the domain
corresponds to at least one member of the range.
The domain is the set of all permissible value of x, while the range is the
set of all resulting values of y.
- If (x, y) Є R, we write xRy (read as x is related to y).
 Relations
Examples:
1. Let X = { shoes, pants, pencil} and Y= {socks, shirt, paper}.
Define R as objects that are usually used together.
Answer: 𝑅 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑠 , 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠, 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑡 , 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑙, 𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 .
Here we simply pair the elements of X with the elements of Y.

2. Let X = { 2, 3, 4} and Y = { 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define R by (x, y) Є R iff x divides y.

Answer: 𝑅 = { 2, 4 , 2, 6 , , 3, 3 , 3, 6 , (4, 4 } . Since “2 divides 4”, “2 divides 6”, “
3 divides 3”, “3 divides 6” and “4 divides 4”. This means that an element of X divides exactly the
element of Y with no remainder.

3. Let R be the relation on X = {1, 2, 3, 4} defined by (x, y) Є R iff x ≤ y

Answer: 𝑅 = { 1,1 , 1,2 , 1,3 , 1,4 , 2, 2 , 2, 3 , 2, 4 , 3, 3 , 3, 4 , (4, 4)}
If we have only one set , this means that the domain and range will be coming from that set,
we say that “1 is equal to 1”, “1 is less than 2”, “1is less than 3”, and so on.

Note: “ iff” means “ if and only if”.

Properties of Relation

Let R be a (binary) relation on a set X. Then,

i. i. R is said to be reflexive if (x, x) Є R for every x Є X.

ii. ii. R is said to be symmetric if for all x, y Є X, if (x,y) Є R, then (y, x) Є R.

iii. iii. R is said to be asymmetric if for all x, y Є X, if (x,y) Є R, then

(y, x) Є R.

iv. iv. R is said to be transitive if for all x, y, z Є X, if (x,y) Є R and (y, z) Є R,

then (x, z) Є R.
Functions
A Function f: X → Y is a relation from X to Y satisfying the following
properties:
i. The domain of f is X
This means that all first element of the ordered pair must be the elements
of set X.
ii. If (x, y), (x, y’) Є f, then y = y’
This implies that it is possible for two ordered pairs to have same first
element provided that they must also have same second element.

Remember that a function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y)

in which no two distinct ordered pairs have the same first number.
Functions
 Functions
Determine whether the given relation is a function or not. If “not” explain why it is
so.
1. Let X = { 1, 2, 3} and Y= {a, b, c}.
f = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c)} Answer: Function
2. Let X = { 1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = { a, b, c}.
f = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c)} Answer: Not Function. Since 4 ∉ Domain
g = {(1, a), (2, a), (3, b), (4, c)} Answer: Function

Let X=real numbers and Y = non-negative real numbers.

f(x) = x2 is a function
f(1) = 12 = 1 f(-1) =(-1)2 = 1
f(2) = 22 = 4 f(-2) =(-2)2 = 4
Functions
Example 1:
Let A = {2, 4, 6 } and B = {1, 3, 5}. Which of the relationships R, S, and T
defined below are functions from A to B?
1. R = {(2, 5), (4, 1), (4, 3), (6, 5)}
2. For all (x, y) Є AxB, (x, y) Є S means that y= x + 1.
3. T is defined by the arrow diagram.

A B

2 1
4 3
6 5
 Functions
Solution
Let A = {2, 4, 6 } and B = {1, 3, 5}. Which of the relationships R, S, and T defined below are
functions from A to B?
This is not a function since 4 has two functions
1. R = {(2, 5), (4, 1), (4, 3), (6, 5)} 1 and 3 or in symbols f(4)= 1&3.
2. For all (x, y) Є AxB, (x, y) Є S means that y= x + 1.
The set of relation here that satisfy y= x+1 are { (2,3), (4,5)}, thus it is not a function since
6 is not an element of the domain.
3. T is defined by the arrow diagram.
A B
Relation T has the elements {(2,5),(4,1),(6,1)}.
Since there is no ordered pairs with the same
2 1 first elements and the set of domain ={2,4,6}=A,
4 3 then relation T is a function.
6 5
Answer: Only relation T is a
function
Functions
Example 2:
Let A = {5, 6, 7 } and B = {4, 5, 6} and define relations U, V and W
from A to B as follows: For all (x, y) Є AxB
(x, y) Є U means that x ≥ y.
𝑥−𝑦
(x, y) Є V means that is an integer.
2
W = {(5, 4), (6, 4), (7, 5)}

a. Draw arrow diagrams for U, V, and W.

b. Indicate whether any of the relation U, V, and W are functions.
 Functions
Solution: X = {5, 6, 7 } and Y = {4, 5, 6}
a. Draw arrow diagrams for U, V, and W.
A B
5
(x, y) Є U means that
4
x ≥ y. U= 6 5
7 6
A B
Relation U = {(5,4),(5,5),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6),(7,4),(7,5),(7,6)}
𝑥−𝑦 5 4
(x, y) Є V means that is an integer. V= 6 5
2 7 6
Relation U = {(5,5),(6,4),(6,6), (7,5)} A B
5
W = {(5, 4), (6, 4), (7, 5)} W= 6
4
5
7 6

b. Indicate whether any of the relation U, V, and W are functions.

Only relation W is the function since no two ordered pairs have the
same first element.
Functions
f(x) is a rule for obtaining the image of x under f.

Ex. Given that f is the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4.

Find
a. 𝑓 0 ➔ 𝑓 0 = (0)2 +3 0 − 4 = −𝟒

b. 𝑓(2) ➔ 𝑓 2 = (2)2 +3 2 − 4 = 𝟔

c. 𝑓(ℎ) ➔ 𝑓 ℎ = 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟑𝒉 − 𝟒

d. 𝑓(5𝑥) ➔ 𝑓 5𝑥 = (5𝑥)2 +3 5𝑥 − 4 = 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒

e. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)➔ 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = (𝑥 + ℎ)2 +3 𝑥 + ℎ − 4 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒉 + 𝒉𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒉 − 𝟒

 Operation on Functions
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 9 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 6 are two functions. Find
1. 𝒇+𝒈 𝒙
Simply add the two functions: 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 9 + 2𝑥 + 6 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
2. 𝒇−𝒈 𝒙
Subtract the two functions, just don’t forget to change the sign of subtrahend:
𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 9 − 2𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 2 − 9 − 2𝑥 − 6 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓
3. 𝒇∙𝒈 𝒙
For multiplication, do the distributive property:
𝑓 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 9 2𝑥 + 6 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙 − 𝟓𝟒
4. 𝒇/𝒈 (𝒙)
Divide the two functions, don’t forget to reduce the answer to lowest form.
𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3) 𝒙−𝟑
𝑓/𝑔 (𝑥) = = =
2𝑥+6 2(𝑥+3) 𝟐
 Operation on Functions
Composite Function- function of a function
𝑓 ° 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )

Using the given functions of the previous example, find

1. 𝑓° 𝑔 𝑥
Solution:
𝑓 ° 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝑥 + 6 = (2𝑥 + 6)2 −9 = 4𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 36 − 9 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝟕
2. 𝑔°𝑓 𝑥
Solution:
𝑔°𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 2 − 9 = 2 𝑥 2 − 9 + 6 = 2𝑥 2 − 18 + 6 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐
3. 𝑔°𝑔 𝑥
Solution:
𝑔°𝑔 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 2𝑥 + 6 = 2 2𝑥 + 6 + 6 = 4𝑥 + 12 + 6 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖
One–to–one and onto functions
1. Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 . The function f(x) is one – to – one if for
each y Є Y there is at most one x Є X with f(x) = y.

2. Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 . f said to be onto function if for all 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌,

then there exists 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 such that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 .
If co – domain of f is not equal to the range, then f is not
onto.

A mapping that is both one–to–one and onto is called bijective.

Types of functions
1. A linear function is defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
2. An identity function is defined by
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
3. The polynomial function f is defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
4. A quadratic function is a polynomial function of degree 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
5. A cubic function is a polynomial function of degree 3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
6. A rational function is that is expressed as a quotient of two polynomial functions
𝑃(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑥)
Piecewise function

Functions are defined piecewise using different output

formulas for different parts of the domain

x − 1 if x  3

f (x ) = 5 if x = 3
2x + 1 if 3  x
Piecewise function
The graph:

f(3) =5
 Functions as a Mathematical Model

Data can be used to construct functions that model real-world

applications. Once an equation that fits given data is determined,
we can use the equation to make certain predictions, this is called
mathematical modelling.
 Mathematical Model
Problem #1.

The cost of a daily truck rental is Php4,800, plus an additional Php450 for every mile driven. Write a
function that gives the cost of the daily truck rental and used it to determine the total cost of renting the truck for a
day and driving it 60 miles.

If the rental cost amounted to Php29,100, determine the number of miles travelled.
Solution
Let x =be the number of miles driven
C(x) = total cost as a function of distance x.
The total cost depends on the number of miles driven and Php 4,800 as a fixed cost.

Thus, C(x) = 450x + 4,800

and if x=60 miles, then C(60) = 450(60) +4,800 = Php 31,800

To determine the distance travelled if the cost is C(x)=P29,100, substituting to the formula

C(x) = 450x + 4,800 ➔ 29,100 = 450x + 4,800 , solve for x: 29,100 − 4,800 = 450𝑥
24,300 450𝑥
24,800 = 450𝑥 → = → 𝑥 = 54 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
450 450
Function as a mathematical model
Problem #2
A wholesaler sell a product by the kilogram (or fraction of a kilogram); if not more
than 10 kilograms are ordered, the wholesaler charges $2 per kilogram. However, to
invite large orders, the wholesaler charges only $1.80 per kg if more than 10 kg are
ordered.
(a) Find a mathematical model expressing the total cost of the order as a function of
the amount of the product ordered.
(b) Determine the total cost of an order of 9.5 kg and;
(c) of an order of 10.5 kg.
Function as a mathematical model
Solution:
Let x = be the number of kilos bought
C(x) = be the total cost or orders

a. The mathematical model expressing the total cost of the order as a function of the
amount of the product ordered.
The function is: 𝑓 𝑥 = 2. 00𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 10 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑠
1.80 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 10 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑠
b. The total cost of an order of 9.5 kg is : 𝑓 9.5 = 2.00 9.5 = 19.00
c. The total cost of an order of 10.5 kg. is: 𝑓 10.5 = 1.80 10.5 = 18.90
Functions as a mathematical model
Problem #3.
A cardboard box manufacturer wishes to make open boxes from
rectangular pieces of cardboard with dimensions 10 in. by 17 in. by
cutting equal squares from the four corners and turning up the sides.
a. Find a mathematical model expressing the volume of the box as
a function of the length of the side of the square cut out.
b. What is the volume if x=1.5 inches?
Functions as a mathematical model
Solution:
To illustrate: L=17 x
x
x x x x 17-2 x
x x x
W= 10
10-2x

Let x = be the length of the square to be cut

a. The mathematical model expressing the volume of the box as a
function of the length of the side of the square cut out.
Volume = l WH ➔ 𝑉 𝑥 = 17 − 2𝑥 10 − 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑉(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 54𝑥 2 + 170𝑥
b. What is the volume if x=1.5 inches?
𝑉 1.5 = 4(1.5)3 −54 1.5 2 + 170 1.5 = 147 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
Elementary Logic
Lesson 4
Logic
 The science of correct thinking or reasoning

Some fundamentals of logic

• Logic allows us to determine the validity of arguments in and
out of mathematics.
• Illustrates the importance of precision and conciseness of the
language of mathematics.
 Proposition
A proposition is a statement which is either true (T) or false (F)
but not both.

Examples: Identify whether the following statement is a proposition or not

a proposition. Click for the Answer:
1. 9 is a prime number Proposition
2. 4 + 6 = 10 Proposition
3. 𝑥+𝑦 >3 Not a proposition
4. 10 < −4 Proposition
5. 𝑥 = 10 Not a proposition

Note: If you can identify whether the statement is true or false then it is proposition. If there’s
involve variable/s then it is not proposition because you cannot tell whether it is true or false.
The truth table
You can combine 2 or more propositions to form a new
proposition and it is called compound proposition. However,
with the new proposition you cannot easily tell whether it is
true or false, thus a truth table is used to determine its truth
value.
A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a
compound statement for all possible truth values of its simple
statements.
Logical Operators
Say P and Q are propositions.

1. (Conjunction of P and Q) 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 , denoted by 𝑃 ∧ 𝑄

2. (Disjunction of P and Q) 𝑃 𝑜𝑟 𝑄 , denoted by 𝑃 ∨ 𝑄

P Q 𝑷∧𝑸 𝑷∨𝑸
F F F F
F T F T
T F F T
T T T T
 Negation
Say P is a proposition.
• The negation of P means not 𝑃 and is denoted by ¬𝑃

P ¬𝑷
F T
T F

Example: What is the negation of the statement: Click for the Answer:
1. 2 is a rational number. 2 is irrational number.
2. 3 + 5 > 7. 3+5 ≤7
3. 7 Є Ζ. 7 ∈𝑍
Statement #1 is a False statement, thus its negation is a True statement.
Statement #2 is a True statement, hence its negation is a False statement.
Statement #3 is a True statement, Then its negation is a False statement.
Logical Operators
Example:
Let P: 4+ 5= 9. and Q: 9 is a prime no.

Identify the truth value of the following statements.

1. 4+5=9 and 9 is a prime no.
2. Either 4+5=9 or 9 is a prime number.
3. 4+5 ≠9 but 9 is a prime number.
4. It is not true that both 4+5=9 and 9 is a prime.
5. Either 4+5 =9 or 9 is not a prime number.
 Logical Operators
Solution:
The P statement P: 4+ 5= 9. is a true statement but the Q statement Q: 9 is
a prime no. is a false statement, 9 is not a prime since it has other factors
aside from 1 and 9 which is 3. P Q 𝑷∧𝑸 𝑷∨𝑸

You refer to the truth table for the answer. F F F F

Let us analyze the following statements. F T F T

1. 4+5=9 and 9 is a prime no. In symbol it is 𝑃∧𝑄
T F F T

By substituting the truth value of P=True and Q= False then T T T T

𝑇 ∧ 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒
2. Either 4+5=9 or 9 is a prime number. In symbol it is 𝑃∨𝑄

By substituting again the truth value, we have T ∨ F = True

Logical Operators
Solution:
Not T means F
3. 4+5 ≠9 but 9 is a prime number.
In symbol is ¬𝑃 ∧ 𝑄, then substitute ¬T ∧ F ➔ F ∧ F = False

4. It is not true that both 4+5=9 and 9 is a prime. T∧F=F

In symbol is ¬ 𝑃 ∧ 𝑄 , then substitute ¬ (T ∧ F) = ¬(F) = True

5. Either 4+5=9 or 9 is not a prime number.

In symbol is 𝑃 ∨ ¬𝑄, then substitute T ∨ ¬F = T ∨ T = True

Implication
Say P and Q are propositions.
The proposition 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄 (If P then Q) is called an implication.
P is called the hypothesis and Q is called the conclusion.

• P implies Q P Q 𝑃⇒𝑄
• Q if P F F T
• Q is implied by P F T T
• P only if Q T F F
T T T
Example: Implication
Symbolize the given statement, using capital letters to
abbreviate the simple statements (stated positively):
▪ If Neil is not big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lemy
likes violet.

Solution:
Let P: Neil is big eater.
Q: Len has a big voice.
R: Lemy likes violet.
In symbolic form the statement is: ¬𝑃 ∨ 𝑄 → 𝑅
Conditional statements
Say P and Q are propositions. Given the impication 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄,
▪ its inverse is ¬𝑃 ⇒ ¬𝑄,
▪ the converse is 𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃,
▪ its contrapositive is ¬𝑄 ⇒ ¬𝑃

P Q 𝑃⇒𝑄 ¬𝑃 ⇒ ¬𝑄 𝑄⇒𝑃 ¬𝑄 ⇒ ¬𝑃
F F T T T T
F T T F F T
T F F T T F
T T T T T T
Inverse, Converse and Contrapositive
Example:
Give the inverse, converse and contrapositive of the following implication:
1. If this book is interesting, then I am staying at home.
2. If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a senior citizen’s
card.

Answer:
1. If this book is interesting, then I am staying at home.
¬𝑃 → ¬𝑄: If the book is not interesting, then I am not staying at home.
𝑄 → 𝑃: If I am staying at home, then the book is interesting.
¬𝑄 → ¬𝑃: If I am not staying at home, then the book is not interesting.
Inverse, Converse and Contrapositive
Answer:
2. If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a senior citizen’s
card.

¬𝑃 → ¬𝑄: If you are not more than 60 years old, then you are not entitled to a
senior citizen’s card.
𝑄 → 𝑃: If you are entitled to a senior citizen’s card, then you are more than
60 years old.
¬𝑄 → ¬𝑃: If you are not entitled to a senior citizen’s card, then you are not
more than 60 years old.
Bi-conditional
Say P and Q are propositions.
The proposition 𝑃 ⟺ 𝑄 (P if and only ifQ) is called a biconditional
statement.
It is equivalent to (𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄) ∧ (𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃)

P Q 𝑃⇒𝑄 𝑄⇒𝑃 𝑃⟺𝑄

F F T T T
F T T F F
T F F T F
T T T T T
Write the following in the symbolic form using P,Q,R for
the statements and the symbols ¬,∧,∨, ⟺, ⇒ where
P: The sun is shining.
Q. It is raining.
R: The ground is wet.
Click for the Answer:
a. If it is raining, then the sun is not shining. 𝑄 → ¬𝑃
b. It is raining and the ground is wet. 𝑄 ∧𝑅

c. The ground is wet if and only if it is raining and

𝑅 ↔ (𝑄 ∧ 𝑃 )
the sun is shining.
d. The sun is shining or it is raining. 𝑃 ∨𝑄
e. The ground is not wet. ¬𝑅
Quantifiers
Quantifiers are used to described the variable/s in a statement.

1. Universal quantifier means “for all”, “for every”

written denoted by ∀

2. Existential quantifier means “there exist”, “for some”

written denoted by ∃
Compound quantifiers
1. If using same quantifiers, then the ordering doesn’t matter.

2. If using mixed quantifier, then the ordering does matter.

Example:
• For all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, there exist y ∈ ℝ such that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
• There exist y ∈ ℝ, for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, such that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
Example: Compound quantifier
Write as an English sentence.
1. ∀𝑥 ∈ ℤ+ , ∃𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
For all x element of positive Integers and some y element of Real nos. such
that 𝑦 2 = 𝑥.
2. ∃𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℤ, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥
There exists x and y element of Integers ,such that 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥.

3. ∃𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℤ+ , 𝑥 + 𝑦 > 𝑥 2
For some x and y element of positive Integers , such that x + y > 𝑥 2 .
References:
• Learning the language of mathematics,
https://wac.colostate.edu/llad/v4n1/jamison.pdf
• The language of mathematics,
http://onemathematicalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf
• The language and grammar of mathematics,
http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/gowers/gowers_I_2.pdf
• Guzon, A. Powerpoint Presentation: CHED ADMU GE Training (2016)
• Nocon R., Nocon E. Essential Mathematics for the Modern World (2016)