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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGHATHAN

CHANDIGARH REGION

CLASS-XI

SUBJECT-PHYSICS

Chapter -5

Laws of Motion
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Table of Contents
S.N. Content Page No.
1 Gist of chapter 3-4
2 Formulae used in chapter 5-7
3 MCQs 8-14
4 Assertion Reasoning type questions 15-17
5 Case study based question 18-22
6 Answer key 23
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Gist of Chapter
1. Force: it is the push or pull which bring the change in (i) change in magnitude of velocity (ii)
change in direction of motion (iii) change in shape
2. Force is the cause for translator motion. It is measured in newton and has the dimension MLT -2
3. The inherent property with anybody to resist any change in its state of motion is called inertia.
Heavier the body, the inertia is more and lighter is the body lessor the inertia.
4. Unbalanced external forces acting on a body or system can only bring the change in the state of
motion.
5. Newton’s Law:
Ist Law: a body at rest or in uniform motion maintain its state till an unbalanced external
force acts on it.
II Law: the rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction in which force is acting. Thus F= k dp/dt
= k ma or
The total unbalanced external force acting on a mass it the product of its mass m and
acceleration a i.e. F= ma
III law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

6. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity P= mv. Its is the outcome of force acting on
body. It is measured in kg m/s and has the dimensions of MLT -1
7. Impulse: force acting for short duration are called impulsive forces. It is I= ∫ F dt or change in
momentum. Area under F-t graph gives impulse
8. When no external force acts on a body or system, momentum remains conserved. If F e = 0, P=
constant.
9. Action and Reaction never act on same body.
10. When a bullet of mass m is fired with the velocity v, the gun of mass M will acquire a velocity
V= -mv/M
11. A rocket sent up in space will acquire a velocity v given by v= - u loge (M/m) where u is exhaust
speed of burnt gases. M is initial mass of rocket and contents, m is mass of rocket and its content
at any instant.
12. The acceleration associated with the rocket is a = (- u dm/dt)/m , where dm/dt is the rate at which
the fuel is consumed.
13. The relative strength of gravitational, weak, electromagnetic and nuclear forces are in the ratio 1
: 1025 : 1036 : 1038
14. Apparent weight in a lift
(i) Stationary or lift in uniform motion
Apparent Weight = Actual Weight
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(ii) Lift accelerated up by a

Apparent weight = actiual weight + Ma = M(g+a)
(iii) Lift accelerated down by a
Apparent weight = actiual weight - Ma = M(g-a)
(iv) In free fall a=g
Apparent weight = actiual weight - Mg = M(g-g)=0
(v) When a> g, while falling
Apparent weight is negative, therefore the mass m is said to be in contact with the
roof.
15. The frames of reference which are not accelerated and in which the Newton’s laws hold good are
called intertial frames.
16. The frames of reference which are accelerated and in which the Newton’s laws do not hold good
are called non intertial frames.
17. The earth is not a perfect inertial frame. But we take it as inertial.
18. Friction is an opposing force acting tangentially on a body.
19. Static friction is a self adjusting force. ( fs ≤ µs N). the maximum value is called limiting friction.
20. The friction experienced under motion is called kinetic friction (fk = µk N) and is less than the
limiting friction.
21. Frictional force depends on (i) the nature of the surface (ii) normal reaction f = µ N
22. Friction is independent of area of contact.
23. The coefficient of static, kinetic and rolling frictions µ s, µk and µr are related as µs > µk >µr
24. The coefficient of static friction = tangent of the angle of friction , µ s= tan ɵ
The angle of friction is defined as the angle between the resultant of the normal reaction and the
frictional force with normal reaction.
25. The maximum angle α to which an inclined plane be tilted from horizontal so that any mass on
its top can not slide is called angle of repose also µs= tan α
26. Polising , lunricating and use of ball bearings reduce friction.
27. Acceleration of a body coming down an inclined plane ɵ which frictional coefficient u is
a = g ( sin α – u cos α)
28. The minimum force required to take a mass m up an dinclined plane α with frictional coefficient
u is F= mg(sin α + u cos α)
29. The maximum speed with which a vehicle can negotiate a curve is v max = √(u r g) where u is
coefficient of friction and r is radius of path.
30. In a banked curved ɵ with friction, the safe velocity is given by v = √( rg( tanɵ + u)/(1- u tanɵ))
31. Pseudo force: the force that comes into existence on anybody due to the acceleration of the frame
in which it is placed is call pseudo force. Ex. Centrifugal force
a. The accelerated frames of reference are called non inertial frames. In them Fe + Fp = ma,
where Fe is external force and Fp is pseudo force.
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Formulae used in Chapter

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MCQs
Q.1. The proper use of lubricants cannot reduce

(a) Static friction (b) Inertia

(c) Sliding friction (d) rolling friction

Q.2. During the motion of a lift, apparent weight of a body becomes twice its actual weight, when

(a) lift is moving down with acceleration g

(b) lift is moving up with acc. g

(c) lift is moving down with uniform speed

(d) lift is moving up with uniform velocity

Q.3. a particle of mass m moving with a velocity v, stricks a stationary particle of mass 2m and sticks to
it. The speed of the system will be

(a) v/2 (b) 2v (c) v/3 (d) 3v

Q.4. in an elevator moving vertically up with an acceleration g , the force exerted on the floor by the
passenger of mass m is

(a) mg (b) mg/2 (c) zero (d) 2mg

Q.5. for a body moving with constant speed in a horizontal circle which of the following remains
constant?

(a) velocity (b) acceleration (c) centripetal force (d) kinetic energy

Q.6. A particle of mass 10kg is moving in straight line, if its displacement x with time t is given by x= (
t3 -2t-10 ) m, then the force acting on it at the end of 4 sec is

(a) 24 N (b) 240 N (c) 300N (d) 1200 N

Q. 7. A light string passing over a smooth light pulley connects two blocks of masses m and M
vertically. If the acceleration of the system is g/8, then the ratio of masses is

(a) 8/1 (b) 9/7 (c) 4/3 (d) 5/3

Q.8. When forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a particle of mass m such that F2 and F3 are mutually
perpendicular and the particle remains stationary. If the force F1 is now removed then the acceleration of
the particle is

(a) F1/m (b) F2/m (c) F3/m (d) None

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Q.9. A body of mass m collides against a wall with velocity v and rebounds with same speed. Its change
of momentum is

(a) 2mv (b) mv (c) -mv (d) zero

Q.10. a particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude which is always perpendicular to the
velocity of the particle, the motion of the particle takes place in a plane. It follows that

(a) velocity is consant (b) acceleration is constant

(c) its Kinetic energy is constant (d) it moves in parabolic path

Q.11. a cylinder rolls up in an inclined plane reach some hreight and rolls down. ( without slipping
through out motions) the directions of frictional force acting on the cylinders are

(a) up the plane while ascending and down while descending

(b) Up in both cases

(c) down while ascending and up while descending

(d) down the plane in both cases

Q.12. Mark the correct statements

1. The electromagnetic force between two protons is always greater than the gravitation force.
2. Nuclear force between two protons is greater than the electromagnetic force between them
(a) Only 1 (b) both 1 and 2 (c) only 2 (d) neither 1 nor 2

Q.13. Identify the incorrect statement about Action and Reaction

(a) they act on different bodies

(b) action is cause and reaction is effect

(c) have equal magnitude and opposite direction

(d) action and reaction are actually forces which acts at same instant. Either can be taken as
action or reaction.

Q.14. Two billiard balls A and B of mass 50 g each and moving in opposite directions with speed of 5
m/s each, collide and rebound with the same speed. If the collision lasts for 10-3s , which of the
following statements are true

(a) the change in momentum of each ball is 0.25 kg m/s and the force on each ball is 250N

(b) the impulse imparted to each ball is 0.25 kg m/s and the force on each ball is 25 x 10-5 N.
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(c) the impulse imparted to each ball is 0.5 N.

(d) Impulse and change in momentum are equal and opposite.

Q.15. Two weights w and W are suspended to the two ends of a string on a frictionless pulley. When the
pulley is pulled up with an acceleration g, then the tension in the string is

(a) (w +W)/2 (b) w.W/(w+W) (c) 2 w.W/(w+W) (d) 4 w.W/(w+W)

Q.16. Diwali rocket is ejecting 50 g of gases per second at a velocity of 400 m/s. The accelerating force
on the rocket is

(a) 22 dyne (b) 20 N (c) 20 dyne (d) zero

Q.17. Sand is being dropped on a conveyor belt at the rate of M kg/s. The force necessary to keeo the
belt moving with a constant velocity v m/s will be

(a) Mv (b) 2 Mv (c) Mv/2 (d) zero

Q.18. A block is kept on a frictionless inclined plane with angle of inclination x. The plane is given an
acceleration a to keep the block at rest. Then a is equal to

(a) g (b) g tan x (c) g/ tan x (d) g/sin x

Q.19. The tension in the string connecting the two blocks of masses m and 2m is

(a) F/3 (b) F/6

(c) F/2 (d) 2F

Q.20. A ball of mass 0.2 kg is thrown vertically upwards by applying a force by hand. If the hand moves
0.2 m while applying force and the ball goes upto 2m height, find the magnitude of force, take g = 10
m/s-2

(a) 4 N (b) 20N (c) 22 N (d) 16 N

Q.21. A bullet of mass 0.05 kg moving with a speed of 80 m/s enters a wooden block and is stopped
after a distance of 0.40 m. the average resistive force exerted by the block on the bullet is

(a) 300 N (b) 20 N (c) 400N (d) 40 N

Q.22. An object of mass 5 kg is attached to the hook of a spring balance and the balance is suspended
vertically from the roof of a lifr. The reading on the spring balance , when the lift is going up with an
acceleration of 0.25 m/s-2 ( g= 10m/s2)

(a) 51.25 N (b) 48.75 N (c) 52.75 N (d) 47.25N

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Q.23. A body of mass 2 kg moves with an acceleration of 3 m/s. the change in momentum in one second
is

(a) 6 kg m/s (b) 2/3 kgm/s (c) 3/2 kg m/s (d) zero

Q.24. A balloon has 5 g of air. A small hole is pierced into it. The air escapes at a uniform rate with a
velocity of 4 cm/s. if the balloon shrinks completely in 2.5 s, then the average force acing on the balloon
is

(a) 2 dyne (b) 2 N (c) 8 dyne (d) 8 N

Q.25. If n bullets each of mass m are fired with a velocity v per second from a gun, the force required to
hold the gun in position is

(a) nmv (b) nmv/2 (c) (n+1) mv (d) n2 mv

Q.26- same force act on two different bodies of different masses 3 kg and 5 kg initially at rest, the ratio
of time required to attain same final velocity is

(a) 3:5 (b) 5:3 (c) 25:9 (d) 9:25

Q.27- A bullet of mass 20 g has an intial speed of 1 m/s just before it starts penetrating a mud wall of
thickness 20 cm. if the wall offers a mean resistance of 2.5 x 10 -2 N, the speed of the bullet after
emerging from the other side of wall is close to

(a) 0.4 m/s (b) 0.1 m/s (c) 0.3 m/s (d) 0.7 m/s

Q.28. A particle moving with velocity v is acted by three forces shown by triangle PQR. The velpocity
of the particle will be

(a) increases

(b) decreases

(c) remains constant

(d) change according to the smallest force

Q.29. a boy was sitting on the back of a horse. The horse suddenly started running, the boy

(a) fell in forward direction (b) fell in backward direction

(c) remains in the sitting position without experiencing any force

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(d) None of these

Q.30. A particle of mass 2 kg is initially at rest. A force acts on it whose magnitude changes with time.
The force time graph is shown below. The velocity of the particle after 10 s is

(a) 10 m/s

(b) 20 m/s

(c) 26 m/s

(d) 50 m/s

Q.31. A shell is fired from a canon with a velocity v at an angle of x with the horizontal direction. At the
highest point in its path, it explodes into two pieces of equal masses. One of the pieces retraces its path
to the canon. The speed of the other piece immediately after the explosion is

(a) 3 v cos x (b) v cos x (c) 2 v cos x (d) zero

Q.32. a body is sliding down an incline plane having angle x. if the coffiecient is u, the acceleration of
the body down the inclined plane is

(a) g( cos x – u sin x) (b) g( sin x – u cos x)

(c) g ( sin x + u cos x) (d) g ( cos x + u sinx )

Q.33. A block of mass 2 kg rests on a horizontal surface. If a horizontal force of 5 N is applied on the
block, coefficients of static and kinetic frictions are 0.4 and 0.2 respectively. the frictional force on it is

(a) 20 N (b) zero (c) 8 N (d) 5 N

Q.34. A block of mass 2 kg is lying on an inclined plane, inclined to the horizontal at 30 0. The
coefficient of friction is 0.7, then magnitude of frictional force acting on the block will be

(a) 1109 N (b) 11.9 N (c) 0.119 N (d) 119 N

Q.35. The coefficient of static friction between block A of mass 2 kg and table as shown in figure is 0.2.
the maximum value of mass of block B so that both block are stationary is ( g = 10 m/s 2) and assume
that string and pullies are massless and smooth.

(a) 0.2 kg (b) 0.4 kg (c) 2.0 kg (d) 4.0 kg

Q.36. A force of 49 N is just able to move a block of mass 10 kg on a rough horizontal surface. The
coefficient of friction is

(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.7 (d) 1

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Q.37. A block of mass m is in contact with cart C as shown in the figure. The coefficient of static
friction between the block and the cart is u. the acceleration a of the that will prevent the block from
falling satisfies

(a) a >mg/u (b) a >g/u (c) a ≥ g/u (d) a < g/ u

Q.38. Two iron blocks of equal masses but with double surface area slide down an inclined plane with
friction coefficient u. If the first block with surface area A experiences a friction force f, then the second
block with surface area 2 A will experience a frictional force

(a) f/2 (b) f (c) 2f (d) 4f

Q.39. A car of mass 400kg is pulling a coach of mass 300kg with a force of 4500 N. if the coefficient of
friction is 0.001, what is tension

(a) 2100 N (b) 2126 N (c) 1933N (d) 2750 N

Q.40. A body is moving with a velocity v on a horizontal surface of coefficient of friction u. it will come
to rest after moving a distance s given by

(a) 2g/uv2 (b) v2/2ug (c) v2/ug (d)2 v2/ug

Q.41. A block of mass 0.1 kg is held against a wall by applying a horizontal force of 5 N on the block.
If the coefficient of friction between the block and wall is 0.5, the magnitude of frictional force acting on
the block is

(a) 2.5 N (b) 0.98 N (c) 4.9 N (d) 0.49 N

Q.42. a wheel has angular acceleration of 3.0 rad/s2 and an initial angular speed of 2.0 rad/s. in a time of
2 s, it has rotated through an angle of

(a) 6 rad (b) 10 rad (c) 12 rad (d) 4 rad

Q.43. a car of mass 1000 kg moves on a circular track of radius 20m. if the coefficient of friction is 0.6,
then the maximum velocity with which the car can move is

(a) 10.8 m/s (b) 24.2 m/s (c) 15 m/s (d) 18 m/s

Q.44. When the velocity is doubled, the banking angle should be

(a) halved (b) ¼ times (c) 4 times (d) 8 times

Q.45. The maximum velocity ( in m/s) with which a car driver must traverse a flat curve of radius 150
m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid skidding is

(a) 60 (b) 30 (c) 15 (d) 25

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Q.46. the motion of a rocket is based on the principle of conservation of

(a) mass (b) kinetic energy (c) angular momentum (d) linear momentum

Q.47. Pick out the wrong statement

(a) Newton’s laws of motion hold good for both inertial and non inertial frames

(b) during explosion linear momentum is conserved

(c) area under force time graph gives the magnitude of impulse

(d) force of friction is zero when no driving force is applied.

Q.48. When a bicyclist pedals a bicycle at rest to bring in motion, the force of friction exerted by the
ground on the two wheels is such that it acts

(a) in forward direction on both wheels

(b) in backward direction on both wheels

(c) in forward direction on front wheel and backward direction on rear wheel

(d) in forward direction on rear wheel and backward direction on front wheel

Q.49. a car moves at a speed of 20 m/s on a banked road and describes an arc of a circle of radius 40√3
m. The angle of banking in degrees is

(a) 25 (b) 60 (c) 30 (d) 45

Q.50. A weight W rests on a rough horizontal surface. If the angle of friction is ɵ, the least force that
will move the body along the surface will be

(a) W cosɵ (b) W tanɵ (c) W cotɵ (d) W sinɵ

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Assertion Reasoning Questions

Directions: following 20 questions consist of two statements, each written as Assertion (A) and
Reason(R). While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four
responses.

A. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A

B. A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is not true
D. A is not true but R is true

Q. 1. A: the apparent weight of body in an elevator moving with some downward acceleration is less
than the actual weight of body.

R: the part of the weight is spent in producing downward acceleration when body is in elevator.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 2. A: a horse has to pull a cart harder during the first few steps of its motion.

R: the first few steps are always difficult.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 3. A: impulsive force is large and acts for a short time.

R: finite change in momentum should be produced by the force.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 4. A: the driver in a vehicle moving with a constant speed on straight road is a non inertial frame of
reference.

R: a reference frame, in which Newton’s laws of motion are not applicable, are non inertial.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 5. A: frictional forces are conservative forces.

R: potential energy can be associated with frictional forces.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 6. A: a rocket moves forward by pushing the surrounding air backwards.

R: it drives the necessary thrust to move forward, according to Newton’s third law of motion.
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(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 7. A: A body remains at rest even if a number of external forces act on it.

R: external force acting on a body accelerates the body.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 8. A: the force of friction between narrow tyres and road is equal to the force of friction between the
wider tyres and road.

R: force of friction opposes the relative motion of an object.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 9. A: body of mass 1 kg is making 1 revolution per second in a circle of radius 1 m. centrifugal force
acting on it is 4 π2 N

R: centrifugal force is given by f = mv2/r

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 10. A: a body can loop a vertical loop of radius r if it has a minimum velocity equal to √(5gr) at the
lowest point of vertical loop

R: the velocity of such a body at the highest point of vertical loop is zero.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 11. A: Impulse has the dimension of linear momentum

R: Impulse= force x time

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 12. A: On a rainy day it is difficult to drive a vehicle at high speed

R: The coefficient of friction decreases due to wetting of the road.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 13. A: it is difficult to move a cycle along road with its brakes on.

R: Sliding friction is greater that rolling friction.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 14. A: Coefficient of friction between steel ice is very small.

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R: steel melts ice very fast.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 15. A: Three concurrent forces acting on a body are represented by three sides of triangle taken in
order.

R: the resultant of concurrent forces acting on a body is not zero.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 16. A: When a bomb exploades into two equal pieces, these two pieces fly at just right angle to each
other.

R: linear momentum is conserved during explosion of bomb.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 17. A: a gun recoils when it fires a bullet.

R: action and reaction are equal and opposite and act of different objects.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 18. A: a net force acting on a body is constant, so the linear momentum of body will be constant.

R: because f = dp/dt

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 19. A: Action and reaction forces do not cancel each other.

R: Action and reaction forces act on the same body.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Q. 20. A: linear momentum of a body is vector quantity.

R: linear momentum has magnitude but no direction.

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

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Case Study based questions

PASSAGE-1

According to Newton’s second law of motion, F=ma, where F is force required to produce an
acceleration a in a body of mass m. if a =0, then F=0 i.e. no external force is required to move a body
uniformly along a straight line. If a force act on a body for t seconds, the effect of force is given by
impulse = F x t = change in linear momentum of body.

With the help of passage given above, chose the appropriate alternative for each of following questions:

Q.1. a cricket ball of mass 150 g is moving with a velocity of 12 m/s and is hit by a bat so that the ball is
turned back with a velocity of 20m/s. if duration on contact between the ball and bat is 0.01 s the
impulse of force is

(a) 7.4 Ns (b) 4.8 Ns (c) 1.2 Ns (d) 4.7 Ns

Q.2. Average force exerted by the bat is

(a) 480 N (b)120 N (c)1200 N (d)840 N

Q.3. The retardation of ball is

(a) 1600 m/s2 (b)320 m/s2 (c)3200 m/s2 (d)160 m/s2

Q.4. the force actin on the whose linear momentum changes by 20 kg m/s in 10 s is

(a) 2 N (b)20 N (c)200 N (d)0.2 N

Q.5. An impulsive force of 100 N acts on a body for 1 s. What is the change in its linear momentum

(a) 10 Ns (b) 100 Ns (c) 1000 Ns (d) 1 Ns

PASSAGE-2

Friction between any two surfaces in contact is the force that opposes the relative motion between them.
The force of limiting friction (F) bwtween any two surfaces in contact is directly pproportional to the
norma reaction R bwtween them i.e. F ∞ R or F = µR, where µ is coefficient of limiting friction. If x is
angle of friction then µ = tan x.

With the help of passage given above, chose the appropriate alternative for each of following questions:
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Q.1. the force of 49 N is just able to move a block of wood weight 10 kg on a rough horizontal surface.
The coefficient of friciotn is

(a) 0.5 (b)4.9 (c)10/49 (d)49/9.8

Q.2. the angle of friction in the above question is

(a) 340 26’ (b)300’ (c)260 34’ (d)450

Q.3. What would be coefficient of friction if angle of friction is 300

(a) √3 (b)5.77 (c)1.577 (d)0.577

Q.4. A horizontal force of 1.2 kgf is applied on a 1.5 kg block which rests on a horizontal surface. If
the coefficient of friction is 0.3, force of friction is

(a) 0.45 kgf (b)1.2kgf (c)1.5 kgf (d)0.3 kgf

Q.5. The acceleration produced in a block in the above question is

(a) 9.8 m/s2 (b)0.3 m/s2 (c)1.5 m/s2 (d)4.9 m/s2

PASSAGE-3

To verify the laws of limiting friction, we take two exactly identical rectangular blocks of wood A and
B, each of same weight mg. each block is provided with a hook on one side. The block is placed on a
horizontal table provided with a frictionless pulley on one side, fig 3.1. One end of a string is attached
to the hok of the block. The string is then passed over the pulley and a pan is attached to the free end of
the string. Any number of weights can be added to the pan.

We adjust the weights in the pan till the block just begins to move. The applied forceP at this stage
gives us a measure of force of limiting friction F. All blocks are similar. And all weights are similar.
Carefully observe the blocks and number of weights in the pan and answer following question.

Block apply force equal to its weight on the table and in return table provides normal reaction R.

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3

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Q. 1. Refer fig 3.1 and 3.2 it was observed that when only one block was place, it could be just moved
by placing one weight in pan and when two block were placed one over the other, then two weights were
required to just move the blocks. This gives that

(a) frictional force is directly proportional to the normal reaction.

(b) frictional force is directly proportional to the square of normal reaction.

(c) frictional force is inversely proportional to the normal reaction.

(d) frictional force is inversely proportional to the square of normal reaction.

Q.2. it is evident from fig 3.1 and 3.2 that

(a) R = mg and F= P and frictional force is directed in the direction of applied force

(b) R = mg and F= P and frictional force is directed opposite to direction of applied force

(c ) R = mg and F=1/ P and frictional force is directed in the direction of applied force

(d) R = mg and F= 1/ P and frictional force is directed opposite to direction of applied force

Q.3. refer to fig. 3.3, it was observed experimentally that same force was required to just bring the
blocks in motion as it was needed in case of fig 3.2. this suggests that

(a) force of friction is independent of the blocks

(b) force of frictions is always constant

(c) force of friction depends on the total area of contact

(d) force of limiting friction is independent of the apparent area of contact between the bodies, so long
as the normal reaction R between them remains the same.

Q.4. Take the rectangular block A. make one surface of A smooth and well polished and the opposite
surface of A very rough. Find the force of limiting friction by putting weights when (i) rough surface is
in contact with the table and (ii) when smooth surface is in contact with the table. We observe that more
weight is required in case (i) than in case (ii). This suggests that

(a) force of friction is directly proportional to the area of contact

(b) force of friction is always equal to applied force

(c) force of friction is independent of nature of surface

(d) force of friction is more between rough surfaces than between smooth surfaces.
 21

Q.5. if we take two blocks, one of wood and other of metal of same weight, Friction in either case is
different. This proves that

(a) force depends on the weight of the block

(b) force of friction is always opposite to the applied force

(c) force of frictions depends on the nature of material of the bodies in contact.

(d) force of friction is directly proportional to the surface area of body.

PASSAGE-4

According to the principle of linear momentum, in an isolated system, the vector sum of linear momenta
of all the bodies of the system is conserved and is not affected due to their mutual action and reaction. P
= constant.

Based on this principle, we are able to explain the recoiling of a gun when a bullet is fired, fliets of jet
planes and rocket, Explosion on bomb etc. in all these cases if one part of system is moving one
direction then the other part move in such a direction that total linear momentum may remain constant.

Based on above paragraph answer following questions:

Q.1. A stream of water flowing horizontally with a speed of 15 m/s gushes out of a tube of cross section
area 0.01 m2 , hits at a vertical wall and rebounds with same speed. What is force on the wall (density of
water = 1000 kg / m3)

(a) 5400 N (b) 4000 N (c) 4500 N (d) 5000 N

Q.2. A gun weighing 10 kg fires a bullet of mass 30 g with a velocity of 330 m/s. with what velocity
does the gun recoils?
 22

(a) 2 m/s (b) -2 m/m (c) 0.99 m/s (d) -0.99 m/s

Q.3. a proton and an alpha particle are held at rest. Mass of alpha particle is four times the mass of
proton and charge on it is twice the charge on proton. When they are released to move freely, alpha
particle moves with velocity v then, the velocity of proton will be

(a) 2v (b) -2v (c) 4v (d) -4v

Q.4. a bomb of mass m at rest explodes into two parts of masses m/3 and 2m/3 which move opposite to
each other. If the velocity of lighter part is v then the velocity of heavier part is

(a) v/2 (b) -v/2 (c) v/3 (d) -v/3

Q.5. a player caught a cricket ball of masses 150 g moving at the rate of 20 m/s. if the catching process
is completed in 0.1 s, the force of the blow exerted by the ball on the hands of the player is

(a) 0.3 N (b) 30 N (c) 300 N (d) 3000N

 23

Answer key

MCQs

Q.N. ANSWER Q.N. ANSWER Q.N. ANSWER Q.N. ANSWER Q.N. ANSWER
1 b 11 b 21 c 31 a 41 B
2 b 12 b 22 a 32 b 42 B
3 c 13 b 23 a 33 d 43 A
4 d 14 c 24 c 34 b 44 C
5 d 15 d 25 a 35 b 45 B
6 b 16 b 26 a 36 b 46 D
7 b 17 a 27 d 37 c 47 A
8 a 18 b 28 c 38 b 48 D
9 a 19 a 29 b 39 c 49 C
10 c 20 c 30 d 40 b 50 B

ASSERTION REASONING

Q.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANSWER b c a d d a b b a c
Q.N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ANSWER b a a c c d b d c c

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS: PASSAGE-1

Q.N. 1 2 3 4 5
ANSWER b a c a b

PASSAGE-2

Q.N. 1 2 3 4 5
ANSWER a c d a d

PASSAGE-3

Q.N. 1 2 3 4 5
ANSWER a b d d d
PASSAGE-4

Q.N. 1 2 3 4 5
ANSWER c d d b b
 1

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGHATHAN

CHANDIGARH REGION
CLASS-XI
SUBJECT-PHYSICS

Chapter -3
Motion in Straight Line
 2

INDEX

S. No. CONTENT PAGE No.

1 Gist of the chapter 3- 10
2 Expression/ Formulas used in Chapter 11
3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) 12 -19
4 Assertion and Reasoning Questions 20-21
5 Case Study Based Questions 22—25
6 Answers Keys of MCQs 26-29
 3

GIST
1.Motion:
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position w.r.t. its surroundings with the passage
of time .e.g. A train is moving on rails

2. Rest:
If an object does not change its position with respect to its surroundings with time, then it is
called at rest.
[Rest and motion are relative states. It means an object which is at rest in one frame of reference
can be in motion in another frame of reference at the same time.]

3. Point Mass Object

An object can be considered as a point mass object, if the distance travelled by it in motion is
very large in comparison to its dimensions.

4. Types of Motion
1. One Dimensional Motion (Linear Motion or Rectilinear Motion)
If only one out of three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with
respect to time, then the motion is called one dimensional motion
Ex. motion of a block in a straight line, motion of a train along a straight track, a man
walking on a level and narrow road and object falling under gravity etc.
2. Two-Dimensional Motion:(Motion in a Plane)
If only two out of three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes
with respect to time, then the motion is called two- dimensional motion.
A circular motion is an instance of two-dimensional motion
3. Three-Dimensional Motion:(Motion in space)
If all the three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with respect to
time,then the motion is called three-dimensional motion.
A few instances of three dimension are flying bird, a flying kite, a flying aero plane, the random
motion of gas molecule etc.
Types of Linear Motion
The two types of linear motion can be stated as follows:

1. Uniform linear motion

2. Non-Uniform linear motion
 4

A body is known to be in uniform motion if it covers equal distance in equal motion time-span.
Here, the motion is with zero acceleration and constant velocity.
Whereas, a body is known as non-uniform if it covers unequal distance in equal time-span. It
comprises with non-zero acceleration and variable velocity

5. Distance:
The length of the actual path traversed by an object is called the distance
It is a scalar quantity and it can never be zero or negative during the motion of an object. Its SI
unit is meter.

6.Displacement:

The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of any object during motion is called
displacement. The displacement of an object in a given time can be positive, zero or negative. It
is a vector quantity. Its unit is meter
Displacement = (Final position -Initial position)
∆X = (X2-X1)

7. Speed:

The time rate of change of position of the object in any direction is called speed of the object.
Speed (v) = Distance travelled (s) / Time taken (t), v =s/t
Its unit is m/s. It is a scalar quantity. Its dimensional formula is [M 0 L1T-1].
Types of speed:
(a) Uniform Speed
If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, then its speed is called uniform
speed.
(b) Non-uniform or Variable Speed
If an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then its speed is called
nonuniformor variable speed.
(c) Average Speed
The ratio of the total distance travelled by the object to the total time taken is called average
speed of the object.
Average speed = Total distanced travelled / Total time taken
If a particle travels distances s1, s2, s3 , … with speeds v1, v2, v3, …, then
Average speed = s1 + s2 + s3 + ….. / (s1 / v1 + s2 / v2 + s3 / v3 + …..)
If particle travels equal distances (s1 = s2 = s) with velocities v1 and v2, then
Average speed = 2 v1 v2 / (v1 + v2)
If a particle travels with speeds v1, v2, v3, …, during time intervals t 1, t2, t3,…, then
Average speed = v1t1 + v2t2 + v3t3 +… / t1 + t2 + t3 +….
If particle travels with speeds v1, and v2 for equal time intervals, i.e., t1 = t2 = t3, then
Average speed = (v1 + v2) / 2
When a body travels equal distance with speeds V1 and V2, the average speed (v) is the
harmonic mean of two speeds.
 5

2 / v = 1 / v1 + 1 / v2

(d) Instantaneous Speed

When an object is travelling with variable speed, then its speed at a given instant of time is
called its instantaneous speed.

Instantaneous speed =

8. Velocity:

The rate of change of displacement of an object in a particular direction is called its velocity.
Velocity =Displacement / Time taken
Its unit is m/s.
Its dimensional formula is [Mo LT-1].
It is a vector quantity, as it has both, the magnitude and direction.
The velocity of an object can be positive, zero and negative.
Types of velocity:
(a) Uniform Velocity
If an object undergoes equal displacements in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be
moving with a uniform velocity.
(b) Non-uniform or Variable Velocity
If an object undergoes unequal displacements in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be
moving with a non-uniform or variable velocity.
(c) Relative Velocity
Relative velocity of one object with respect to another object is the time rate of change of
relative position of one object with respect to another object.
Relative velocity of object A with respect to object B
VAB = VA – VB
(i)When two objects are moving in the same direction, then

(ii) When two objects are moving in opposite direction, then

(iii) When two objects are moving at an angle, then

and tan β = vB sin θ /(vA – vB cos θ)

 6

(d) Average Velocity

The ratio of the total displacement to the total time taken is called average velocity.
Average velocity = Total displacement / Total time taken

9.Acceleration:
The time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity (Δv) / Time interval (Δt)
Its unit is m/s2
Its dimensional formula is [MoLT -2].
It is a vector quantity.
Acceleration can be positive, zero or negative. Positive acceleration means velocity increasing
with time, zero acceleration means velocity is uniform while negative acceleration (retardation)
means velocity is decreasing with time.
If a particle is accelerated for a time t 1 with acceleration a1 and for a time t 2 with acceleration
a2, then average acceleration
aav = (a1t1 + a2t2)/( t1 + t2)

10. Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion :

If a body starts with initial velocity (u) and after time t its velocity changes to v, if the uniform
acceleration is ‘a’ and the distance travelled in time t is‘s’ then the following relations are
obtained, which are called equations of uniformly accelerated motion
(i) v = u + at
(ii) s = ut + (1/2) at 2
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2as
(iv) Distance travelled in nth second.
Sn = u + (a / 2) (2n – 1)
If a body moves with uniform acceleration and velocity changes from u to v in a time interval,
then the velocity at the midpoint of its path
(Vm)2 = (u2+v2)/2

11. Equations of Motion Under Gravity:

If an object is falling freely (u = 0) under gravity, then equations of motion

(i) v = u + gt
(ii) h = ut +(1/2) gt 2
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2gh
(iv) Distance travelled in nth second.
Sn = u + (g / 2) (2n – 1)
Note If an object is thrown upward then g is replaced by – g in above three equations.
It thus follows that
(i) Time taken to reach maximum height
tA= u / g = √2h / g
(ii) Maximum height reached by the body
hmax = u2 / 2g
 7

(iii) A ball is dropped from a building of height h and it reaches after t seconds on earth. From
the same building if two ball are thrown (one upwards and other downwards) with the same
velocity u and they reach the earth surface after t 1 and t2 seconds respectively, then
t = √t1t2
(iv) When a body is dropped freely from the top of the tower and another body is projected
horizontally from the same point, both will reach the ground at the same time
(v) When a body is thrown from the top of a tower of height H with velocity u in upward
direction and body reaches to the ground in time t
Then H= -u t +(1/2) gt2

12. Different Graphs of Motion :

(i) Displacement – Time Graph

 8

Note: Slope of displacement-time graph gives average velocity

(ii) Velocity – Time Graph :

 9

Note Slope of velocity-time graph gives average acceleration.

 10

(iii) Acceleration – Time:

 11

Important Formulas
1. Displacement (∆X ) = (Final position -Initial position)
∆X = (X2-X1 )
2. Speed (v) = Distance travelled (s) / Time taken (t), v =s/t
3. Average speed = Total distanced travelled / Total time taken
4. Average speed = (s1 + s2 + s3 + …..sn ) / (s1 / v1 + s2 / v2 + s3 / v3 + …..sn/tn)
5. If particle travels equal distances (s1 = s2 = s) with velocities v1 and v2, then
Average speed = 2 v1 v2 / (v1 + v2)
6. If a particle travels with speeds v1, v2, v3, …, during time intervals t 1, t2, t3,…, then
Average speed = ( v1t1 + v2t2 + v3t3 +… )/ (t1 + t2 + t3 +….)
7. If particle travels with speeds v1, and v2 for equal time intervals, i.e., t 1 = t2 = t, then
Average speed = (v1 + v2) / 2

8. Instantaneous speed =

9. Velocity = Displacement / Time taken = ∆x/∆t

10. Relative Velocity = VAB = VA – VB
11. Average Velocity = Total displacement / Total time taken
12. Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity (Δv) / Time interval (Δt)
13. Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion:

(i) v = u + at
(ii) s = ut + at2/2
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2as
(iv) Distance travelled in nth second (Sn) = u + (a / 2)(2n – 1)
14. Equations of Motion Under Gravity
(i) v = u + gt
(ii) h = ut+ (1/2)gt 2
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2gh
15. (i) Time taken to reach maximum height
tA= u / g = √2h / g
(ii) Maximum height reached by the body
hmax = u2 / 2g
16. A ball is dropped from a building of height h and it reaches after t seconds on earth. From
the same building if two ball are thrown (one upwards and other downwards) with the same
velocity u and they reach the earth surface after t1 and t2 seconds respectively, then
t = √t1t2
17. When a body is thrown from the top of a tower of height H with initial velocity u in upward
direction and body reaches to the ground in time t
Then H= -u t +(1/2) gt2
 12

MCQs
Q.1.The displacement in meters of a body varies with time t in second as y = t 2 – t – 2. The
displacement is zero for a positive of t equal to
(a) 1 s (b) 2 s
(c) 3 s (d) 4 s
Q.2.A boy starts from a point A, travels to a point B at a distance of 3 km from A and returns to
A. If he takes two hours to do so, his speed is
(a) 3 km/h (b) zero
(c) 2 km/h (d) 1.5 km/h
Q.3.A 180 meter long train is moving due north at a speed of 25 m/s. A small bird is flying due
south, a little above the train, with a speed of 5 m/s. The time taken by the bird to cross the train
is
(a) 10 s (b) 12 s
(c) 9 s (d) 6 s
Q.4. A boy starts from a point A, travels to a point B at a distance of 1.5 km and returns to A. If
he takes one hour to do so, his average velocity is
(a) 3 km/h (b) zero
(c) 1.5 km/h (d) 2 km/h
Q.5. A body starts from rest and travels with uniform acceleration on a straight line. If its
velocity after making a displacement of 32 m is 8 m/s, its acceleration is
(a) 1 m/s² (b) 2 m/s²
(c) 3 m/s² (d) 4 m/s²
Q.6. Which one of the following is the unit of velocity?
(a) kilogram (b) meter
(c) m/s (d) second
Q.7. A body starts from rest and travels for t second with uniform acceleration of 2 m/s². If the
displacement made by it is 16 m, the time of travel t is
(a) 4 s (b) 3 s
(c) 6 s (d) 8 s
Q.8. The dimensional formula for speed is
(a) T-1 (b) LT-1
(c) L-1T-1 (d) L-1T
Q.9. The dimensional formula for velocity is
(a) [LT] (b) [LT-1]
(c) [L2T] (d) [L-1T]
 13

Q.10. A body starts from rest and travels with an acceleration of 2 m/s². After t seconds its
velocity is 10 m/s . Then t is
(a) 10 s (b) 5 s
(c) 20 s (d) 6 s
Q.11. A boy starts from a point A, travels to a point B at a distance of 1.5 km and returns to A. If
he takes one hour to do so, his average velocity is
(a) 3 km/h (b) zero
(c) 1.5 km/h (d) 2 km/h
Q.12. A body starts from rest. If it travels with an acceleration of 2 m/s², its displacement at the
end of 3 seconds is
(a) 9 m (b) 12 m
(c) 16 m (d) 10 m
Q.13. A body starts from rest and travels with uniform acceleration of 2 m/s². If its velocity is v
after making a displacement of 9 m, then v is
(a) 8 m/s (b) 6 m/s
(c) 10 m/s (d) 4 m/s
Q.14. A body starts from rest and travels with an acceleration of 2 m/s². After t seconds its
velocity is 10 m/s. Then t is
(a) 10 s (b) 5 s
(c) 20 s (d) 6 s
Q.15. A body starts from rest and travels for five seconds to make a displacement of 25 m if it
has travelled the distance with uniform acceleration a then a is
(a) 3 m/s² (b) 4 m/s²
(c) 2 m/s² (d) 1 m/s²
Q.16: A boy moves on a circular distance of radius R. Starting from a point A he moves to a
point B which is on the other end of the diameter AB. The ratio of the distance travelled to the
displacement made by him is
(a) ∏/2 (b) ∏
(c) 2∏ (d) 4∏
Q.17. The dimensional formula for acceleration is
(a) [LT2] (b) [LT-2]
(c) [L2T] (d) [L2T2]
Q.18. A body starts from rest and travels with uniform acceleration a to make a displacement of
6 m. If its velocity after making the displacement is 6 m/s, then its uniform acceleration a is
(a) 6 m/s² (b) 2 m/s²
(c) 3 m/s² (d) 4 m/s²
 14

Q.19. Which one of the following is the unit of velocity?

(a) kilogram (b) meter
(c) m/s (d) second
Q.20. The displacement in meters of a body varies with time t in second as y = t2 – t – 2. The
displacement is zero for a positive of t equal to
(a) 1 s (b) 2 s
(c) 3 s (d) 4 s
Q.21. What is the acceleration if the body starts from rest and travels a distance of ‘S’ m in 2
seconds?
(a) (2/3)S m/s2 (b) (3/2) S m/s2
(c) (1/3)S m/s2 (d) (S/2) m/s2
Q.22. What is the ratio of the average acceleration during the intervals OA and AB in the
velocity-time graph as shown below?

(a) ½ (b) ⅓
(c) 1 (d) 3
.Q23. A body covers 16, 18, 20, 22 meters in 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th seconds respectively. Which
of the following statements is true about the body?
(a) The body moves with a uniform velocity from rest
(b) The body from rest moves with uniform acceleration
(c) The body moves with an initial velocity and moves with uniform acceleration
(d) The body moves with an initial velocity and then moves with uniform velocity
.Q24. What can be said about the displacement of the body if it covers a distance of zero?
(a) It is zero (b) It cannot be zero
(c) It may or may not be zero (d) It is negative
 15

.Q.25. An athlete finishes a round of circular track of radius R in 40 sec. What is his
displacement at the end of 2 min 20 sec?
(a) 2R (b) 2πR
(c ) 7π (d ) Zero
Q.26. Which of the following is not possible for a body in uniform motion?

(a)

(b)
(c) Both (a) & (b)
(d) None of the above
Q.27. If a car travels (2/5) th of the total distance with a speed 10m/s and (3/5) th of the distance
with a speed 20m/s. The average speed is given by
(a) 15 m/s (b) 200 m/s
(c) 133/7 m/s (d) 5 m/s
Q.28. A man leaves home for a cycle ride and comes back home after an half-an-hour ride
covering a distance of one km. What is the average velocity of the ride?
(a) 10 kms-1 (b) ½ kms-1
(c) 2 kms-1 (d) Zero
Q.29. A bird flies with a speed of 10 km/hr and a car moves with uniform speed 8 km/hr. Both
start from B to A at the same instant (BA = 40 km). The bird after reaching A flies back
immediately to meet the approaching car. Once it reaches the car, it flies back to A. The bird
repeats this until both the car and the bird reach A simultaneously. What is the total distance
flown by the bird?
(a) 80 km (b) 50 km
 16

(c) 40 km (d) 30 km
Q.30. Elephants A, B and C move with a constant speed in the same direction along a straight
line as shown in the figure. The speed of the elephant A is 5 m/s and the speed of the elephant C
is 10 m/s. Initially, the separation between A and B is d and between B and C is also d. When B
catches C, the separation between A and C becomes 3d. What will the speed of B be?
(a) 5 m/s (b) 7.5 m/s
(c) 15 m/s (d) 20 m/s
Q.31. Which of the following remains constant if a body travels with constant acceleration?
(a) Time (b) Velocity
(c) Displacement (d) None of the above
Q.32. Given here is a velocity-time graph of the motion of a body. What is the distance travelled
by the body during the motion?

(a) (1/2)(OA+AB)×BC (b) (1/2)(OA+BC)×OC

(c) (½)(OC+AB)×AD (d) (1/2)(AD+BE)×OC
Q.33. Which of the following graphs gives the equation x=v0t+12at2

(a)

(b)
 17

(c)
(d) None of the above

Q.34. What does the displacement of the particle shown in the graph indicate?

(a) It indicates a constant velocity

(b) It indicates a constant acceleration
(c) It indicates that the particle starts with a constant velocity and is accelerated
(d) It indicates that the motion is retarded and the particle stops
Q.35. When a body is dropped from a tower, then there is an increase in its
(a) mass (b) velocity
(c) acceleration (d) potential energy
Q36. The dimensional formula for acceleration is
(a) [LT2] (b) [LT-2]
(c) [L2T] (d) [L2T2]
Q37. Which one of the following is the unit of velocity?
(a) kilogram (b) meter
(c) m/s (d) second
Q38. The ratio of the numerical values of the average velocity and average speed of a body is
 18

(a) unity or less (b) less than unity

(c) unity (d) unity or more
Q39. A particle is moving with a constant speed along straight line path. A force is not required
to
(a) change its direction (b) increase its speed
(c) decrease its momentum (d) keep it moving with uniform velocity
Q.40. The slope of velocity-time graph for motion with uniform velocity is equal to
(a) zero (b) final velocity
(c) initial velocity (d) none of these
Q41. Which one of the following is the unit of acceleration?
(a) m/s (b) m/s²
(c) km/hr (d) cm/s
Q.42. A boy starts from a point A, travels to a point B at a distance of 3 km from A and returns
to A. If he takes two hours to do so, his speed is
(a) 3 km/h (b) zero
(c) 2 km/h (d) 1.5 km/h
Q43. The distance travelled by an object is directly proportional to the time taken. Its
acceleration
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) becomes zero (d) remains constant
Q44. A body starts from rest and travels for t second with uniform acceleration of 2 m/s². If the
displacement made by it is 16 m, the time of travel t is
(a) 4 s (b) 3 s
(c) 6 s (d) 8 s
Q45. A body starts from rest and travels with an acceleration of 2 m/s². After t seconds its
velocity is 10 m/s. Then t is
(a) 10 s (b) 5 s
(c) 20 s (d) 6 s
Q46. Which of the following is a one dimensional motion ?
(a) Motion of train running on a straight track
(b) Motion of satellite
(c) Motion of air particle
(d) Motion of snake
 19

Q47. If the displacement of an object is zero, then what can we say about its distance covered?
(a) It is negative (b) It is must be zero
(c) It cannot be zero (d) It may or may not be zero
Q48. A boy moves on a circular distance of radius R. Starting from a point A he moves to a point
B which is on the other end of the diameter AB. The ratio of the distance travelled to the
displacement made by him is
(a) ∏/2 (b) ∏
(c) 2∏ (d) 4∏
Q49. A body starts from rest. If it travels with an acceleration of 2 m/s², its displacement at the
end of 3 seconds is
(a) 9 m (b) 12 m
(c) 16 m (d) 10 m
Q50. Which of the following can be zero, when a particle is in motion for some time?
(a) Displacement (b) None of these
(c) Distance (d) Speed
Q51. The acceleration of a moving object can be found from
(a) area under displacement-time graph
(b) slope of displacement-time graph
(c) area under velocity-time graph
(d) slope of velocity-time graph
Q52. The location of a particle has changed. What can we say about the displacement and the
distance covered by the particle?
(a) Neither can be zero (b) One may be zero
(c) Both may be zero (d) One is +ve, other is –ve
Q53. If the displacement-time graph of an object is parallel to the time-axis, then it represents
that the object is :
(a) at rest (b) in uniform motion
(c) in acceleration motion (d) none of the above
 20

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions: The question numbers 1 to 20 consist of two statements one labeled Assertion (A) and the other
labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true but R is false
(d) If A is false and R is also false
1). A : It is not possible to have constant velocity and variable acceleration.
R : Accelerated body cannot have constant velocity.
2). A : The direction of velocity of an object can be reversed with constant acceleration.
R: A ball projected upward reverse its direction under the effect of gravity.
3). A : When the velocity of an object is zero at an instant, the acceleration need not to be zero at that instant.
R : In motion under gravity, the velocity of body is zero at the top-most point.
4). A : A body moving with decreasing speed may have increased acceleration.
R : The speed of body decreases when acceleration of body is opposite to velocity.
5). A : For a moving particle distance can never be negative or zero.
R : Distance is a scalar quantity and never decreases with time for moving object.
6). A : If speed of a particle is never zero then it may have zero average speed.
R : The average speed of a moving object in a closed path is zero.
7). A : The magnitude of average velocity in an interval can never be greater than average speed in that interval.
R : For a moving object distance travelled is greater than or equal to magnitude of displacement
8). A : The area under acceleration-time graph is equal to velocity of object.
R : For an object moving with constant acceleration position-time graph is a straight line.

9). A : The motion of body projected under the effect of gravity without a resistance is uniformly accelerated
motion.
R : If a body is projected upwards or downwards, then the direction of acceleration is downward.
 21

10). A : The relative acceleration of two objects moving under the effect of gravity, only is always zero,
irrespective of direction of motion .
R : The acceleration of object moving under the effect of gravity have acceleration always in the downward
direction and is independent from size and mass object.
11). A : In the presence of air resistance, if the ball is thrown vertically upward then time of ascent is less than the
time of descent.
R : Force due to air friction always acts opposite to the motion of body.
12). A : Average velocity can be zero, but average speed of a moving body cannot be zero in any finite time
interval.
R : For a moving body displacement can be zero but distance can never be zero.
13). A : For a particle moving in a straight line its acceleration must be either parallel or antiparallel to velocity.
R : A body moving along a curved path may have constant acceleration.
14). A : A body can have acceleration even if its velocity is zero at that instant.
R : The body will momentarily at rest when it reverses its direction of motion.
15). A : When a body is dropped or thrown horizontally from the same height, it would reach the ground at the
same time.
R : Horizontal velocity has no effect on the vertically direction.
16). A : Displacement of a body may be zero, when distance travelled by it is not zero.
R : The displacement is the larger distance between initial and final positions.
17). A: Retardation is directly opposite to the velocity.
R : Retardation is equal to the time rate of decrease of speed.
18). A : A body having a non-zero acceleration can have constant velocity.
R : Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
19). A : Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically upward with same speed. They will passthrough the
point of projection in the downward direction with the same speed.
R : The maximum height and downward velocity attained at the point of projection are independent of the
mass of the ball.
20). A : An object can have constant speed but variable velocity.
R ; Speed is a scalar but velocity is a vector quantity.
 22

Case Study Based Questions

Following questions are case study-based questions. Each question has five sub parts of multiple-
choice questions. Attempt any four sub parts from each question. Each sub part of question
carries 1 mark.
Q.1. In the absence of air resistance, all bodies falls with same same acceleration near the surface
of the earth. This motion of a body falling towards the earth from a small height is called free
fall. The acceleration with which a body falls is called acceleration due to gravity and it is
denoted by g.
(i) For a freely falling body, which of the following equation is incorrect.
(a) h-ut =(1/2) gt2 (b) v2 – u2 =2gh
(c ) h = (1/2) ut +gt2 (d) (v-u)/g = t
(ii) The maximum height attained by a body thrown vertically upward with initial velocity u is
(a) h=u2/2g (b) h=u/2g
(c ) h=u2/g (d) h= 2u2/g
(iii) The time of ascent of a body thrown vertically upward with initial velocity u is
(a) t= u/2g (b) t= u/g
(c) t= u2/g (d) t= u/g2
(iv) The total time of flight to come back to the point of projection of a body thrown vertically
upward with initial velocity u is
(a) t= 2u/3g (b) t= u/2g
(c ) t= 2u/g (d) t= u 2/2g
(v) Velocity of fall at the point of projection of a body thrown vertically upward with initial
velocity u is
(a) v = u (b) v = 2u
(c ) v = 3u (d) v = 4u
 23

Q.2. If the position of an object is continuously changing w.r.t. its surrounding, then it is said to
be in the state of motion. Thus, motion can be defined as a change in position of an object with
time. It is common to everything in the universe. In the given figure, let P,Q and R represent the
position of a car at different instant of time
R O Q P
--│-----│-----│-----│-----│-----│-----│-----│-----│-----│-----│-----│-----│----│----│- X-axis
-160 -120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 (in m)
(i) With reference to the given figure, the position coordinates of point P and R are
(a) P=(+360, 0, 0); R= (-120, 0, 0) (b) P=(+360, 0, 0); R= (+120, 0, 0)
(c) P=(0, +360, 0); R= (-120, 0, 0) (d) P=(0, 0, +360); R= (0, 0, -120)
(ii) Displacement of an object can be
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(c) Zero (d) All of these
(iii) The displacement of car in moving from O to P and its displacement in moving from P to Q
are
(a) +360 m and -120 m (b) -120 m and +360 m
(c) +360 m and +120 m (d) +360 m and -600 m.
(iv) If the car goes from O to P and returns back to O , the displacement of the journey is
(a) 0 m (b) 720 m
(c) 420 m (d) 340 m
(v) the path length of journey from O to P and back to O is
(a) 0 m (b) 720 m
(c) 360 m (d) 480 m
Q.3. The acceleration of an object is said to be uniform acceleration if its velocity changes by
equal amount in equal interval of time, however small these time intervals may be. A particle is
moving with uniform acceleration in x-direction, the displacement x of particle varies with time t
as x = 4t2-15t+25. m
(i) The position of particle at t = 0,
(a) 14 m. (b) 18 m
(c) 20 m (d) 25 m
(ii) Velocity of particle at t = 2 s
 24

(a) -15 m/s (b) 1 m/s

(c) 3 m/s (d) 31 m/s
(iii) Acceleration of particle at t = 2 s
(a) 0 ms-2 (b) 8 ms-2
(c) 10 ms-2 (d) 20 ms-2
(iv) The velocity of particle will become zero at time t equal to
(a) 2.975 s. (b) 1.875 s.
(c) 2 s. (d) 1 s.
(v) The particle has a uniform acceleration ‘a ‘when
(a) acceleration does not depend on time t (b) acceleration depends on time t
(c) velocity changes by unequal amount in equal interval of time,
(d) None of these
Q.4.The time rate of change of position of the object in any direction is called speed of the object
If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, then its speed is called uniform
speed andifit covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then its speed is called non-
uniform or variable speed. The ratio of the total distance travelled by the object to the total time
taken is called average speed of the object. The speed may be positive or zero but never negative.
The speed-time graph of a particle moving along a fixed direction is shown in following Fig.

(i) Distance travelled by the particle between 0 to 10 seconds

(a) 60 m (b) 50 m
(c) 120 m (d) zero
(ii) Average speed between time interval 0 to 10 s
(a) 12 m/s (b) 6 m/s
 25

(c) 10 m/s (d) 60 m/s

(iii) The time when the speed was minimum
(a) at t = 0 s and t = 5 s (b) at t = 5 s and t = 20 s
(c) at t = 5 s and t = 10 s (d) at t = 0 s and t = 10 s
(iv) The time when speed was maximum
(a) t = 0 s (b) t = 5 s(c) t = 10 s
(d) t = 12 s
(v) Speed is positive at time interval
(a) t = 0 to t = 5 s (b) t = 5 to t = 10 s
(c) t = 0 to t = 10 s (d) All of these
 26

Answer Keys
MCQ

Q. N0 Answer
1 (b) 2 s
2 (a) 3 km/h
3 (d) 6 s
4 (b) zero
5 (a) 1 m/s²

6 (c) m/s
7 (a) 4 s
8 (b) LT-1
9 (b) [LT-1]
10 (b) 5 s
11 (b) zero
12 (a) 9 m
13 (b) 6 m/s
14 (b) 5 s
15 (c) 2 m/s²
16 (a) ∏/2
17 (b) [LT-2]

18 (c) 3 m/s²
19 (c) m/s
20 (b) 2 s
21 (d)(S/2)m/s2
22 (b) ⅓
23 (c) The body moves with an initial velocity and moves with uniform
acceleration
24 (a) It is zero
25 (a)2R
26 (c) Both (a) & (b)
27 (c) 100/7 m/s
28 (d) Zero
29 (b) 50 km
30 (c) 15 m/s
 27

31 (d) None of the above

32 (c) (1/2)(OC+AB)×AD
33

(b)

34 (d) It indicates that the motion is retarded and the particle stops
35 (b) velocity

36 (b) [LT-2]

37 (c) m/s

38 (a) unity or less

39 (d) keep it moving with uniform velocity

40 (a) zero

41 (b) m/s²

42 (a) 3 km/h

43 (c) becomes zero

44 (a) 4 s

45 (b) 5 s

46 (a) Motion of train running on a straight track

47 (d) It may or may not be zero

48 (a) ∏/2

49 (a) 9 m
 28

50 (a) Displacement

51 (d) slope of velocity-time graph

52 (a) Neither can be zero

53 (a) at rest

Answer Keys of Assertion and Reason Type Questions

Q.N0 Answer
1 (a)
2 (b)
3 (b)
4 (a)
5 (a)
6 (d)
7 (a)
8 (d)
9 (b)
10 (a)
11 (a)
12 (a)
13 (b)
14 (a)
15 (a)
16 (c)
17 (b)
18 (c)
19 (a)
20 (a)
 29

ANSWER KEYS OF CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Q.N0 Answer
1 (i) c
(ii) a
(iii) b
(iv) c
(v) a
2 (i) a
(ii) d
(iii) a
(iv) a
(v) b
3 (i) d
(ii) b
(iii) b
(iv) b
(v) a
4 (i) a
(ii) b
(iii) d
(iv) b
(v) d
 1

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGHATHAN

CHANDIGARH REGION

CLASS-XI

SUBJECT-PHYSICS

Chapter -2

Units and Measurement

INDEX
 2

S. No. CONTENT P. No.

1 Gist of the Chapter and Formulae Used 3-7

2 Multiple Choice Questions 8-13

3 Assertion Reasoning Questions 14-15
4 Case Study Based Questions 16-19

5 Answer key 20
 3

GIST OF THE CHAPTER AND FORMULAE USED

 Physical quantity
 Fundamental and derived units
o S.I. units
o Dimensions
 Application of Dimensional Analysis
o Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
 Rounding off
 Significant Figures
 Order of Magnitude
 Errors of Measurement
 Propagation of Errors.

 PHYSICAL QUANTITY
A quantity which can be measured and expressed in form of law is called a physical quantity.

Physical quantity (Q) = Magnitude x units = n x u

Where

n= numerical value,

u= unit

As the unit (u) changes, magnitude (n) will also change but product ‘nu’ will remain same.

i.e. nu = constant, or n1u1 = n2u2

 S.I. system
It is known as international system of units. There are seven fundamental quantities in this
system.
 4

 APPLICATION OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

o To find the unit of a physical quantity in a given system of units.
o To find dimensions of physical constant or coefficients
o To convert a physical quantity from one system to the other system.
o To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical relation. This is based
on the ‘principle of homogeneity’. According to this principle the dimensions of
each term on both sides of an equation must be same.
o To derive new relations.

 LIMITATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL AYALYSIS.

o Subtraction and addition of parameters cannot be reflected in dimensional
analysis.
o Dimensional analysis cannot confirm the validity of a relationship of the physical
quantities.
o It is impractical for the correlation of more than three parameters.
o The dimensional analysis cannot determine the nature of the unknown physical
quantities.
o Data obtained from a large number of experiments may be undetermined.

 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Every measurement results in a number that includes reliable digits and uncertain digits. Reliable
digits plus the first uncertain digit are called significant digits or significant figure eg. These
indicate the precision of measurement which depends on least count of measuring instrument.

 Rules for determining number of significant figures

o All non-zero digits are significant.
o All zeros between two non-zero digits are significant irrespective of decimal
place.
 5

o For a value less than 1, zeroes after decimal and before non-zero digits are not
significant. Zero before decimal place in such a number is always insignificant.
o Trailing zeroes in a number without decimal place are insignificant.
o Trailing zeroes in a number with decimal place are significant.

 RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF THE UNCERTAIN DIGITS.

o Insignificant digit to be dropped is more than 5. Preceding digit is raised by 1.
o Insignificant digit to be dropped is less than 5. Preceding digit is left unchanged.
o Insignificant digit to be dropped is equal to 5. If preceding digit is even, it is left
unchanged.
o Insignificant digit to be dropped is equal to 5. If preceding digit is odd, it is
raised by 1.

 Rules for determining uncertainty in results of arithmetic calculations

To calculate the uncertainty, below process should be used.

o Add a lowest amount of uncertainty in the original numbers. Example
uncertainty for 3.2 will be ± 0.1 and for 3.22 will be ± 0.01. Calculate these in
percentage also.
o After the calculations, the uncertainties get
multiplied/divided/added/subtracted.
o Round off the decimal place in the uncertainty to get the final uncertainty
result.
Example, for a rectangle, if length l = 16.2 cm and breadth b = 10.1 cm

Then, take l = 16.2 ± 0.1 cm or 16.2 cm ± 0.6% and breadth = 10.1 ± 0.1 cm or 10.1 cm ±
1%.

On Multiplication, area = length x breadth = 163.62 cm2 ± 1.6% or 163.62 ± 2.6 cm2.
Therefore after rounding off, area = 164 ± 3 cm2.
Hence 3 cm2 is the uncertainty or the error in estimation.

 RULES
o For a set experimental data of ‘n’ significant figures, the result will be valid to ‘n’
significant figures or less (only in case of subtraction).
o The relative error of a value of number specified to significant figures depends
not only on n but also on the number itself.
o Intermediate results in multi-step computation should be calculated to one more
significant figure in every measurement than the number of digits in the least
precise measurement.
 6

 ERRORS OF MEASUREMENT

o Absolute Error: The magnitude of the difference between the true value of the
quantity and the individual measurement value is called absolute error of the
measurement. It is denoted by |Δa| (or Mod of Delta a). The mod value is always
positive even if Δa is negative. The individual errors are:

Δa1 = amean - a1, Δa2 = amean - a2, ……. ,Δan = amean – an

o Mean absolute error is the arithmetic mean of all absolute errors. It is

represented by Δamean.

Δamean = (|Δa1| + |Δa2| +|Δa3| + …. +|Δan|) / n =

For single measurement, the value of ‘a’ is always in the range amean± Δamean

So, a = amean ± Δamean Or amean - Δamean< a <amean + Δamean

o Relative Error: It is the ratio of mean absolute error to the mean value of the
quantity measured.
Relative Error = Δamean / amean

o Percentage Error: It is the relative error expressed in percentage. It is denoted

by δa.
δa = (Δamean / amean) x 100%
 7

 COMBINATION OF ERRORS
o If a quantity depends on two or more other quantities, the combination of errors in
the two quantities helps to determine and predict the errors in the resultant
quantity. There are several procedures for this.
o Suppose two quantities A and B have values as A ± ΔA and B ± ΔB. Z is the
result and ΔZ is the error due to combination of A and B.

Criteria Sum or Difference Product Raised to Power

Resultant
value Z Z=A±B Z = AB
Z = Ak

Result with Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA)

error Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA) + (B ± ΔB) (B ± ΔB)
Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA)k

Resultant ΔZ/Z = ΔA/A ±

error range ± ΔZ = ± ΔA ± ΔB ΔB/B

Maximum ΔZ/Z = ΔA/A +

error ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB ΔB/B ΔZ/Z = k(ΔA/A)

Error Sum of absolute errors Sum of relative errors k times relative error
 8

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The base quantity among the following is
(1) Speed (2) Weight
(3) Length (4) Area

2. Which of the following is not a unit of time?

(1) Second (2) Minute
(3) Hour (4) Light year

3. One astronomical unit is a distance equal to

(1) 9.46 × 1015 m (2) 1.496 × 1011 m
8
(3) 3 × 10 m (4) 3.08 × 1016 m

4. Ampere second is a unit of

(1) Current (2) Charge
(3) Energy (4) Power

5. The most precise reading of the mass of an object, among the following is
(1) 20 g (2) 20.0 g
(3) 20.01 g (4) 20 x 100 g

6. The most accurate reading of the length of a 6.28 cm long fibre is

(1) 6 cm (2) 6.5 cm
(3) 5.99 cm (4) 6.0 cm

7. Which of the following is a unit that of force?

(1) N m (2) N
(3) N/m (4) N s

8. The number of significant figures in a pure number 410 is

(1) Two (2) Three
(3) One (4) Infinite

9. Thickness of a pencil measured by using a screw gauge (least count .001 cm) comes
out to be 0.802 cm. The percentage error in the measurement is
(1) 0.125% (2) 2.43%
(3) 4.12% (4) 2.14%

10. The relative error in the measurement of the side of a cube is 0.027. The relative
error in the measurement of its volume is
(1) 0.027 (2) 0.054 (3) 0.081 (4) 0.046
 9

11. Zero error in an instrument introduces

(1) Systematic error (2) Random error
(3) Least count error (4) Personal error

12. A packet contains silver powder of mass 20.23 g ± 0.01 g. Some of the powder of
mass 5.75 g ± 0.01 g is
taken out from it. The mass of the powder left back is
(1) 14.48 g ± 0.00 g (2) 14.48 ± 0.02 g
(3) 14.5 g ± 0.1 g (4) 14.5 g ± 0.2 g

13. The addition of three masses 1.6 g, 7.32 g and 4.238 g, addressed upto proper
decimal places is
(1) 13.158 g (2) 13.2 g
(3) 13.16 g (4) 13.15 g

14. We can reduce random errors by

(1) Taking large number of observations
(2) Corrected zero error
(3) By following proper technique of experiment
(4) Both (1) & (3)

15. The number of significant figures in the measured value 0.0204 is

(1) Five (2) Three
(3) Four (4) Two

16. The number of significant figures in the measured value 26000 is

(1) Five (2) Two
(3) Three (4) Infinite

17. The number of significant zeroes present in the measured value 0.020040, is
(1) Five (2) Two
(3) One (4) Three

18. The number of significant figures in the measured value 4.700 m is the same as that in
the value
(1) 4700 m (2) 0.047 m
(3) 4070 m (4) 470.0 m

19. If a calculated value 2.7465 g contains only three significant figures, the two
insignificant digits in it are
(1) 2 and 7 (2) 7 and 4
(3) 6 and 5 (4) 4 and 6
 10

20. Round off the value 2.845 to three significant figures.

(1) 2.85 (2) 2.84
(3) 2.80 (4) 2.83

21. A length 5.997 m rounded off to three significant figures is written as

(1) 6.00 m (2) 5.99 m
(3) 5.95 m (4) 5.90 m

22. The order of the magnitude of speed of light in SI unit is

(1) 16 (2) 8
(3) 4 (4) 7

23. The values of a number of quantities are used in a mathematical formula. The quantity
that should be most precise and accurate in measurement is the one
(1) Having smallest magnitude (2) Having largest magnitude
(3) Used in the numerator (4) Used in the denominator

24. The dimensional formula for energy is

(1) [MLT–2] (2) [ML2T–2]
(3) [M–1L2T] (4) [M L2 T]

25. The pair of the quantities having same dimensions is

(1) Displacement, velocity (2) Time, frequency
(3) Wavelength, focal length (4) Force, acceleration

26. The uncertain digit in the measurement of a length reported as 41.68 cm is

(1) 4 (2) 1
(3) 6 (4) 8

27. We can reduce random errors by

(1) Taking large number of observations
(2) Corrected zero error
(3) By following proper technique of experiment
(4) Both (1) & (3)

28. The number of significant figures in the measured value 0.0204 is

(1) Five (2) Three
(3) Four (4) Two

29. The number of significant figures in the measured value 26000 is

(1) Five (2) Two
(3) Three (4) Infinite

30. The number of significant zeroes present in the measured value 0.020040, is
(1) Five (2) Two (3) One (4) Three
 11

31. The number of significant figures in the measured value 4.700 m is the same as that in
the value
(1) 4700 m (2) 0.047 m
(3) 4070 m (4) 470.0 m

32. If a calculated value 2.7465 g contains only three significant figures, the two
insignificant digits in it are
(1) 2 and 7 (2) 7 and 4
(3) 6 and 5 (4) 4 and 6

33. A cube has a side of length 1.2×10−2m. Calculate its volume.

(1) 1.7 x 10-6 m3 (2) 1.73 x 10-6 m3
-6 3
(3) 1.70 x 10 m (4) 1.732 x 10-6 m3

34. In a screw gauge, the zero of main scale coincides with

fifth division of circular scale in figure (i). The circular
division of screw gauge are 50. It moves 0.5mm on main
scale in one rotation. The diameter of the ball in figure
(ii) is:
(1) 2.25 mm (2) 2.20 mm
(3) 1.20 mm (4) 1.25 mm

35. Which of the following is not a derived force?

(1) Tension in a string
(2) van der Waal forces
(3) Nuclear force between proton-proton
(4) Electrostatic force between proton-proton

36. Which one of the following does not experience strong nuclear force?
(1) Leptons (2) Baryons
(3) Hadrons (4) Proton

37. Which pair do not have equal dimensions?

(1) Energy and torque (2) Force and impulse
(3) Angular momentum and Planck’s constant
(4) Elastic modulus and pressure

38. The dimensions of Planck’s constant equals to that of

(1) Energy (2) Momentum
(3) Angular momentum (4) Power
 12

39. The unit of length, velocity and force are doubled. Which of the following is the correct
change in the other
units?
(1) Unit of time is doubled (2) Unit of mass is doubled
(3) Unit of momentum is doubled (4) Unit of energy is doubled

40. Even if a physical quantity depends upon three quantities, out of which two are
dimensionally same, then the
formula cannot be derived by the method of dimensions. This statement
(1) May be true (2) May be false
(3) Must be true (4) Must be false

41. Light year is a unit of

(1) time (2) distance
(3) sunlight intensity (4) mass

42. The dimensional formula for Planck’s constant is

(1) [MLT] (2) [ML2T-1]
(3) [M2L2T-1] (4) [ML1T-1]

43. The surface tension of a liquid is 70 dyne/cm. In MKS system its value is?
(1) 70 N/m (2) 7 ✕ 10-2 N/m
(3) 7 ✕ 102 N/m (4) 7 ✕ 103 N/m

44. The dimensions of Kinetic energy is same as that of

(1) Force (2) Pressure
(3) Work (4) Momentum

45. At 4° C, the density of water is equal to

(1) 10-3 kg m-3 (2) 10-2 kg m-3
(3) 10 kg m-3 (4) 103 kg m-3

46. One watt hour contains how many joules?

(1) 3.6 ✕ 108 J (2) 3.6 ✕ 102 J
(3) 3.6 ✕ 103 J (4) 10-3 J
 13

47. Which of the following pairs has the same dimensions?

(1) Specific Heat and Latent Heat (2) Impulse and Momentum
(3) Surface Tension and Force (4) Moment of Inertia and Torque

48. The equation of state of some gases can be expressed as Vander wal equation i.e.
(P + a/V2)(V – b) = RT
Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, T is the absolute temperature and a, b, R
are constants. The dimensions of ‘a’ are:
(1) [M1L1T-1] (2) [M1L-5T1]
(3) [M2L5T-1] (4) [M1L5T-2]

49. Electron volt is a unit of

(1) Charge (2) Potential difference
(3) Energy (4) Magnetic Force

50. There are 20 divisions in 4 cm of the main scale. The vernier scale has 10 divisions. The
least count of the instrument is
(1) 0.05 cm (2) 0.5 cm
(3) 5.0 cm (4) 0.005 cm
 14

ASSERTION REASONING
Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion and Reason.
While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four
responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If both the Assertion and Reason are incorrect.

Q1 Assertion : When we change the unit of measurement of a quantity, its numerical value
changes.
Reason : Smaller the unit of measurement smaller is its numerical value.

Q2 Assertion: Parallax method cannot be used for measuring distances of stars more than 100
light years away.
Reason: Because parallax angle reduces so much that it cannot be measured accurately.

Q3 Assertion: Number of significant figures in 0.005 is one and that in 0.500 is three.
Reason: This is because zeros are not significant.

Q4 Assertion: Out of three measurements l= 0.7m , l=0.70 m and l=0.700m is most accurate.
Reason: In every measurement, only the last significant digit is not accurately known.

Q5 Assertion: Nowadays a standard meter is defined in terms of wavelength of light.

Reason: light has no relation with length.

Q6 Assertion: In y= A sin(ωt – kx), (ωt – kx) is dimensionless.

Reason: Because dimension of ω= [M0L0T].

Q7 Assertion: The Time Period of pendulum is given by T= 2π√l/g .

Reason: According to principle of homogeneity of dimensions, only that formula is correct in
which dimensions of LHS is equal to dimensions of RHS.

Q8 Assertion: The graph between P and Q is straight line, when P/Q is constant.
Reason: The straight line graph means that P proportional to Q or P is equal to constant
multiplied by Q.

Q9 Assertion: Radian is the unit of plane angle.

Reason: One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of circle by an arc equal in length to the
radius of circle.
 15

Q10 Assertion: A.U. is much bigger than Ao.

Reason: A.U. stands for astronomical unit and Ao stands for angstrom.

Q11 Assertion: Surface tension and surface energy have the same dimensions.
Reason: Because both have the same S.I. unit.

Q12 Assertion: In the relation f= 1/2l√T/m, where symbols have standard meaning, m represent
linear mass density.
Reason: The frequency has the dimensions of inverse of time.

Q13 Assertion: The dimensions of a/b in the equation P= a-t2/ bx , where P is pressure, x is
distance and t is time, are MT-2.
Reason: By Principle of homogeneity the dimensions of LHS is equal to dimensions of RHS.

Q14 Assertion: If radius of sphere is (5.3±0.1)cm. Then relative error in its volume will be
0.3/5.3
Reason: The formula for relative error in error in sum /difference of (a±b) is given by Δx/x=
Δa/a ± Δb/b.

Q15 Assertion: The pressure on a square plate is measured by measuring the force on the plate
and length of two sides of the plate. If the maximum error in the measurement of force and
length are respectively 4% and 2%, The maximum error in the measurement of pressure is 6%.
Reason: The maximum percentage error is always algebraic some of two percentage errors.

Q16 Assertion: Light year and year, both measure time.

Reason: Because light year is the time that light takes to reach the earth from sun.

Q17 Assertion: The reliable digit plus the first uncertain digit are known as significant figures.
Reason: If 97.52 is divided by 2.54, the correct result in terms of significant figures is 38.4.

Q18 Assertion: Reynolds number and coefficient of friction have same dimensions.
Reason: Dimensional constants are the numbers having no dimensions.

Q19 Assertion: If L=2.331cm, B=2.1cm, then L+B=4.4 cm.

Reason: The least number of significant figures in any number of problem determines the
number of significant figures in the answer of addition or subtraction.

Q20 Assertion: Accuracy of measurement is determined by percentage error.

Reason: The accuracy of measurement is also determined by the number of significant figures.
Larger the number of significant figures, more accurate is the measurement.
 16

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

QUES A: System of units: A system of units is a collection of units in which certain units are
chosen as fundamental and all others are derived from them. This system is also called an
absolute system of units. Some common systems in use are:

 c.g.s system: The unit of length is centimetre, mass is gram, time is secong.
 m.k.s system: The unit of length is metre, mass is kilogram, time is second.
 f.p.s system: The unit of length is foot, mass is pound, time is second.
 S.I. system: In 1960, 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures introduced SI
system. It has 7 fundamental units ( Unit of length is metre, mass is kilogram, Time is
second, Temperature is Kelvin, Electric current is Ampere, Luminous intensity is
Candela, Amount of substance is mol) and two supplementary units ( Unit of plane angle
is radian, solid angle is steradian)

A1: Which of the following is not the name of physical quantity?

(a) Kilogram (b) Density
(c) Impulse (d) Energy

A2: The weight of a body is 12g. This statement is not correct because
(a) The correct symbol for the unit of weight has not been used.
(b) The correct symbol for gram is gm.
(c) The weight should be expressed in kg.
(d) Of some reason other than those given above.

A3: If the unit of force and length are doubled, the unit of energy will be
(a) 1/2 times (b) 2 times
(c) 4 times (d) 1/4 times

A4: The density of a liquid is 13.6 g cm-3. Its value ip S.I. is

(a) 13.6 kgm-3 (b) 136 kgm-3
(c) 13600 kgm-3 (d) 1360 kgm-3

A5: 1Kg-wt in gravitational units equals to

(a) 5.4 N in SI system (b) 4.5 N in SI system

(c) 9.8 N in SI system (d)8.9 N in SI system
Ques B: Dimensions: The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the base
quantities are raised to represent that quantity and expressed by putting square brackets []. The
Dimensional formula tells the fundamental factors on which unit depend. The dimensional
equation have 3 important applications:

(i) To check the correctness of a physical equation.

 17

(ii) To derive the relation between different physical quantities.

(iii) To change from one system of units to another.

Principle of homogeneity of dimensions states that dimensions of fundamental quantities on

both sided of a physical relation must be same.

B1: Give that the displacement of a particle is given by x = A² sin² kt, where t denotes the
time. The unit of k is
(a) radian (b) metre
(c) hertz (d) second

B2: T he dimensional formula for angular momentum is same as that for:

(a) torque (b) Plank’s constant

(c) gravitational constant (d) impulse

B3: Checking the correctness of physical equations using the methods of dimensions is based
on

(a) Equality of frame of reference

(b) The type of system of units
(c) The method of measurement
(d) Principle of homogeneity of dimensions.

B4: Dimensions cannot be used to

(a) To check dimensional correctness of a formula.

(b) Convert units
(c) Find value of constant of proportionality in an equation.
(d) Deduce a relation among physical quantities.

B5: Two physical quantities whose dimensions are not same, cannot be:

(a) Multiplied with each other (b) Divided

(c) Added or subtracted in same expression (d) added

Ques C: The Van-der Waals equation is ( P + a/V2) (V-b)= RT

Where P is pressure, V is molar volume and T is the temperature of the given sample of gas. R is
called molar gas constant, a and b are called Vander walls constants

Q.C1 The dimensional formula for b is same as that for

(A) P (B) V (C) PV2 (D) RT

 18

Q.C2 The dimensional formula for a is same as that for

(A) V2 (B) P (C) PV2 (D) RT

Q.C3Which of the following does not possess the same dimensional formula as that for RT?

(A) PV (B) Pb (C) a/V2 (D) ab/V2

Q.C4The dimensional formula for ab/RT is

(A) ML5T-2 (B) M0L3T0 (C) ML-1T-2 (D) M0L6T0

Q.C5The dimensional formula of RT is same as that of

(A) Energy (B) Force (C) Specific heat (D) Latent heat

Ques D: Significant figures in the measured value of a physical quantity tell the number of digits
in which we have confidence .Larger the number of significant figures obtained in a
measurement , greater is the accuracy of measurement and vice – versa . In addition or
subtraction, the number of decimal places in the result should equal the smallest number of
decimal places in any term in the operation .

In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in the product or in the quotient
is the same as the smallest number of significant figures in any of the factors.

With the help of above comprehension, choose the most appropriate alternative for each of the
following questions:

D1. The area enclosed by a circle of diameter 1.06 m with correct number of significant figures
is

(a) 0.88m2 (c) 1.88m2

(b)0.883m2 (d) 0.882026m2

D2. The circumference of the circle of diameter 1.06 m with correct number of significant
figures is

(a) 3.33m (c) 3.3m

(b)3.33142m (d) 3m

D3. Subtract 2.6x 104 from 3.9x 105 with due regard to significant figures.

(a) 3.64x105 (c) 3.6x105

 19

(b) 3.7x105 (d) 3.65 x 106

D4. Add 3.8x 10-6 to 4.2 x 10-5 with due regard to significant figures.

(a) 4.6 x10-5 (c) 4.58x10-5

(b) 4.6x10-6 (d) 4.580 x 10-5

D5. Two gold pieces each of mass 0.035g are placed in a box with gold piece is

(a) 2.3g (b) 2.4g

(c) 2.37g (d) 2.370g

 20

ANSWERS OF MULTICHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (2) 4. (2) 5. (3) 6. (4) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (1) 10. (3)

11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (1) 15. (2) 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (3) 20. (2)

21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (2) 25. (3) 26. (4) 27. (1) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (4)

31. (4) 32. (3) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (4) 36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (3) 39. (3) 40. (3)

41. (2) 42. (2) 43. (2) 44. (3) 45. (4) 46. (3) 47. (2) 48. (4) 49. (3) 50. (4)

ANSWERS OF ASSERTION & REASONING

Ans1. C Ans2. A Ans3. C Ans4. B Ans5. C

Ans6. C Ans7. B Ans8. A Ans9. B Ans10. B

Ans11. C Ans12. A Ans13. B Ans14. A Ans15. D

Ans16. D Ans17. B Ans18. C Ans19. B Ans20. B

ANSWERS OF CASE BASED QUESTIONS

A1: (a), A2: (a), A3: (c), A4: (a), A5: (c)

B1: (c), B2: (b), B3: (d), B4: (d), B5: (c)

C1 (b), C2 (c), C3 (c), C4 (d), C5 (a)

D1.(b), D2. (a), D3. (c), D4.(a), D5. (b)

 1

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGHATHAN

CHANDIGARH REGION

CLASS-XI

SUBJECT-PHYSICS

Chapter -1

Physical World
 2

INDEX
S. No. CONTENT P. No.

1 Gist of the Chapter: Physical World 3-4

2 Notes and Formulae Used 5-11

3 Multiple Choice Questions 12 - 19

4 Assertion Reasoning Questions 20 – 22

5 Case Study Based Questions 23 - 28

6 Answer key 29 – 32
 3

1. GIST OF PHYSICAL WORLD

SCIENCE

Science is the systematized end organized knowledge about the various natural phenomena
which is obtained by careful experimentation, keen observation, and accurate reasoning. It
has two main branches

 Physical science
 Biological science
PHYSICS

The word physics comes from a Greek word which means nature. Physics is the study of the
natural laws and deal their manifestation in the natural phenomena. It deals with the concept
of space, time, motion, matter, energy, radiation, etc.

SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE

Scientific attitude requires a flexible, open-minded approach towards solving problems in

which other important points of view are not neglected.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

The step by step approach used by a scientist in studying natural phenomena and establishing
laws which govern these phenomena, is cold scientific method. It involves the steps like

I. experimentation and observation

II. formation of hypothesis
III. verification of hypothesis
IV. theoretical predictions
SCIENTIFIC THEORY

Theory is the name given to a set of a limited number of laws in terms of which the behavior
of a physical system can be explained.

Physics is an exact science it is because of high precision and accuracy obtainable in the
measurement of physical quantities.

Physics is a basic science because of its important role played in the development of life
science, medicine, technology and industry, physics is considered as the most basic of all
sciences.

Mathematics has proved to be the most important tool in the development of physics.

Mechanics it deals with the slow motion or equilibrium of material bodies.

Optics it deals with the nature and propagation of light.

 4

Thermodynamics it deals with the change in internal energy, temperature, entropy at etc, of
the macroscopic systems through external work and heat

Electrodynamics it deals with electric and magnetic phenomena associated with charged and
magnetic bodies.

Quantum mechanics it deals with the mechanical behavior of atoms, molecules and nuclei.

Relativity it deals with the particles having speeds comparable to the speed of light.It is the
theory of invariance in nature.

Physics, technology and society sometimes physics generates new technology at other times
technology gives rise to new physics. Both have a direct impact on society

Scope of physics It the scope of physics is truly vast. It covers a wide range of magnitudes of
physical quantities such as mass, length, time and energy.

Basic quest of physics (i) unification (ii) reductionism

Fundamental forces in nature there are four fundamental forces:

(i) Gravitational force

(ii) Electromagnetic force

(iii) Strong nuclear force

(iv) Weak nuclear force

Law of conservation of energy it states that the total energy of an isolated system remains
constant it follows from the nature’s symmetry called homogeneity of time.

Law of conservation of linear momentum it states that if no external force acts on a system,
then its total linear momentum remains constant. It follows from nature’s symmetry called
homogeneity of space.

Law of conservation of angular momentum it states that if no external torque acts on a

system, then its angular momentum remains constant. It follows from nature’s symmetry
called isotropy of space.

Law of conservation of charge it states that the total charge of an isolated system remains
constant.
 5

2. NOTES ON PHYSICAL WORLD

Science and its origin

Science is a systematic understanding of natural phenomena in detail so that it can be

predicted, controlled and modified. Science involves exploring, experimenting and
speculating phenomena happening around us.

 The word Science is derived from a latin verb Scientia meaning ‘to know’.
 Scientific method is a way to gain knowledge in a systematic and in-depth way. It
involves:
a) Systematic observations
b) Controlled experiments
c) Qualitative and Quantitative reasoning
d) Mathematical modeling
e) Prediction and verification (or falsification) of theories
f) Speculation or Prediction

 Science does not have any final theory. The improved observations, accurate tools
keep improving the knowledge and perspective. Johannes Kepler used Tycho Brahe’s
research on planetary motion to improve Nicolas Copernicus theory.
 Quantum mechanics was developed to deal with atomic and nuclear phenomena.
Work of Ernest Rutherford on nuclear model of atom became basis of quantum theory
given by Niels Bohr. Antiparticle theory of Paul Dirac led to the discovery of anti-
electron (positron) by Carl Anderson.
Natural Sciences

Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and
Understanding of natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence. It
consists of following disciplines:

 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology
Physics

Physics is a study of basic laws of nature and their manifestation in different natural
phenomena. Physics is the study of physical world and matter and its motion through space
and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.

 Word Physics is derived from a Greek word phusikḗ meaning nature.

 Two principal types of approaches in Physics are:
1. Unification: This approach considers all of the world’s phenomena as a collection of
universal laws indifferent domains and conditions. Example, law of gravitation applies both
 6

to a falling apple from a tree as well as motion of planets around the sun. Electromagnetism
laws govern all electric and magnetic phenomena.

2. Reduction: This approach is to derive properties of complex systems from the properties
and interaction of its constituent parts. Example, temperature studied under thermodynamics
is also related to average kinetic energy of molecules in a system (kinetic theory).

Impact and uses of Physics:

 It can explain a phenomena happening over a large magnitude with a simple theory.
 Experiments and observations are used to develop new theories for unidentified
phenomena and improve old theories for existing phenomena.
 Development of devices using laws of physics.
Scope of Physics

Scope of Physics is vast as it covers quantities with length magnitude as high as 10 40m or
more (astronomical studies of universe) and as low as 10-14 m or less (study of electrons,
protons etc). Similarly the range of time scale goes from 10 -22s to 1018s and mass from 10-
30
kg to 1055kg. Physics is broadly divided into two types based on its scope - Classical
Physics and Modern Physics. Classical physics deal with the macroscopic phenomena while
the modern physics deals with the microscopic phenomena.

Macroscopic Domain

Macroscopic domain includes phenomena at large scales like laboratory, terrestrial and
astronomical. It includes following subjects:

1. Mechanics – It is based on Newton’s laws on motion and the laws of gravitation. It is

concerned with motion/equilibrium of particles, rigid and deformable bodies and general
system of particles. Examples,

a. Propulsion of rocket by ejecting gases

b. Water/Sound waves

c. Equilibrium of bent rod under a load

2. Electrodynamics – It deals with electric and magnetic phenomena associated with charged
and magnetic bodies. Examples,

a. motion of a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

b. the response of a circuit to an ac voltage (signal)

c. the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere

3. Optics – It deals with phenomena involving light. Examples,

a. Reflection and refraction of light

 7

b. Dispersion of light through a prism

c. Colour exhibited by thin films

4. Thermodynamics – It deals with systems in macroscopic equilibrium and changes in

internal energy, temperature, entropy etc. of systems under application of external force or
heat. Examples,

a. Efficiency of heat engines

b. Direction of physical and chemical process

Microscopic Domain

Microscopic domain includes phenomena at minuscule scales like atomic, molecular and
nuclear. It also deals with interaction of probes like electrons, photons and other elementary
particles. Quantum theory has been developed to handle these phenomena.

Factors responsible for progress of Physics

 Quantitative analysis along with qualitative analysis.

 Application of universal laws in different contexts.
 Approximation approach (complex phenomena broken down into collection of basic
laws).
 Extracting and focusing on essential features of a phenomenon.
Hypothesis, Axiom and Models

a) Hypothesis is a supposition without assuming that it is true. It may not be proved but can
be verified through a series of experiments.

b) Axiom is a self-evident truth that it is accepted without controversy or question.

c) Model is a theory proposed to explain observed phenomena.

d) Assumption is the basis of physics, where a number of phenomena can be explained.

These assumptions are made from experiments, observation and a lot of statistical data.

Technological applications of Physics

Several examples where Physics and its concepts have led to discoveries/inventions are
listed below.

 Steam engine was developed from the industrial revolution in eighteenth century.
 Wireless communication was developed after discovery of laws of electricity and
magnetism.
 Neuron-induced fission of uranium, done by Hahn and Meitner in 1938, led to the
formation of nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons.
 Conversion of solar, wind, geothermal etc. energy into electricity.
 8

Fundamental Forces in nature

The forces which we see in our day to day life like muscular, friction, forces due to
compression and elongation of springs and strings, fluid and gas pressure, electric, magnetic,
inter-atomic and intermolecular forces are derived forces as their originations are due to a
few fundamental forces in nature. A few fundamental forces are:

Gravitational Force:

It is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by virtue of their masses. It is a
universal force as every object experiences this force due to every other object in the
universe.

2. Electromagnetic Force:

It is the force between charged particles. Charges at rest have electric attraction (between
unlike charges) and repulsion (between like charges). Charges in motion produce magnetic
force. Together they are called Electromagnetic Force.

3.Strong Nuclear Force :

 9

It is the attractive force between protons and neutrons in a nucleus. It is charge independent
and acts equally between a proton and a proton, a neutron and a neutron, and a proton and a
neutron. Recent discoveries show that protons and neutrons are built of elementary particles,
quarks

4. Weak Nuclear Force:

This force appears only in certain nuclear processes such as the β decay of a nucleus, in β
decay the nucleus emits an electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino. This particle
was first predicted by Wolfgang Pauli in 1931.

Below table shows difference between the above forces.

NAME RELATIVE RANGE OPERATES AMONG

STRENGTH

Gravitational force 10-39 Infinite All objects in the universe

Weak nuclear force 10–13 Very short, Sub-nuclear Some elementary particles,
size (10-15 m) particularly electron and neutrino

Electromagnetic force 10–2 Infinite Charged particles

Strong nuclear force 1 Short, nuclear size (-10- Nucleons elementary particles
15
m)
 10

5. Unification of Forces: There have been physicists who have tried to combine a few of the
above fundamental forces. These are listed in table below.

Name of Physicist Year Achievement in Unification

Isaac Newton 1687 Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics.

Hans Christian 1820 and 1830 Unified electric and magnetic phenomena to
Oersted and Michael respectively give rise to electromagnetism.
Faraday

James Clerk Maxwell 1873 Unified electricity, magnetism and optics to

show that light is an electromagnetic wave.

Sheldon Glashow, 1979 Gave the idea of electro-weak force which is a

Abdus Salam, Steven combination of electromagnetic and weak
Weinberg nuclear force.

Carlo Rubia, Simon 1984 Verified the theory of elctro-weak force.

Vander Meer

Conserved Quantities

Physics gives laws to summarize the investigations and observations of the phenomena
occurring in the universe.

 Physical quantities that remain constant with time are called conserved quantities.
Example, for a body under external force, the kinetic and potential energy change
over time but the total mechanical energy (kinetic + potential) remains constant.
 Conserved quantities can be scalar (Energy) or vector (Total linear momentum and
total angular momentum).

Conservation Laws
 11

A conservation law is a hypothesis based on observation and experiments which cannot be

proved. These can be verified via experiments.

Law of conservation of Energy

 According to the general Law of conservation of energy, the energies remain constant
over time and convert from one form to another.
 The law of conservation of energy applies to the whole universe and it is believed that
the total energy of the universe remains unchanged.
 Under identical conditions, the nature produces symmetric results at different time.
Law of conservation of Mass

This is a principle used in analysis of chemical reactions.

 A chemical reaction is basically a rearrangement of atoms among different

molecules.
 If the total binding energy of the reacting molecules is less than the total binding
energy of the product molecules, the difference appears as heat and the reaction is
exothermic.
 The opposite is true for energy absorbing (endothermic) reactions.
 Since the atoms are merely rearranged but not destroyed, the total mass of the
reactants is the same as the total mass of the products in a chemical reaction.
 Mass is related to energy through Einstein theory, E = mc 2, where c is the speed of
light in vacuum
Law of conservation of linear momentum

 Symmetry of laws of nature with respect to translation in space is termed as law of

conservation of linear momentum.
 Example law of gravitation is same on earth and moon even if the acceleration due to
gravity at moon is 1/6th than that at earth.
Law of conservation of angular momentum

 conservation Isotropy of space (no intrinsically preferred direction in space)

underlies the law of conservation of angular momentum.
 12

3. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Question 1.
The word Science originates from the Latin verb Scientia meaning
(a) to know (b) to see
(c) to experience (d) to observe

Question 2.
Atomic and molecular phenomena are dealt with by
(a) Newtonian Mechanics (b) fluid Mechanics
(c) applied Mechanics (d) Quantum Mechanics

Question 3.
Wave picture of light failed to explain.
(a) The photoelectric effect (b) polarization of light
(c) diffraction of light (d) interference of light

Question 4.
Heliocentric theory proposed by Nicolas Copernicus was
(a) replaced by circular orbits to fit the data better
(b) replaced by elliptical orbits to fit the data better
(c) replaced by elliptical orbits to fit the taste of new rulers of Italy
(d) replaced by parabolic orbits to fit the data better

Question 5.
Just as a new experiment may suggest an alternative theoretical model, a theoretical advance
may suggest what to look for in some for in some experiments. Which of the following
experiments can be considered to support this claim?
(a) Davisson and Germer Experiment
(b) experimental discovery of positron
(c) scattering of alpha particle or the gold foil experiment
(d) Michelson Morley experiment

Question 6.
The scientific method is
(a) a prescribed method for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge…
(b) A procedure for proposing new hypothesis
(c) a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge…
(d) A method for proposing new theories.

Question 7.
A scientific theory
(a) cannot be changed but can be reformulated
(b) is fixed once and for all because it is logical
(c) is changed to suit new fashion among scientists
(d) can be revised if required to fit new phenomenon or data
 13

Question 8.
Which of the following is a possible first step in applying the scientific method
(a) Conducting tests
(b) Formulating a hypothesis
(c) Formulation of a question
(d) Building a theory

Question 9.
Which of the following is a possible final step in applying the scientific method
(a) Formulating a hypothesis
(b) Building a theory
(c) Analysis of test results
(d) Formulation of a question

Question 10.
Physics is a
(a) Applied Science
(b) Mathematical Science
(c) Engineering Science
(d) Natural Science

Question 11.
Newtonian mechanics could not explain
(a) fall of bodies on earth
(b) Some of the most basic features of atomic phenomena.
(c) movement of planets
(d) flight of rockets

Question 12
Macroscopic domain includes
a) Phenomena at the laboratory
b) Terrestrial scale
c) Astronomical scales
d) All of the above

Question13.
The man who is known as the father of Experimental physics is.
a) Newton
b) Albert Einstein
c) Galileo
d) Rutherford

Question14.
The person who has been awarded the father of physics of 20 th century is
a) Madame curie
 14

b) Sir C.V. Raman

c) NeilsBohr
d) Albert Einstein

Question15.
Science is exploring ...x…. and....y....from what we see around us. Here x and y refer to
a) Qualitative, modify
b) Experiment, predict
c) Verification, predict
d) Reasoning, quantitative

Question16.
The branch of science which deals with nature and natural phenomena is called

a) Sociology
b) Biology
c) Civics
d) Physics

Question17.Which of the following is true regarding the physical science?

a) They deal with the non-living things.
b) The study of matter is conducted at atomic or iconic level
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these

Question18.
The scientific principle involves in production of ultrahigh magnetic fields is.
a) Super conductivity
b) Digital logic
c) Photoelectric effect
d) Laws of thermodynamics

Question19.
Consider the following statements and choose correct one
I. Optics deal with the phenomena involving light
II. Unification means physical phenomena in terms of few Concept and laws
III. Macroscopic domain of physics deals with the constitution and structure of matter at
the minute scales of atoms and nuclei
a) Only I
b) Only II
c) Only I and II
d) Only II and III

Question 20
The aeroplane works on the scientific principle
 15

(a) Laws of Thermodynamics

(b) Nuclear Fusion
(c) Electromagnetic Induction
(d) Bernoulli’s Theorem

Question 21.
Nuclear reactor works on the scientific principle
(a) Bernoulli’s Theorem
(b) Nuclear Fission
(c) Electromagnetic Induction
(d) Laws of Thermodynamics

Question 22.
Who discovered neutron
(a) Galileo
(b) Chadwick
(c) C.V. Raman
(d) none of them

Question 23.
Wave nature of electron was discovered by
(a) Roentgen
(b) Pauli
(c) de Broglie
(d) Einstein

Question 24.
Atomicity of charge was discovered by
(a) Faraday
(b) Marie Curie
(c) Maxwell
(d) R.A. Millikan

Question 25.
Theory of relativity was discovered by
(a) Maxwell
(b) Faraday
(c) Einstein
(d) Pauli

Question 26.
Electric generator works on the scientific principle
(a) Laws of Thermodynamics
(b) Nuclear Fusion
(c) Bernoulli’s Theorem
(d) Electromagnetic Induction
 16

Question 27.
Size of the nucleus is
(a) 10-10 m
(b) 10-14 m
(c) 10-9 m
(d) 10-12 m

Question 28.
The scientists who” discovered natural radioactivity belonged to
(a) Italy
(b) Austria
(c) France
(d) England

Question 29.
The scientist who discovered x-rays belonged to:
(a) Germany
(b) Japan
(c) England
(d) France

Question 30.
The scattering of light by molecules was discovered by
(a) J. Bardeen
(b) Einstein
(c) C.V. Raman
(d) Newton

Question 31.
The scientist who discovered the “Theory of Relativity” belonged to
(a) India
(b) France
(c) Germany
(d) None of these

Question 32.
Which of the following technology uses Newton’s second and third laws of motion
(a) Electric Generator
(b) Radio and Television
(c) Rocket Propulsion
(d) None

Question 33.
Laws of electromagnetic induction were discovered by:
(a) Chadwick
(b) Einstein
(c) Newton
(d) Faraday
 17

Question 34.
Heat engine and refrigerator work on scientific principle:
(a) Electromagnetic Induction
(b) Bernoulli’s Theorem
(c) Nuclear Fusion
(d) Laws of thermodynamics

Question 35.
Who discovered cosmic rays
(a) J.J. Thomson
(b) Hess
(c) Lawrence
(d) Yukawa

Question 36.
The scientist who discovered cosmic rays belonged to
(a) America
(b) Austria
(c) India
(d) France

Question 37.
The physical sciences deal with the study of:
(a) Living things
(b) Non-living things
(c) Both
(d) None

Question 38.
The branch of science which deals with the study of stars is called
(a) Astronomy
(b) Geology
(c) Meteorology
(d) Seismology

Question 39.
The idea of calculus was given by
a) Newton
b) Einstein
c) Marconi
d) Planck

Question 40.
Which of the following principles is being used in Sonar Technology?
a) Reflection of ultrasonic waves
b) Newton’s laws of motion
c) Reflection of electromagnetic waves
d) Laws of thermodynamics
 18

Question 41. Which of the following is wrongly matched?

a) Barometer-Pressure
b) Lactometer-Milk
c) Coulomb’s law-Charge
d) Humidity-Calorimeter

Question 42.
C.V.Raman got Nobel Prize for his experiment
a) Dispersion of light
b) Reflection of light
c) Deflection of light
d) Scattering of light

Question 43.
The discoverer of loudness and intensity of sound is
a) Newton
b) Bell
c) Laplace
d) Edison

Question 44.
It has been postulated that there may be some particles moving with speed greater than the
speed of light. Such particles are known as
a) Electrons
b) Neutrons
c) Nucleons
d) Tachyons

Question 45.
A superposition that is put forward as a probable solution to a natural phenomenon is called a
a) Hypothesis
b) Theory
c) Law
d) Relief

Question 46.
The book “Pisces of physics’’ has been written by
a) Einstein
b) Newton
c) Archimedes
d) Galileo

Question 47.
It is more important to have beauty in the equations of physics than to have them agree with
experiments’’
The scientist who made this statement is
a) Dirac
b) Raman
c) Faraday
d) Maxwell
 19

Question 48.
Chandershekher, Indian scientist was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics on subject concerning
a) Geophysics
b) Superconductivity
c) Laser technology
d) Astronomy

Question 49.
The relative strength of fundamental forces is
a) FG : FW : FE : FS = 1 : 1019 : 1030 : 1035
b) FG: FW : FE : FS = 1 : 1022 : 1034 : 1038
c) FG: FW : FE : FS = 1 : 1025 : 1036 : 1038
d) FG : FW : FE : FS = 1 : 1015 : 1031 : 1036

Question 50.
Law of conservation of angular momentum follows which symmetry?
a) Homogeneity of space
b) Isotropy of space
c) Homogeneity of time
d) Isotropy of time
 20

4. Assertion Reasoning Questions

Question: - In the following questions (1- 20), a statement of assertion is followed by a

statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as
A) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
D) If the assertion and reason both are false.
E) If assertion is false but reason is true.

1. Assertion: - The Coulomb force is dominating force in the universe.

Reason: - The Coulomb force is weaker than the gravitational force.

2. Assertion: - unlike electric force and gravitational forces, nuclear forces has limited
range.

Reason: - Nuclear force does not obey inverse square law.

3. Assertion: - The concept of energy is Central to Physics and expression for energy
can be written for every physical system.

Reason: - Law of conservation of energy is not valid for all forces and for any kind of
transformation between different forms of energy.

4. Assertion: - The basic laws of electromagnetism govern all electric and magnetic
phenomena.

Reason:-The attempts to unify fundamental force of nature reflect the quest for unification.

5. Assertion:-The elastic spring force arises due to the net attraction or repulsion between the
neighboring atom of the spring when it is elongated or compressed.

Reason: - The laws of derived forces such as spring force, friction force are independent of
the laws of fundamental forces in nature.

6. Assertion:-In a nuclear process mass gets converted into energy.

Reason:-According to Einstein mass energy equivalence relation, mass m is equivalent to

energy given by the relation E = mc2 where c is the speed of light in vacuum.

7. Assertion:-If we perform an experiment in our laboratory today and repeat the same
experiment on the same object under identical conditions after a year the results are found to
be same.

Reason: - The laws of nature do not change with time.

 21

8. Assertion:-Electrons do not experience strong nuclear force.

Reason: - Strong nuclear force is charge independent force.

9. Assertion:-Gravitational force is always attractive in nature while electromagnetic force can

be attractive or repulsive.

Reason: - Electromagnetic force dominates Terrestrial phenomena.

10. Assertion:-In physics we attempt to derive the properties of bigger more complex system
from the properties and interaction of its constituent simpler parts.

Reason: - This approach is called unification and is at the heart of physics.

11. Assertion:-The microscopic domain of physics deals with the constitution and structure of
matter at the minute scale of atoms and nuclei.

Reason: - Classical physics is adequate to deal with the microscopic domain of physics.

12. Assertion:-The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is 1/6 that of the earth.

Reason: - The law of Gravitation is the same on both the moon and earth.

13. Assertion: - Stone and a feather dropped from the same height do not reach the ground at the
same time.

Reason: - Acceleration due to gravity is dependent on the mass of the object.

14. Assertion: - Radar is used to detect an aero plane in the sky.

Reason: - Radar works on the principle of reflection of waves.

15. Assertion: - Physics is the heart and technology is the body of science.

Reason: - Physics contributes to the technological infrastructure and provides trained

personnel needed to take advantage of scientific advances and discoveries.

16. Assertion: - The theories and concepts of Physics lead to the development of various
mathematical tools like differential equations, equations of motion, etc.

Reason: - Physics is the science-based on imagination and intuition which can be tested
experimentally and mathematically.

17. Assertion: - According to the principle of conservation of energy all heat can be converted
into mechanical work
Reason: - Due to various losses, it is impossible to convert all heat into mechanical work.

18. Assertion: - A scientific theory cannot be changed but can be reformulated.

Reason: - The theory is approved by a panel of people after studying the theory only.

19. Assertion: - Scientific theory is accepted if predictions of the theory are confirmed by
experiments.
 22

Reason: - Scientific method involves Systematic observations, controlled

experiments, qualitative and quantitative reasoning, mathematical modeling,
prediction and verification.

20. Assertion: - Nuclear forces between proton and proton, a neutron and a neutron and a
proton and a neutron are nearly equally strong.

Reason: - The strong nuclear force does not depend on the charge of the nucleons.
 23

5. Case Study Based Questions

Case Study 1
From walking on the street, to launching a rocket into space, to sticking a magnet on your
refrigerator, physical forces are acting all around us. But all the forces that we experience
every day (and many that we don't realize we experience every day) can be whittled down to
just four fundamental forces:

1. Gravitational force
2. Electromagnetic force
3. Strong nuclear force
4. Weak nuclear force
These are called the four fundamental forces of nature, and they govern everything that
happens in the universe.
Relative
Name Strength Range Operates among
Gravitational force Infinite All objects in the universe
10–39
Some elementary
particles, particularly
Weak nuclear force Very short, Sub-nuclear size electron and neutrino
–13
10 (-10-16 m)
Electromagnetic force Infinite Charged particles
10–2
Nucleons, heavier

Strong nuclear force 1 elementary particles

Short, nuclear size (10-15 m)

1. Rank the four fundamental forces of nature in order from weakest to strongest:
a) Electromagnetism, Gravity, Strong Nuclear, Weak Nuclear
b) Weak Nuclear, Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong Nuclear
c) Gravity, Weak Nuclear, Electromagnetism, Strong Nuclear
d) Weak Nuclear, Electromagnetism, Gravity, Strong Nuclear

2. Gravity has a range that is ____________.

a) Short
b) Long
c) Infinite
d) Variable

3. ________ can be either a force of attraction or repulsion while ____________ is

only a force of attraction.
a) Gravity; Electromagnetism
b) Electromagnetism; Gravity
c) Gravity; Strong nuclear force
d) Magnetism; Electricity

4. When an atom undergoes radioactive decay, the energy that is released is due
to:
 24

a) Gravity
b) Strong Nuclear
c) Electromagnetism
d) Weak Nuclear

5. Range of Nuclear forces is

a) < 10-14m
b) > 10-14m
c) < 10-10m
d) < 10-10m

Case Study 2

The word Science originates from the Latin verb Scientia meaning ‘to know’. The Sanskrit
word Vijnan and the Arabic word Ilm convey similar meaning, namely ‘knowledge’. Science
is a systematic attempt to understand natural phenomena in as much detail and depth as
possible, and use the knowledge so gained to predict, modify and control phenomena.
Science is exploring, experimenting and predicting from what we see around us.
The Scientific method is a process with the help of which scientists try to investigate, verify,
or construct an accurate and reliable version of any natural phenomena. They are done by
creating an objective framework for the purpose of scientific inquiry and analyzing the results
scientifically to come to a conclusion which either supports or contradicts the observation
made at the beginning.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPS:

1. The word Science originates from the Latin verb Scientia meaning
a) to know
b) to see
c) to experience
d) to observe

2. The scientific method is

a) a prescribed method for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge.
b) A procedure for proposing new hypothesis
c) a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge
d) A method for proposing new theories.
 25

3. Which of the following is a possible first step in applying the scientific method
a) Conducting tests
b) Formulating of a question
c) Formulation a hypothesis
d) Building a theory

4. Which of the following is a possible final step in applying the scientific method
a) Formulating a hypothesis
b) Building a theory
c) Analysis of test results
d) Formulation of a question

5. A scientific theory
a) cannot be changed but can be reformulated
b) is fixed once and for all because it is logical
c) is changed to suit new fashion among scientists
d) can be revised if required to fit new phenomenon or data
Case Study 3
Physics is so important branch of science that without the knowledge of physics, other
branches of science cannot make any progress. This can be seen from the following:
(i) Physics in relation to Chemistry: The concept of X-ray diffraction and radioactivity has
helped to distinguish between the various solids and to modify the periodic table.
(ii) Physics in relation to Biology: The concept of pressure and its measurement has helped
us to know the blood pressure of a human being. The discovery of X-rays has made it
possible to diagnose the various diseases in the body and fracture in bones. Skin disease and
cancer can be cured with the help of high energy radiation like X-rays, ultraviolet rays.
(iii) Physics in relation to Geology: The internal structure of various rocks can be known
with the study of crystal structure. Age of rocks and fossils can be known easily with the help
of radioactivity, i.e., with the help of carbon dating.
(iv) Physics in relation to Astronomy: Optical telescope has made it possible to study the
motion of various planets and satellites in our solar system.
(v) Physics in relation to Meteorology: The variation of pressure with temperature leads to
forecast the weather.
(vi) Physics in relation to Seismology: The movement of earth’s crust and the types of
waves produced help us in studying the earthquake and its effect.

1. The branch of science which deals with the study of stars is called
a) Astronomy
b) Geology
c) Meterology
d) Seismology

2. The physical sciences deal with the study of:

a) Living things
b) Non-living things
c) Both
d) None

3. The study of the biological specimens are conducted at:

 26

a) Atomic level
b) Ionic level
c) Molecular level
d) None

4. The concept of interaction between various particles leads to understand the

bonding in the chemical structure of a substance belongs to which subject?
a) Astronomy
b) Geology
c) Biology
d) Chemistry

5. What is the correct sequence of events: technology gives rise to new sciences or
new sciences gives rise to technology?
a) Science can give rise to technology.
b) Technology and Science are independent.
c) Both can happen technology gives rise to new sciences and new sciences gives rise to
technology
d) Technology can give rise to new sciences.

Case Study 4
The two main principal thrusts in physics are: Unification and Reduction.
Unification is the act of unifying the different laws valid for different phenomena in to a
single theory that explains all the different phenomena.
Example: Electricity, magnetism and light are different phenomena and have different laws
of physics for each of them. These are unified under theory of electromagnetism; all these
three phenomena can be explained from this theory of electromagnetism.
The law of gravitation explains falling of objects on earth, planetary motion, motion of moon,
etc.
Reductionism is breaking down of a complex system in to simple constituent systems so that
laws of physics can be applied on these systems and we can understand the working of the
complex system. For example, temperature of a system is reduced to average kinetic.

1. What is the two principal thrust in physics?

a) Unification and Reduction
b) Unification and Oxidation
c) Magnification and Reduction
d) Simplification and Reduction
2. Explaining diverse physical phenomena in terms of a few concepts and laws is
a) unification
b) reduction
c) law
d) fact

3. Deriving the properties of a bigger, more complex system from the properties
and interaction of its constituent simple parts is
a) unification
b) reduction
c) law
 27

d) Fact
4. Logical possibility that an assertion, hypothesis or theory can be contradicted by
an observation or the outcome of a physical experiment is
a) falsifiability
b) fact
c) hypothesis
d) law

5. Which of the following statements is/are correct

a) Both
b) universal law of gravitation is an assumption or hypothesis
c) universal law of gravitation can be verified
d) none of this

Case Study 5

Physics is a study of basic laws of nature and their manifestation in different natural
phenomena. Physics is the study of physical world and matter and its motion through space
and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.
Word Physics is derived from a Greek word fusis meaning nature.
Factors responsible for progress of Physics:
 Quantitative analysis along with qualitative analysis.
 Application of universal laws in different contexts.
 Approximation approach (complex phenomena broken down into collection of basic
laws).
 Extracting and focusing on essential features of a phenomenon.
Hypothesis, Axiom and Models:
 Hypothesis is a supposition without assuming that it is true. It may not be proved but
can be verified through a series of experiments.
 Axiom is a self-evident truth that it is accepted without controversy or question.
 Model is a theory proposed to explain observed phenomena.
 Assumption is the basis of physics, where a number of phenomena can be explained.
These assumptions are made from experiments, observation and a lot of statistical
data.

1. What is Central to the growth of Physics?

a) Qualitative descriptions
b) conjectural descriptions
c) speculative descriptions
d) quantitative measurement

2. Physics is a
a) Applied Science
b) Mathematical Science
c) Engineering Science
d) Natural Science

3. Origin of the word 'Physics' is from

 28

a) French word 'Fusis'

b) Latin word 'Fusis'
c) Greek word 'Fusis', which means 'Nature'
d) Greek word 'Fusis', which means 'Physical'

4. A theory proposed to explain observed phenomena is

a) Postulate
b) Hypothesis
c) Law
d) Model

5. A truth, which is self-evident is a/an

a) Axiom
b) Postulate
c) Either (1) or (2)
d) Hypothesis
 29

6. ANSWERS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1(a) to know

2(d) Quantum Mechanics

3(a) the photoelectric effect

4(b) replaced by elliptical orbits to fit the data better

5(b) experimental discovery of positron

6(c) a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge…

7(d) can be revised if required to fit new phenomenon or data

8(c) Formulation of a question

9(c) Analysis of test results

10(d) Natural Science

11(b) some of the most basic features of atomic phenomena.

12 (d) All of the above

13 (c) Galileo

14 (d) Albert Einstein

15 (b) experiment, predict

16 (d) Physics

17 (c) Both (a) and (b)

18 (a) Super conductivity

19 (c) only I and II

20 (d) Bernoulli’s Theorem

21 (b) Nuclear Fission

22 (b) Chadwick

23 (c) de Broglie

24 (d) R.A. Millikan

25 (c) Einstein
 30

26 (d) Electromagnetic Induction

27 (b) 10-14 m

28 (c) France

29(a) Germany

30 (c) C.V. Raman

31 (c) Germany

32 (c) Rocket Propulsion

33 (d) Faraday

34 (d) Laws of Thermodynamics

35 (b) Hess

36 (b) Austria

37 (b) Non-living things

38 (a) Astronomy

39 (a) Newton

40 (a) Reflection of ultrasonic waves

41 (d) Humidity-Calorimeter

42 (d) Scattering of light

43 (b) Bell

44 (d) Tachyons

45 (a) Hypothesis

46 (a) Einstein

47 (a) Dirac

48 (d) Astronomy

49 (c) FG : FW : FE : FS = 1 : 1025 : 1036 : 1038

50 (d) Isotropy of space

 31

ASSERTION AND REASONING ANSWERS

Answer 1: - D) if both assertion and reason are false statements.

Gravitational force is the dominating force in nature and not Coulomb force. Gravitational
force is the weakest force. Also, Coulomb's force >> Gravitational force.

Answer 2: - B) if both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
Gravitational force: - Weakest force, but infinite range
Weak Nuclear force: - Next weakest but short range
Electromagnetic force: - Stronger, with infinite range
Strong Nuclear force: - Strongest but short range.

Answer 3: - C) Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

Answer 4:- B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
Assertion.

Answer 5:- B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
Assertion.

Answer 6:- B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
Assertion.

Answer 7:- A) Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation for the
assertion.

Answer 8:- B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
Assertion.

Answer 9:- C) Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect

Answer 10:- C) Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect

Answer 11:- C) Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect

Answer 12:- B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
Assertion.

Answer 13:- C) Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect

Answer 14:- A) Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation for the
assertion
As Radar is most accurate instrument used to detect aero plane in the sky based on the principle of
reflection of waves.

Answer 15:- A) Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation for the
assertion

Answer 16:- B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
Assertion.
 32

Answer 17:- B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
Assertion.
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor can it be
destroyed. Thus, it is physically possible to convert all of heat into mechanical work. But due
to various energy losses, this cannot be achieved practically ever.

Answer 18: - D) if both assertion and reason are false statements.

Answer 19: - A) Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation for
the assertion.

Answer 20:- A) Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation for the
assertion.
ANSWERS OF CASE STUDY
Case Study 1
Answer 1: c) Gravity, Weak Nuclear, Electromagnetism, and Strong Nuclear
Answer 2: c) Infinite
Answer 3: b) Electromagnetism; Gravity
Answer 4: b) Strong Nuclear
Answer 5: a) < 10-14m

Case Study 2
Answer 1: (a) to know
Answer 2: (c) a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge.
Answer 3: (b) Formulation of a question
Answer 4: (c) Analysis of test results
Answer 5: (d) can be revised if required to fit new phenomenon or data

Case Study 3
Answer 1: (a) Astronomy
Answer 2: (b) Non-living things
Answer 3: (c) Molecular level
Answer 4: (d) Chemistry
Answer 5: (c) Both can happen technology gives rise to new sciences and new sciences gives
rise to technology

Case Study 4
Answer 1:- (a) Unification and Reduction
Answer 2: - a) unification
Answer 3: - b) reduction
Answer 4: - a) falsifiability
Answer 5: - a) both

Case Study 5
Answer 1:- (d) quantitative measurement
Answer 2:- (d) Natural Science
Answer 3:- (c) Greek word 'Fusis', which means 'Nature'
Answer 4: - (d) Model
Answer 5: - (c) Either (1) or (2)
 1

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGHATHAN

CHANDIGARH REGION

CLASS-XI

SUBJECT-PHYSICS

Chapter -4

Motion in Plane
 2

INDEX

S. No. CONTENT PAGE No.

1 Gist of the chapter 3
2 Expression/ Formulas used in Chapter 4-24
3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) 25-31
4 Assertion and Reasoning Questions 32-33
5 Case Study Based Questions 34-38
6 Answers Keys of MCQs 39
 3

Gist of Chapter

Motion in a Plane :-

In this chapter, students will learn about Scalar and vector quantities and different types of
vectors such as Position and displacement vectors, general vectors.

They will also learn about their notations. Equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a
real number will be performed. Also addition and subtraction of vectors will be explained and
rules for addition and subtraction of vectors are explained thoroughly.

Concept of relative velocity, Unit vector, resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular

components, Scalar and Vector product of vectors are also explained .

Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion,

uniform circular motion topics are also explained in this chapter.
 4

Notes and Formulae used in chapter

Introduction of Vector
Physical quantities having magnitude, direction and obeying laws of vector algebra are
called vectors.
Example : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, impulse, weight,
thrust, torque, angular momentum, angular velocity etc.
If a physical quantity has magnitude and direction both, then it does not always imply
that it is a vector. For it to be a vector the third condition of obeying laws of vector algebra
has to be satisfied.
Example : The physical quantity current has both magnitude and direction but is still a
scalar as it disobeys the laws of vector algebra.

Types of Vector
(1) Equal vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be equal when they have equal
magnitudes and same direction.
(2) Parallel vector : Two vectors A and B are said to be parallel when
(i) Both have same direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar (positive) non-zero multiple of another vector.
(3) Anti-parallel vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be anti-parallel when
(i) Both have opposite direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar non-zero negative multiple of another vector.
(4) Collinear vectors : When the vectors under consideration can share the same
support or have a common support then the considered vectors are collinear.
(5) Zero vector (0) : A vector having zero magnitude and arbitrary direction (not known
to us) is a zero vector.
(6) Unit vector : A vector divided by its magnitude is a unit vector. Unit vector for A is Aˆ
(read as A cap or A hat).

Since, ˆ  A  A AA
A ˆ .
A
Thus, we can say that unit vector gives us the direction.
(7) Orthogonal unit
vectors i , ˆj and kˆ are called
ˆ y

orthogonal unit vectors. These ˆj

vectors must form a Right x
k̂
Handed Triad (It is a coordinate î
system such that when we Curl z
the fingers of right hand from x to y then we must get the direction of z along thumb). The
ˆi  x z
, ˆj  y , kˆ 
x y z

 x  xˆi , y  yˆj , z  zkˆ

 5

(8) Polar vectors : These have starting point or point of application . Example
displacement and force etc.
(9) Axial Vectors : These represent rotational effects and are always along the axis of
rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule. Angular velocity, torque and angular
momentum, etc., are example of physical quantities of this type.
Axial vector
Axis of rotation

Anticlock wise rotation

Clock wise rotation

Axis of rotation Axial vector

(10) Coplanar vector : Three (or more) vectors are called coplanar vector if they lie in
the same plane. Two (free) vectors are always coplanar.

Triangle Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors

If two non zero vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in same
order then the resultant B

is given by the closing R  AB

side of triangle in B
opposite order. i.e. A
O
R  AB A

 OB  OA  AB

(1) Magnitude of resultant vector

AN
In  ABN , cos    AN  B cos 
B
BN
sin    BN  B sin
B
In OBN , we have OB 2  ON 2  BN 2
B

R
B B sin
 
O A A N
B cos 

 R 2  ( A  B cos  )2  (B sin  )2

 R 2  A 2  B 2 cos 2   2 AB cos   B 2 sin 2 

 R 2  A 2  B 2 (cos 2   sin 2  )  2 AB cos 

 R 2  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

 R A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 
 6

(2) Direction of resultant vectors : If  is angle between A and B, then

| A  B|  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

If R makes an angle  with A, then in OBN ,

BN BN
tan   
ON OA  AN
B sin
tan  
A  B cos 

Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition

If two non zero vectors are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram
then the resultant is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of
intersection of the two vectors.
(1) Magnitude
Since, R 2  ON 2  CN 2
 R 2  (OA  AN )2  CN 2

 R 2  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

 R | R | | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

* R  A  B when  = 0o
R  AB when  = 180o
R  A2  B2 when  = 90o
(2) Direction
CN B sin 
tan   
ON A  B cos 

Polygon Law of Vector Addition

If a number of non zero vectors are represented by the (n – 1) sides of an n-sided
th
polygon then the resultant is given by the closing side or the n side of the polygon taken in
opposite order. So,
R  A BC  D E
OA  AB  BC  CD  DE  OE

D D C

E C

E B

R B

O A
A

 Resultant of two unequal vectors can not be zero.

 Resultant of three co-planar vectors may or may not be zero
 Resultant of three non co- planar vectors can not be zero.
 7

Subtraction of vectors
R su m  A  B

Since, A  B  A  ( B) and B

| A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos   1
2 A
180 – 
 | A  B|  A  B  2 AB cos (180   )
2 2 o
B

Since, cos (180   )   cos 

 | A  B |  A  B  2 AB cos 
2 2
R diff  A  ( B )

B sin 
tan  1 
A  B cos 
B sin (180   )
and tan  2 
A  B cos (180   )

But sin(180   )  sin  and cos(180   )   cos 

B sin 
 tan  2 
A  B cos 

Resolution of Vector Into Components

Consider a vector R in X-Y
Y
plane as shown in fig. If we
draw orthogonal vectors R x and
Ry R
Ry along x and y axes
respectively, by law of vector 
X
Rx
addition, R  R x  R y Fig. 0.8

ˆ
so, R x  ˆi R x and R y  jR y
Now as for any vector A  A nˆ

so R  ˆi R x  ˆjR y …(i)

But from figure R x  R cos  …(ii)

and R y  R sin …(iii)

Since R and  are usually known, Equation (ii) and (iii) give the magnitude of the
components of R along x and y-axes respectively.
Here it is worthy to note once a vector is resolved into its components, the components
themselves can be used to specify the vector as
(1) The magnitude of the vector R is obtained by squaring and adding equation (ii) and
(iii), i.e.
R  R x2  Ry2

(2) The direction of the vector R is obtained by dividing equation (iii) by (ii), i.e.

tan   (R y / R x ) or   tan 1 (Ry / Rx )

 8

Rectangular Components of 3-D Vector

R  Rx  R y  Rz ˆ ˆ ˆ
or R  R x i  R y j  R z k

If R makes an angle  with x axis,  with y axis and  with z axis, then
Rx Rx Y
 cos    l
R R x2  R y2  R z2

Ry Ry
 cos    m Ry
R
R R x2  R y2  R z2 Rx

Rz Rz X
 cos    n
Rz

R R x2  Ry2  R z2 Z

Where l, m, n are called Direction Cosines of the vector R and

R x2  R y2  R z2
l 2  m 2  n 2  cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
R x2  R y2  R z2

 When a point P have coordinate (x, y, z) then its position vector OP  xˆi  yˆj  z kˆ

 When a particle moves from point (x1, y1, z1) to (x2, y2, z2) then its
displacement vector

r  (x 2  x 1 )ˆi  (y 2  y1 )ˆj  (z 2  z1 )kˆ

Scalar Product of Two Vectors

(1) Definition : The scalar product (or dot product) of two vectors is defined as the
product of the magnitude of two vectors with cosine of angle between them.
Thus if there are two vectors A and B having angle  between them, then their scalar
product written as A . B is defined as A . B  AB cos 
(2) Properties : (i) It is always a scalar which is positive if angle between the vectors is
acute (i.e., < 90°) and negative if angle between them is
obtuse (i.e. 90°< < 180°).
B
(ii) It is commutative, i.e. A . B  B . A

(iii) It is distributive, i.e. A . (B  C)  A . B  A . C
(iv) As by definition A . B  AB cos  A

 A.B 
The angle between the vectors   cos 1  
 AB 

(v) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when cos   max  1, i.e.   0 o ,
i.e., vectors are parallel
( A . B)max  AB
(vi) Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when | cos  |  min  0, i.e.   90 o
 9

( A . B)min  0
i.e. if the scalar product of two nonzero vectors vanishes the vectors are orthogonal.
(vii) The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot product and is given by
( A)2  A . A  AA cos   A 2

i.e. A  A . A
(viii) In case of unit vector n̂

ˆ . nˆ  ˆi .ˆi  ˆj . ˆj  kˆ . kˆ  1
nˆ . nˆ  1  1  cos 0  1 so n

(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors ˆi , ˆj and kˆ ,

ˆi . ˆj  ˆj . kˆ  kˆ . ˆi  1  1 cos 90   0
(x) In terms of components
A . B  (iAx  jAy  k Az ). (iBx  jBy  k Bz )  [ Ax Bx  Ay By  AZ Bz ]
(3) Example : (i) Work W : In physics for constant force work is defined as, W  Fs cos 
…(i)
But by definition of scalar product of two vectors, F. s  Fs cos  …(ii)
So from eqn (i) and (ii) W  F.s i.e. work is the scalar product of force with
displacement.
(ii) Power P :
dW ds
As W  F. s or  F. [As F is constant]
dt dt
 dW ds 
or P  F.v i.e., power is the scalar product of force with velocity.  As  P and  v
 dt dt 

(iv) Potential energy of a dipole U : If an electric dipole of moment p is situated in an

electric field E or a magnetic dipole of moment M in a field of induction B, the potential
energy of the dipole is given by :
U E   p . E and UB  M . B

Vector Product of Two Vectors

(1) Definition : The vector product or cross product of two vectors is defined as a
vector having a magnitude equal to the product of the magnitudes of two vectors with the sine
of angle between them, and direction perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors in
accordance with right hand screw rule.
C  AB
Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their vector product written as AB is a vector
C defined by
C  A  B  AB sin  nˆ
 10

The direction of A  B, i.e. C is perpendicular to the plane containing vectors A and B

and in the sense of advance of a right handed screw rotated from A (first vector) to B
(second vector) through the smaller angle between them. Thus, if a right handed screw whose
axis is perpendicular to the plane framed by A and B is rotated from A to B through the
smaller angle between them, then the direction of advancement of the screw gives the
direction of A  B i.e. C
(2) Properties
(i) Vector product of any two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane
containing these two vectors, i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors A and B, though the vectors
A and B may or may not be orthogonal.

(ii) Vector product of two vectors is not commutative, i.e., AB  B A [but   B  A]

Here it is worthy to note that

| A  B | | B  A |  AB sin 

i.e. in case of vector AB and B A magnitudes are equal but directions are opposite.
(iii) The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors is strictly
maintained, i.e.
A  (B  C )  A  B  A  C

(iv) The vector product of two vectors will be maximum when sin   max  1, i.e.,   90 o

[ A  B]max  AB nˆ

i.e. vector product is maximum if the vectors are orthogonal.

(v) The vector product of two non- zero vectors will be minimum when | sin |  minimum = 0,
i.e.,   0 o or 180 o
[ A  B]min  0

i.e. if the vector product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the vectors are collinear.
(vi) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself vanishes, i.e., is null vector
A  A  AA sin 0 o nˆ  0

(vii) In case of unit vector nˆ  nˆ  0 so that ˆi  ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0

(viii) In case of orthogonal unit vectors, ˆi, ˆj, kˆ in accordance with right hand screw rule :

ˆj ˆj

k̂
î î

k̂

ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , ˆj  kˆ  ˆi and kˆ  ˆi  ˆj

And as cross product is not commutative,

 11

ˆj  ˆi  kˆ , kˆ  ˆj  ˆi and ˆi  kˆ  ˆj

(x) In terms of components

ˆi ˆj kˆ
A  B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

 ˆi ( Ay Bz  Az By )  ˆj( A z B x  A x B z )  kˆ ( A x B y  A y B x )

(3) Example : Since vector product of two vectors is a vector, vector physical quantities
(particularly representing rotational effects) like torque, angular momentum, velocity and force
on a moving charge in a magnetic field and can be expressed as the vector product of two
vectors. It is well – established in physics that :
(i) Torque   r  F
(ii) Angular momentum L  r p

(iii) Velocity v   r

(iv) Force on a charged particle q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B is given
by F  q(v  B)

(v) Torque on a dipole in a field E  p  E and  B  M  B

Relative Velocity
(1) Introduction : When we consider the motion of a particle, we assume a fixed point
relative to which the given particle is in motion. For example, if we say that water is flowing
or wind is blowing or a person is running with a speed v, we mean that these all are relative to
the earth (which we have assumed to be fixed).
Y
Y P

r
PS '
r
PS
X
S
rS ' S
S X

Now to find the velocity of a moving object relative to another moving object, consider
 
a particle P whose position relative to frame S is rPS while relative to S is rPS  .
   
If the position of frames S relative to S at any time is r S S then from figure, rPS  rPS   rS S

Differentiating this equation with respect to time

  
drPS drPS  drS S
 
dt dt dt
    
or v PS  v PS   v S S [as v  d r /dt ]
  
or v PS   v PS  v S S
 12


(2) General Formula : The relative velocity of a particle P1 moving with velocity v1
   
with respect to another particle P2 moving with velocity v2 is given by, v r12 = v1 – v 2

v1
v2
P2

(i) If both the particles are Pmoving

1
in the same direction then :
r12  1 –  2

(ii) If the two particles are moving in the opposite direction, then :
r12  1   2
(iii) If the two particles are moving in the mutually perpendicular directions, then:
r12  12  22

(iv) If the angle between 1 and  2 be , then


 r12  12   22 – 21 2 cos  
1/2
.
(3) Relative velocity of satellite : If a satellite is moving in equatorial plane with
 
velocity v s and a point on the surface of earth with ve relative to the centre of earth, the
velocity of satellite relative to the surface of earth
  
vse  v s  v e

So if the satellite moves form west to east (in the direction of rotation of earth on its
axis) its velocity relative to earth's surface will be vse  vs  ve
And if the satellite moves from east to west, i.e., opposite to the motion of earth,
vse  vs  (ve )  vs  ve


(4) Relative velocity of rain : If rain is falling vertically with a velocity vR and an

observer is moving horizontally with speed vM the velocity of rain relative to observer will
  
be v RM  v R  v M

which by law of vector addition has magnitude

v RM  v R2  v M
2

direction   tan 1 (v M / v R ) with the vertical as shown in fig.

 – vM 
vR vR
vR 
 
vM vM
 13


(5) Relative velocity of swimmer : If a man can swim relative to water with velocity v

and water is flowing relative to ground with velocity vR velocity of man relative to ground

vM will be given by:
     
v  v M  vR , i.e., vM  v  vR

So if the swimming is in the direction of flow of water, vM  v  vR

And if the swimming is opposite to the flow of water, vM  v  vR


(6) Crossing the river : Suppose, the river is flowing with velocity r . A man can swim

in still water with velocity m . He is standing on one bank of the river and wants to cross the
river, two cases arise.
(i) To cross the river over shortest distance : That is to cross the river straight, the man
should swim making angle  with the upstream as shown.


A vr B


 
vr
w  v
vm


Upstream O Downstream

   
Here OAB is the triangle of vectors, in which OA  vm , AB  r . Their resultant is given by
 
OB   . The direction of swimming makes angle  with upstream. From the triangle OBA, we
find,
r r
cos   Also sin  
m m

Where  is the angle made by the direction of swimming with the shortest distance (OB)
across the river.
Time taken to cross the river : If w be the width of the river, then time taken to cross the
river will be given by
w w
t1  
  m2 –  r2

(ii) To cross the river in shortest possible time : The man should swim perpendicular to
the bank.
w
The time taken to cross the river will be: t2 
m

A vr B

 
w vr
vm
 14

In this case, the man will touch the opposite bank at a distance AB down stream. This
distance will be given by:
w r
AB  r t 2 r or AB  w
m m

Motion In Two Dimension

The motion of an object is called two dimensional, if two of the three co-ordinates
required to specify the position of the object in space, change w.r.t time.
In such a motion, the object moves in a plane. For example, a billiard ball moving
over the billiard table, an insect crawling over the floor of a room, earth revolving around
the sun etc.
Two special cases of motion in two dimension are
1. Projectile motion 2. Circular motion

1. Projectile motion
A body which is in flight through the atmosphere under the effect of gravity alone and is
not being propelled by any fuel is called projectile.
Example:
(i) A bomb released from an aeroplane in level flight
(ii) A bullet fired from a gun
(iii) An arrow released from bow
(iv) A Javelin thrown by an athlete
Assumptions of Projectile Motion
(1) There is no resistance due to air.
(2) The effect due to curvature of earth is negligible.
(3) The effect due to rotation of earth is negligible.
(4) For all points of the trajectory, the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ is constant in
magnitude and direction

Oblique Projectile
In projectile motion, horizontal component of velocity (u cos), acceleration (g) and
mechanical energy remains constant while, speed, velocity, vertical component of velocity (u
 15

sin ), momentum, kinetic energy and potential energy all changes. Velocity, and KE are
maximum at the point of projection while minimum (but not zero) at highest point.
(1) Equation of trajectory : A projectile is thrown with velocity u at an angle 
with the horizontal. The velocity u can be resolved into two rectangular
components. Y

x P

u y
u sin 

O u cos 
X

v cos  component along X–axis and u sin  component along Y–axis.

For horizontal motion x = u cos  t  t
x
… (i)
u cos 
1 2
For vertical motion y  (u sin  ) t  gt …(ii)
2
From equation (i) and (ii)
 x  1  x2 
y  u sin     g  2 
 
 u cos   2  u cos 
2


1 gx 2
y  x tan  
2 u 2 cos 2 
This equation shows that the trajectory of projectile is parabolic because it is similar to
equation of parabola
y = ax – bx2
 Equation of oblique projectile also can be written as
 x
y  x tan  1   (where R = horizontal range = u sin 2 )
2

 R g

(2) Displacement of projectile (r) : Let the particle acquires a position P having the
coordinates (x, y) just after time t from the instant of projection. The corresponding position

vector of the particle at time t is r as shown in the figure.
Y

P (x, y)
 
v vx

r 

y


vy

X
O
x
vi
 16


r  xˆi  yˆj …(i)
The horizontal distance covered during time t is given as
x  v x t  x  u cos  t …(ii)
The vertical velocity of the particle at time t is given as
v y  (v 0 )y  gt, …(iii)
Now the vertical displacement y is given as
y  u sin  t  1 / 2 gt 2 …(iv)
Putting the values of x and y from equation (ii) and equation (iv) in equation (i) we
obtain the position vector at any time t as
  1 
r  (u cos  ) t ˆi   (u sin  ) t  gt 2  ˆj
 2 
2
 1 2
 r  (u t cos  ) 2   (u t sin  )  gt 
 2 
2
 gt  gt sin 
r ut 1   and   tan 1 (y / x )
 
2u u

 1 2 
 ut sin   gt   2u sin   gt 
1  
 tan 2 or   tan 1  
 (u t cos  )


  2u cos  
 

 The angle of elevation  of the highest point of the projectile and the angle of
projection  are related to each other as
1
tan   tan  Y
2

 
H

O X
R
(3) Instantaneous velocity v : In projectile motion, vertical component of velocity
changes but horizontal component of velocity remains always constant.
Example : When a man jumps over the hurdle leaving behind its skateboard then vertical
component of his velocity is changing, but not the horizontal component which matches with
the skateboard velocity.As a result, the skateboard stays underneath him, allowing him to
land on it.

Let vi be the instantaneous velocity of projectile at time t, direction of this velocity is

along the tangent to the trajectory at point P.
 17


v i  v x i  v y ˆj  v i  v x2  v y2

 u 2 cos 2   (u sin   gt)2

v i  u 2  g 2 t 2  2u gt sin 

vy u sin   gt
Direction of instantaneous velocity tan   
vx u cos 

 gt 
or   tan 1  tan   sec  
 u 

(4) Change in velocity : Initial velocity (at projection point) u i  u cos  ˆi  u sin ˆj

Final velocity (at highest point) u f  u cos  ˆi  0 ˆj


(i) Change in velocity (Between projection point and highest point) u  u f  u i  u sin ˆj

When body reaches the ground after completing its motion then final velocity
u f  u cos  ˆi  u sin ˆj

(ii) Change in velocity (Between complete projectile motion) u  u f  u i  2u sin  ˆi

(5) Time of flight : The total time taken by the projectile to go up and come down to the
same level from which it was projected is called time of flight.
For vertical upward motion 0 = u sin  – gt
 t = (u sin /g)
Now as time taken to go up is equal to the time taken to come down so
2u sin
Time of flight T  2t 
g
2 .u y
(i) Time of flight can also be expressed as : T  (where uy is the vertical component
g
of initial velocity).
(ii) For complementary angles of projection  and 90o – 
T1 2u sin  / g
(a) Ratio of time of flight = 
T2 2u sin(90   ) / g
T1
= tan    tan 
T2

2u sin 2u cos 
(b) Multiplication of time of flight = T1 T2 
g g
2R
 T1 T2 
g

(iii) If t1 is the time taken by projectile to rise upto point p and t2 is the time taken in
2u sin  g(t1  t 2 )
falling from point p to ground level then t1  t 2   time of flight or u sin  
g 2

1 2
and height of the point p is given by h  u sin  t 1  gt 1 Y
P
2 t1
(t1  t 2 ) 1 t2
hg t1  gt12 h
2 2
X
O
 18

g t1 t 2
by solving h
2
(iv) If B and C are
at the same level on Y
trajectory and the time t1
difference between these h A B t2 C
D
two points is t1, similarly
O X
A and D are also at the
same level and the time difference between these two positions is t2 then
8h
t 22  t12 
g
(6)Horizontal range :
It is the horizontal distance travelled by a body during the time of flight.
So by using second equation of motion in x-direction
R  u cos   T Y
 u cos   (2u sin  / g)
u 2 sin 2 u

g
 X
u 2 sin 2 O Horizontal range
R
g
(i) Range of projectile can also be expressed as :
2u sin 
R = u cos × T = u cos 
g

2 u cos  u sin  2u x u y
 
g g
2u xu y
 R (where ux and uy are the horizontal and vertical component of initial
g
velocity)
(ii) If angle of projection is changed from  to   = (90 – ) then range remains
unchanged.

60o
30o
Blast

u 2 sin 2 ' u 2 sin[2(90 o   )] u 2 sin 2

R'    R
g g g

So a projectile has same range at angles of projection  and (90 – ), though time of
flight, maximum height and trajectories are different.
 19

These angles  and 90o –  are called complementary angles of projection and for
R1 u 2 sin 2 / g R1
complementary angles of projection, ratio of range  2 1  1
R 2 u sin [2 (90 o   )] / g R2

(iii) For angle of projection 1 = (45 – ) and 2 = (45 + ), range will be same and
equal to u2 cos 2/g.
1 and 2 are also the complementary angles.
(iv) Maximum range : For range to be maximum
dR d  u 2 sin 2 
0    0
d d   g 

 cos 2 = 0 i.e. 2 = 90o   = 45o

and Rmax = (u2/g)
i.e., a projectile will have maximum range when it is projected at an angle of 45 o to the
horizontal and the maximum range will be (u2/g).
When the range is maximum, the height H reached by the projectile
Y

u 2 sin 2  u 2 sin 2 45 u 2 R max

H   
2g 2g 4g 4
u
H
45o
O Rmax = 4 H X

i.e., if a person can throw a projectile to a maximum distance Rmax, The maximum
 R max 
height during the flight to which it will rise is   .
 4 
u 2 sin 2
(v) Relation between horizontal range and maximum height : R and
g
u 2 sin 2 
H
2g

R u 2 sin 2 / g
  2  4 cot   R  4 H cot 
H u sin 2  / 2 g

(vi) If in case of projectile motion range R is n times the maximum height H

u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2 
i.e. R = nH  n
g 2g

 tan   [4 / n] or   tan 1[4 / n]

The angle of projection is given by   tan 1 [4 / n]

If R = H then   tan 1 (4 ) or   76 o .
If R = 4H then   tan 1 (1) or   45 o .
(7)Maximum height : It is the maximum height from the point of projection, a
projectile can reach. Y
So, by using v 2  u 2  2as
0  (u sin  )2  2 gH
u
Max. height

u 2 sin 2 
H 
2g X
O
 20

(i) Maximum height can also be expressed as

u y2
H  (where uy is the vertical component of initial velocity).
2g

u2
(ii) H m ax  (when sin2 = max = 1 i.e.,  = 90o)
2g

i.e., for maximum height body should be projected vertically upward. So it falls back to
the point of projection after reaching the maximum height.
(iii) For complementary angles of projection  and 90o – 
Ratio of maximum height
H1 u 2 sin 2  / 2 g sin 2 
=  2   tan 2 
H 2 u sin 2 (90 o   ) / 2 g cos 2 
H1
  tan 2  .
H2

Circular Motion
Circular motion is another example of motion in two dimensions. To create circular
motion in a body it must 
v2
be given some initial 
v3
velocity and a force must
F
F
then act on the body which 
F
is always directed at right F

angles to instantaneous v1

velocity. v4
Fig : 3.22
Since this force is
always at right angles to the displacement therefore no work is done by the force on the
particle. Hence, its kinetic energy and thus speed is unaffected. But due to simultaneous
action of the force and the velocity the particle follows resultant path, which in this case is a
circle. Circular motion can be classified into two types – Uniform circular motion and non-
uniform circular motion.
Variables of Circular Motion
(1) Displacement and distance : When particle moves in a circular path describing an
angle  during time t (as shown in the figure) from the position A to the position B, we see

that the magnitude of the position vector r (that is equal to the radius of the circle) remains
 
constant. i.e., r1  r2  r and the direction of the position vector changes from time to time.

(i) Displacement : The change of position vector or the displacement r of the particle
from position A to the position B is given by referring the figure.
    
 r  r2  r1  r  r  r2  r1

r  r12  r22  2r1r2 cos 

 21

Putting r1  r2  r we obtain


r  r 2  r 2  2r.r cos  v2
v1

 r  2r 2 1  cos   B
B



r2

 
 r2
r 
 2r 2  2 sin 2  O 
A
 2  r1
 r1
 O A
 r  2r sin
2
(ii) Distance : The distanced covered by the particle during the time t is given as
d = length of the arc AB = r 
d r 
(iii) Ratio of distance and displacement :   cosec ( / 2)
r 2r sin  / 2 2

(2) Angular displacement () : The angle turned by a body moving in a circle from
some reference line is called angular displacement.
(i) Dimension = [M0L0T0] (as  = arc / radius) .
(ii) Units = Radian or Degree. It is some time also specified in terms of fraction or
multiple of revolution.
(iii) 2 rad  360 o  1 Revolution

(iv) Angular displacement is a axial vector quantity.

Its direction depends upon the sense of rotation of the object and can be given by Right
Hand Rule; which states that if the
curvature of the fingers of right S
hand represents the sense of 
O r
rotation of the object, then the
thumb, held perpendicular to the
curvature of the fingers, represents
the direction of angular displacement vector.
(v) Relation between linear displacement and angular displacement s  r

or s  r

(3) Angular velocity () : Angular velocity of an object in circular motion is defined as
the time rate of change of its angular displacement.
 d 
(i) Angular velocity  = angle traced
 Lt
t  0 t

time taken dt

   d
dt
(ii) Dimension : [M0L0T–1]
(iii) Units : Radians per second (rad.s–1) or Degree per second.
(iv) Angular velocity is an axial vector.
Its direction is the same as that of . For anticlockwise rotation of the point object on
the circular path, the direction of , according to Right hand rule is along the axis of circular
 22

path directed upwards. For clockwise rotation of the point object on the circular path, the
direction of  is along the axis of circular path directed downwards.
(v) Relation between angular velocity and linear velocity v  r

(vi) For uniform circular motion  remains constant where as for non-uniform motion 
varies with respect to time.
It is important to note that nothing actually moves in the direction of the angular
velocity vector  . The direction of  simply represents that the circular motion is taking
place in a plane perpendicular to it.
(4) Change in velocity : We want to know the magnitude and direction of the change in
velocity of the particle which is performing uniform circular motion as it moves from A to B
during time t as shown in figure. The change in velocity vector is given as
 
v  v 2  v 1 
 v1
 v2
v2 
v1

B
   
or v  v 2  v1

 v  v12  v 22  2v1v 2 cos 
A
O

 
v  v 2  v1 
v 1

For uniformm circular motion v1  v 2  v


So v  2v 2 1  cos    2v sin
2

The direction of v is shown in figure that can be given as


180 o  
2

 90 o   / 2 
(5) Time period (T) : In circular motion, the time period is defined as the time taken by
the object to complete one revolution on its circular path.
(i) Units : second.
(ii) Dimension : [M0L0T]
(iii) Time period of second’s hand of watch = 60 second.
(iv) Time period of minute’s hand of watch = 60 minute
(v) Time period of hour’s hand of watch = 12 hour
(6) Frequency (n) : In circular motion, the frequency is defined as the number of
revolutions completed by the object on its circular path in a unit time.
(i) Units : s–1 or hertz (Hz).
(ii) Dimension : [M0L0T–1]
Relation between time period and frequency : If n is the frequency of revolution of an
object in circular motion, then the object completes n revolutions in 1 second. Therefore, the
object will complete one revolution in 1/n second.
 23

T  1 / n

 Relation between angular velocity, frequency and time period : Consider a point
object describing a uniform circular motion with frequency n and time period T. When the
object completes one revolution, the angle traced at its axis of circular motion is 2  radians. It
 2
means, when time t = T,   2 radians. Hence, angular velocity    2n ( T =
t T
1/n)
2
  2n
T

 If two particles are moving on same circle or different coplanar concentric circles in
same direction with different uniform angular speeds A and B respectively, the angular
velocity of B relative to A will be
 rel   B   A

So the time taken by one to complete one revolution around O with respect to the other
(i.e., time in which B complete one revolution around O with respect to the other (i.e., time in
which B completes one more or less revolution around O than A)
2 2 TT  2 
T
 rel
  1 2
 2   1 T1  T2 as T   
 

Special case : If  B   A ,  rel  0 and so T = ., particles will maintain their position
relative to each other. This is what actually happens in case of geostationary satellite
(1 = 2 = constant)
(7) Angular acceleration () : Angular acceleration of an object in circular motion is
defined as the time rate of change of its angular velocity.
(i) If  be the change in angular velocity of the object in time interval t, while
moving on a circular path, then angular acceleration of the object will be


 d  d 2
  Lt  
t 0 t dt dt 2
(ii) Units : rad. s–2
(iii) Dimension : [M0L0T–2]
(iv) Relation between linear acceleration and angular acceleration a  r
d
(v) For uniform circular motion since  is constant so  0
dt

(vi) For non-uniform circular motion 0

 24

Centripetal Acceleration
(1) Acceleration acting on the object undergoing uniform circular motion is called
centripetal acceleration.
(2) It always acts on the object along the radius towards the centre of v
ac
the circular path.
(3) Magnitude of centripetal acceleration,
v2 4 2
a   2 r  4 2 n 2 r  2 r
r T

(4) Direction of centripetal acceleration : It is always the same as that of  . When t

decreases,  also decreases. Due to which  becomes more and more perpendicular to  .
When  t  0,  becomes perpendicular to the velocity vector. As the velocity vector of the
particle at an instant acts along the tangent to the circular path, therefore  and hence the
centripetal acceleration vector acts along the radius of the circular path at that point and is
directed towards the centre of the circular path.
 25

MULTIPUL CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Position of a particle in a rectangular-co-ordinate system is (3, 2, 5). Then its position
vector will be
ˆ
3i  5 j  2kˆ ˆ ˆ
3i  2 j  5 k ˆ ˆ
(a) (b)
(c) 5ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ (d) None of these
2. If a particle moves from point P (2,3,5) to point Q (3,4,5). Its displacement vector be
ˆi  ˆj  10 kˆ ˆi  ˆj  5kˆ
(a) (b)
(c)
ˆi  ˆj
(d) 2ˆi  4 ˆj  6kˆ
 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
 
3. The expression  2 i  2 j is a
 
(a) Unit vector (b) Null vector
(c) Vector of magnitude 2 (d) Scalar
4. Any vector in an arbitrary direction can always be replaced by two (or three)
(a) Parallel vectors which have the original vector as their resultant
(b) Mutually perpendicular vectors which have the original vector as their
resultant
(c) Arbitrary vectors which have the original vector as their resultant
(d) It is not possible to resolve a vector

5. The position vector of a particle is r  (a cos t)ˆi  (a sin t)ˆj . The velocity of the particle is

(a) Parallel to the position vector

(b) Perpendicular to the position vector
(c) Directed towards the origin
(d) Directed away from the origin
6. If the resultant of the two forces has a magnitude smaller than the magnitude of larger
force, the two forces must be
(a) Different both in magnitude and direction
(b) Mutually perpendicular to one another
(c) Possess extremely small magnitude
(d) Point in opposite directions
     
7. If | A  B| | A| | B| , then angle between A and B will be

(a) 90° (b) 120°

(c) 0° (d) 60°

8. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their vector differences. In that case,
the forces
(a) Are equal to each other in magnitude
(b) Are not equal to each other in magnitude
(c) Cannot be predicted
(d) Are equal to each other
 26

9. If a vector 2ˆi  3 ˆj  8 kˆ is perpendicular to the vector 4 ˆj  4ˆi  kˆ . Then the value of  is
1
(a) –1 (b) 2
1

(c) 2 (d) 1

10. If for two vectors A and B, A  B  0, the vectors

(a) Are perpendicular to each other
(b) Are parallel to each other
(c) Act at an angle of 60°
(d) Act at an angle of 30°
11. What is the unit vector perpendicular to the following vectors 2ˆi  2 ˆj  kˆ and 6ˆi  3 ˆj  2kˆ
ˆi  10 ˆj  18 kˆ ˆi  10 ˆj  18 kˆ

(a) 5 17 (b) 5 17
ˆi  10 ˆj  18 kˆ ˆi  10 ˆj  18 kˆ

(c) 5 17 (d) 5 17

12. Two cars are moving in the same direction with the same speed 30 km/hr. They are
separated by a distance of 5 km, the speed of a car moving in the opposite direction if
it meets these two cars at an interval of 4 minutes, will be
(a) 40 km/hr (b) 45 km/hr
(c) 30 km/hr (d) 15 km/hr
13. A man standing on a road hold his umbrella at 30° with the vertical to keep the rain
away. He throws the umbrella and starts running at 10 km/hr. He finds that raindrops
are hitting his head vertically, the speed of raindrops with respect to the road will be
(a) 10 km/hr (b) 20 km/hr
(c) 30 km/hr (d) 40 km/hr
14. In the above problem, the speed of raindrops w.r.t. the moving man, will be
10 / 2 km / h
(a) (b) 5 km/h
10 3 km / h
(c) (d) 5 / 3 km / h
15. A boat is moving with a velocity 3i + 4j with respect to ground. The water in the river is
moving with a velocity – 3i – 4j with respect to ground. The relative velocity of the
boat with respect to water is [CPMT 1998]
(a) 8j (b) – 6i – 8j
(c) 6i +8j (d) 5 2
16. A 150 m long train is moving to north at a speed of 10 m/s. A parrot flying towards
south with a speed of 5 m/s crosses the train. The time taken by the parrot the cross to
train would be: [
(a) 30 s (b) 15 s
(c) 8 s (d) 10 s
17. A river is flowing from east to west at a speed of 5 m/min. A man on south bank of
river, capable of swimming 10m/min in still water, wants to swim across the river in
shortest time. He should swim
(a) Due north
(b) Due north-east
 27

(c) Due north-east with double the speed of river

(d) None of these
18. A man can swim with velocity v relative to water. He has to cross a river of width d
flowing with a velocity u (u > v). The distance through which he is carried down
stream by the river is x. Which of the following statement is correct
du
(a) If he crosses the river in minimum time x
v
du
(b) x can not be less than
v
(c) For x to be minimum he has to swim in a direction making an angle of
 v 
 sin 1  
2 u  with the direction of the flow of water
 v
 sin 1
(d) x will be max. if he swims in a direction making an angle of 2 u with

direction of the flow of water

19. A man sitting in a bus travelling in a direction from west to east with a speed of 40
km/h observes that the rain-drops are falling vertically down. To the another man
standing on ground the rain will appear
(a) To fall vertically down
(b) To fall at an angle going from west to east
(c) To fall at an angle going from east to west
(d) The information given is insufficient to decide the direction of rain.
20. A stone of mass m is tied to a string of length l and rotated in a circle with a constant
speed v . If the string is released, the stone flies
(a) Radially outward
(b) Radially inward
(c) Tangentially outward
mv 2
(d) With an acceleration
l
21. A body is moving in a circular path with a constant speed. It has
(a) A constant velocity
(b) A constant acceleration
(c) An acceleration of constant magnitude
(d) An acceleration which varies with time
22. A motor cyclist going round in a circular track at constant speed has

(a) Constant linear velocity(b) Constant acceleration

(c) Constant angular velocity (d) Constant force

23. A particle P is moving in a circle of radius ' a' with a uniform speed v . C is the centre
of the circle and AB is a diameter. When passing through B the angular velocity of P
about A and C are in the ratio
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2
(c) 2:1 (d) 4:1
 28

24. A car moving on a horizontal road may be thrown out of the road in taking a turn

(a) By the gravitational force

(b) Due to lack of sufficient centripetal force
(c) Due to rolling frictional force between tyre and road
(d) Due to the reaction of the ground
25. Two particles of equal masses are revolving in circular paths of radii r1 and r2
respectively with the same speed. The ratio of their centripetal forces is
r2
r1 r2
(a) (b)
r1
2 2
 r1   r2 
   
r  r 
(c)  2  (d)  1 

26. A particle moves with constant angular velocity in a circle. During the motion its
(a) Energy is conserved
(b) Momentum is conserved
(c) Energy and momentum both are conserved
(d) None of the above is conserved
27. A stone tied to a string is rotated in a circle. If the string is cut, the stone flies away
from the circle because
(a) A centrifugal force acts on the stone
(b) A centripetal force acts on the stone
(c) Of its inertia
(d) Reaction of the centripetal force
28. A body is revolving with a constant speed along a circle. If its direction of motion is
reversed but the speed remains the same, then which of the following statement is true
(a) The centripetal force will not suffer any change in magnitude
(b) The centripetal force will have its direction reversed
(c) The centripetal force will not suffer any change in direction
(d) The centripetal force would be doubled
29. When a body moves with a constant speed along a circle
(a) No work is done on it
(b) No acceleration is produced in the body
(c) No force acts on the body
(d) Its velocity remains constant
30. A body of mass m moves in a circular path with uniform angular velocity. The
motion of the body has constant
(a) Acceleration (b) Velocity
(c) Momentum (d) Kinetic energy
31. On a railway curve, the outside rail is laid higher than the inside one so that resultant
force exerted on the wheels of the rail car by the tops of the rails will
(a) Have a horizontal inward component
(b) Be vertical
(c) Equilibriate the centripetal force
(d) Be decreased
 29

32. If the overbridge is concave instead of being convex, the thrust on the road at the
lowest position will be
mv 2 mv 2
mg  mg 
(a) r (b) r
2 2
m v g v2g
(c) r (d) r
33. A cyclist taking turn bends inwards while a car passenger taking same turn is thrown
outwards. The reason is
(a) Car is heavier than cycle
(b) Car has four wheels while cycle has only two
(c) Difference in the speed of the two
(d) Cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal force while in the case of car only the
passenger is thrown by this force
34. A car sometimes overturns while taking a turn. When it overturns, it is
(a) The inner wheel which leaves the ground first
(b) The outer wheel which leaves the ground first
(c) Both the wheels leave the ground simultaneously
(d) Either wheel leaves the ground first
35. A particle is moving on a circular path with constant speed, then its acceleration will
be
(a) Zero
(b) External radial acceleration
(c) Internal radial acceleration
(d) Constant acceleration
36. A train is moving towards north. At one place it turns towards north-east, here we
observe that
(a) The radius of curvature of outer rail will be greater than that of the inner rail
(b) The radius of the inner rail will be greater than that of the outer rail
(c) The radius of curvature of one of the rails will be greater
(d) The radius of curvature of the outer and inner rails will be the same
37. The average acceleration vector for a particle having a uniform circular motion is
v2
(a) A constant vector of magnitude
r
v2
(b) A vector of magnitude directed normal to the plane of the given uniform
r
circular motion
(c) Equal to the instantaneous acceleration vector at the start of the motion
(d) A null vector

38. A vector is not changed if -

(1) It is rotated through an arbitrary angle
(2) It is multiplied by an arbitrary scale
(3) It is cross multiplied by a unit vector
(4) It is a slide parallel to itself
 30

39. The component of a vector is -

(1) always less than its magnitude
(2) always greater than its magnitude
(3) always equal to its magnitude
(4) none of these
     
40. If A = B + C and the magnitudes A, B and C are 5, 4 and 3 units, the angle between
 
A and C is-

(1) cos–1   4

3
(2) cos–1  
5 5

(4) sin–1  
3
(3)
2 4

41. I started walking down a road to day-break facing the sun. After walking for some-
time, I turned to my left, then I turned to the right once again. In which direction was I
going then ?
(1) East (2) North-west (3) North-east (4) South
42. For a particle in circular motion the centripetal acceleration is
(a) Less than its tangential acceleration (b) Equal to its tangential acceleration
(c) More than its tangential acceleration (d) May be more or less than its tangential
acceleration
43. Three particles A, B and C are projectied from the same point with the same initial
speeds making angles 30°, 45° and 60° respectively with the horizontal. Which of the
following statements is correct ?
(1) A, B and C have unequal ranges
(2) Ranges of A and C are equal and less than that of B
(3) Ranges of A and C are equal and greater than that of B
(4) A, B and C have equal ranges

44. A man travels 4 m due east and then turns by 90 degree and travels 3 due north the
magnitude of displacement of the man is

a)1m b)7m c)5m (d)0

45. A can filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle of radius 4 metre and the water
does not fall down. The time period of revolution will be
(a) 4 sec (b) 10 sec (c) 8 sec (d) 1 sec

46. Angle between equal vectors is

a)0 degree b) 30 degree c)90 degree d)180 degree

 31

47. A force of 4N makes an angle 30 degree with x-axis. The y component of force is

a)2√3 N b)4N c)2/√3N d)2N

48. Which of the following is vector quantity?

a)Density b)Power c)Energy d)Momentum

49. A particle moves with constant speed but in constantly varying direction.The path of
particle will be

a)elliptical b)linear c)circular d)parabolic

50. Time of flight of a projectile is 10 sec and its range is 500m.The maximum height
reached by it is

a)50m b)80m c)100m d)125m

 32

ASSERTION & REASONING QUESTIONS

These questions of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While
answering these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four
responses.

(a)If both Assertion & Reason are true & the Reason is a correct explanation of the
Assertion.

(b)If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.

(c)If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.

(d)If Assertion & Reason both are false

1. Assertion : If the initial and final positions coincide, the displacement is a null vector.
Reason : A physical quantity can not be called a vector, if its magnitude is zero.
2. Assertion : A vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnitude and a direction
and obeys the triangle law of addition or equivalently the parallelogram law of
addition.
Reason : The magnitude of the resultant vector of two given vectors can never be less
than the magnitude of any of the given vector.
3. Assertion : The direction of a zero (null) vector is indeterminate.
   
Reason : We can have A  B  A . B with A 0 and B 0.
4. Assertion : If the rectangular components of a force are 24 N and 7 N, then the
magnitude of the force is 25 N.
     
Reason : If | A || B | = 1 then | A  B |2 + | A . B |2 = 1.
      
5. Assertion : If three vectors A , B and C satisfy the relation A . B = 0 and A . C = 0
  
then the vector A may be parallel to B C .
    
Reason : If A  B  R and A + B = R, then angle between A and B is zero.
   
6. Assertion : The angle between vectors A  B and B  A is radian.
   
Reason : B  A = – A  B
7. Assertion : The minimum number of vectors of unequal magnitude required to
produce zero resultant is three.
Reason : Three vectors of unequal magnitude which can be represented by the three
sides of a triangle taken in order, produce zero resultant.
8. Assertion : A vector can have zero magnitude if one of its components is not zero.
Reason : Scalar product of two vectors cannot be a negative quantity.

9. Assertion : The angle between the two vectors (î  ˆj) and (ˆj  k̂ ) is radian.
3
 33

 
–1  A . B 
 
Reason : Angle between two vectors A and B is given by = cos  
.
 AB 
10. Assertion : Distance is a scalar quantity.
Reason : Distance is the length of path traversed.

11. Assertion : If position vector is given by r  sin t î  cos t ĵ  7t k̂ , then magnitude of

acceleration | a | =1.

Reason : The angles which the vector A  A1î  A 2 ĵ  A3 k̂ makes with the coordinate
A1 A2 A3
axes are given by cos = , cos = and cos = .
A A A
12. Assertion : Adding a scalar to a vector of the same dimensions is a meaningful
algebraic operation.
Reason : The displacement can be added with distance.
13. Assertion : Vector (î  ĵ  k̂ ) is perpendicular to (î  2 ĵ  k̂) .
Reason : Two non-zero vectors are perpendicular if their dot product is equal to zero.
14. Assertion : The dot product of one vector with another vector may be a scalar or a
vector.
Reason : If the product of two vectors is a vector quantity, then product is called a dot
product.
15. Assertion : A physical quantity can be regarded as a vector, if magnitude as well as
direction is associated with it.
Reason : A physical quantity can be regarded as a scalar quantity, if it is associated
with magnitude only.
16. Assertion : In projectile motion, the angle between the instantaneous velocity and
acceleration at the highest point is 180°.
Reason : At the highest point, velocity of projectile will be in horizontal direction
only.
17. Assertion : Two particles of different mass, projected with same velocity at same
angles. The maximum height attained by both the particle will be same.
Reason : The maximum height of projectile is independent of particle mass.
18. Assertion : The maximum horizontal range of projectile is proportional to square
of velocity.
Reason : The maximum horizontal range of projectile is equal to maximum height
attained by projectile.
19. Assertion : Horizontal range is same for angle of projection  and (90 – ).
Reason : Horizontal range is independent of angle of projection.
20. Assertion : For projection angle tan 1 (4 ) , the horizontal range and the maximum
height of a projectile are equal.
Reason :The maximum range of projectile is directly proportional to square of
velocity and inversely proportional to acceleration due to gravity.
 34

Case Study Based Questions

A hunter aims his gun and fires a bullet directly towards a monkey sitting on a
distant tree. If the monkey remains in his position, he will be safe but at the instant
the bullet leaves the barrel of gun, if the monkey drops from the tree, the bullet will
hit the monkey because the bullet will not follow the linear path.

The path of motion of a bullet will be parabolic and this motion of bullet is defined
as projectile motion.
If the force acting on a particle is oblique with initial velocity then the motion of
particle is called projectile motion.Find the followings…

Q.1. Change in velocity (Between projection point and highest point)

 
(a) u  u f  u i  u sin  ˆj (b) u  u f  u i  u sin  ˆj
 
(c) u  u f  ui  u sin  iˆ (d) u  u f  u i  2u sin  ˆi
Q.2. Change in velocity (Between complete projectile motion)
 
(a) u  u f  ui  u sin  iˆ (b) u  u f  u i  2u sin  ˆi
 
(c) u  u f  u i  u sin ˆj (d) u  u f  u i  u sin  ˆj
Q.3. Change in momentum (Between projection point and highest point)
 
(a) p  p f  p i   mu sin ˆj (b) p  p f  p i  mu sin  ˆj
 
(c) p  p f  p i   2mu sin  ˆj (d) p  p f  p i  2mu sin  ˆj
Q.4. Change in momentum (For the complete projectile motion)
 35

 
(a) p  p f  p i  2mu sin  ˆj (b) p  p f  p i   2mu sin  ˆj

 
(c) p  p f  p i   mu sin  ˆj (d) p  p f  p i  mu sin  ˆj
Q.5. If a person can throw a projectile to a maximum distance Rmax, The maximum height
during the flight to which it will rise is
R  R 
(a)  max  (b)  max 
 4   2 
R  R 
(c)  max  (d)  max 
 5   11 
Q.6 If angle of projection is changed from  to   = (90 – ) then range

60o
30o
Blast

(a)Remain Changed (b) Remain Unchanged

(c)Becomes two times (d) None

Circular motion is an example of motion in two dimensions. To create 

v2
circular motion in a body it must be given some initial velocity and a 
v3
force must then act on the body which is always directed at right
F
F
angles to instantaneous velocity. 
F
F
Since this force is always at right angles to the displacement therefore

no work is done by the force on the particle. Hence, its kinetic energy v1

and thus speed is unaffected. But due to simultaneous action of the v4

force and the velocity the particle follows resultant path, which in this
case is a circle.
Give the answer of followings …
 36


Q.7 The change of position vector or the displacement r of the particle from position A to
v2 
the position B is given by referring the figure v1

  B
(a)  r  2 sin (b)  r  r sin 
r2
2 2
 A
O
  
r1
(c)  r  2r sin (d)  r  2r sin
2 4

Q.8.The magnitude of the change in velocity of the particle which is performing uniform
circular motion as it moves from A to B during time t as shown in Q.7 figure. The change in
velocity vector is given as
 
(a) v  v sin (b) v  v sin
2 2
 
(c) v  2v sin (d) v  2v sin
4 2

Q.9. Acceleration acting on the object undergoing uniform circular motion always be along to
(a) along to tangent
(b) along the radius outwards the centre of the circular path.
(c) along the radius towards the centre of the circular path.
(d) None of these.

Q.10. Which of the following is/are wrong for circular motion

d
(a) For uniform circular motion since  is constant so  0
dt

(b) Angular velocity is an axial vector.

(c) For uniform circular motion  remains constant where as for non-uniform motion  varies
with respect to time.
(d) Angular displacement is a non pseudo vector quantity.

Scalar and Vector:-

In one dimensional motion of the objects only two directions are possible so the directional
aspects of the quantities like displacement position velocity and acceleration can be described
by using either positive or negative science physical quantity shown along positive direction
will be given the positive sign whereas shown along negative direction possesses negative
science but in case of motion of objects in two dimensions or in three dimension any object
can have large number of directions so in order to deal with such situation we need to
introduce the concept of new physical quantities in which we take care of both magnitude and
 37

direction in physics the physical quantities are broadly classified into categories scalars and
vectors.

Magnitude of Resultant Vector and direction:-

Q11.Angle between negative vectors is

a)0° b)60° c)90° d)180°

Q12.If resultant of two vectors of equal magnitude is equal to the magnitude of either vector
then the angle between the two vectors is

a)30° b)90° c)60° d)180°

Q13.Which of the following is a scalar

a) displacement b) kinetic energy

c)couple d)momentum

Q14.Which of the following is not essential for three forces to produce zero resultant?

a) they should be in the same plane.

b) it should be possible to represent them by the three sides of a triangle taken in same order.

c) they should act along the sides of a parallelogram.

d) the resultant of any two forces should be equal and opposite to the third force.

Q15.What is the maximum number of rectangular components into which a vector can be
resolved in a plane?

a) two b)three c)four d)Any number

Resolution of Vectors :-
A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude and points in a particular direction.Unit vectors
along the x, y and z axis of a rectangular co-ordinate system are denoted by 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂,𝑘̂respectively.
If a vector 𝐴⃗ subtends an angle α,β and γ with x, y and z axis respectively, then magnitude of
its components along the three axes are 𝐴𝑥 =A cosα ,𝐴𝑦 =A cosβ and 𝐴𝑧 =A cos γ and the
given vector 𝐴⃗ may be expressed as 𝐴⃗ =𝐴𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘̂ .
 38

Process of vector addition and subtraction becomes very simple because now we can add or
subtract the respective components of given vectors. You are now given two vectors 𝐴⃗ = 2𝑖̂
+ 3 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂

⃗⃗ =32𝑖̂ - 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝐵

Q16. The value of 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵

⃗⃗ is

a) 5𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂

b) 5𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂

c)𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂

d)none of these

Q17. The magnitude of |𝐴⃗ + 𝐵

⃗⃗ | is

a)√50 b)√51 c)√49 d)√1

Q18. Value of 𝐴⃗ - 𝐵
⃗⃗ is

a) -𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
b) 𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
c) -𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
d) None of these

Q19.The magnitude of | 𝐴⃗ - 𝐵
⃗⃗ | is

a)√35 b}√17 c)√14 d)None of these

Q20. Vector addition

a)obeys commutative law b) does not obey commutative law

c) sometime obeys and sometime doesn't obey commutative law d) none of these
 39

ANSWER KEY

Multiple Choice Questions

Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B c a c d d c a C b
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C b b c c d a a C c
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C c b b a a c a A d
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. A a d a a d c a C a
Q.No 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. C d b c a a d d C d

ASSERTION & REASONING QUESTIONS

Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 4 1 1
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 1 4 2 4 1 3 1 3

Case Study Based Questions

Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. a B a b a b c d C d

Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. d d b c a a b a A b
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DRDO, BENGALURU-93
VACATION – HOLIDAY HOME WORK
CHEMISTRY- CLASS- 11 (2021-22)

1.What is the value of one mole?

2.At NTP, what will be the volume of molecules of
6.022 × 1023 H26.022 × 1023 H2?
3.Calculate the number of molecules present in 0.5 moles of CO2CO2?
4.What is stoichiometry?
5.The substance which gets used up in any reaction is called _________
6.What is 1 molal solution?
7.Calculate the molecular mass of-
C2H6, C12H22O11, H2SO4, H3PO4C2H6, C12H22O11, H2SO4, H3PO4
8.4 litres of water added to 2L of 6 molar HCl solution. What is the
molarity of the resulting solution?
9.What volume of 10M HCl and 3M HCl should be mixed to obtain 1L of
6M HCl solution?
10.Calculate energy of 2mole of photons of radiation whose frequency
is
11.States Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
12.How would the velocity be effected if the position is known?
13.We don’t see a car moving as a wave on the road why?
14.Give the de – Broglie’s relation
15.Calculate the uncertainty in the velocity of a wagon of mass 4000kg
whose position is known accurately of
16.What is the physical significance of up

Solve exercise questions of first two chapter and study hydrogen

chapter.
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
CHANDIGARH REGION
SUPPORT MATERIAL TERM-I
CLASS- XI COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC: BASIC COMPUTER ORGANSIATION
Q.NO MARKS
Q.1 Data in computer terminology mean? 1
(a) Figure
(b) Raw facts
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of these
Q.2 What is information? 1
(a) Processed Data
(b) Collection of a Program
(c) Raw Data
(d) Collection of Instructions
Q.3 Full form of ALU 1
(a) Application Logic Unit
(b) Array Logic Unit
(c) Arithmetic Logic unit
(d) Auxilary Logic Unit
Q.4 Full form of CPU 1
(a) Central Processing Unit
(b) Central Program Unit
(c) Common Processing Unit
(d) Central Personal Unit
Q.5 Full form of IPO 1
(a) Input Process Output
(b) Input Print Output
(c) Internet Print Output
(d) Internet process Output
Q.6 MICR stands for? 1
(a) Maganetic Ink Character Reader
(b) Maganetic Ink Code Reader
(c) Maganetic Ink Caser Reader
(d) Maganetic Ink Computer Reader
Q.7 The Arithmatic Logic Unit performs which arithmetical operation? 1
(a) (+ , – , * , / )
(b) ( True. False )
(c) ( <, >, =,> =,< >)
(d) All of these
Q.8 Personal computers use no. of chips mounted on a main circuit board. 1
The main board is known as
(a) Fatherboard

Page 1 of 55
 (b) Motherboard
(c) Masterboard
(d) Fastboard
Q.9 Which of the following are the sub units that make the CPU? 1
(a) ALU
(b) Control Unit
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of these
Q.10 Which units in computer are capabale of performimg arithmetic & 1
Logical operations?
(a) Memory
(b) ALU
(c) Control Unit
(d) None of these
Q.11 Which of the following is the part of CPU? 1
(a) Printer
(b) Keyboard
(c) Mouse
(d) Aritnatic Logic unit
Q.12 Which of the following is also known as brain of the computer? 1
(a) Input Unit
(b) Central Processing Unit
(c) Output Unit
(d) All of these
Q.13 What is the responsibility of the logical unit in the CPU of a computer? 1
(a) To produce result
(b) To compare numbers
(c) To store data
(d) All of these
Q.14 Which of the following is input pointing device? 1
(a) Keyboard
(b) Printer
(c) Mouse
(d) Scanner
Q.15 Which of the following is not an example of output device? 1
(a) Keyboard
(b) Printer
(c) Monitor
(d) Speaker
Q.16 Which of the following is not an example of Input device? 1
(a) Keyboard
(b) Mouse
(c) OMR
(d) Speaker

Page 2 of 55
Q.17 Which printer is known as impact printer? 1
(a) Laser printer
(b) Dot Matrix printer
(c) Ink jet printer
(d) All of these
Q.18 Which device is used to input the text and numerical data? 1
(a) Keyboard
(b) Scanner
(c) Printer
(d) Platter
Q.19 Which type of device is a computer printer? 1
(a) Input
(b) Output
(c) Storage
(d) Software
Q.20 An optical mouse used 1
(a) Infrared light
(b) Light emitting diode (LED)
(c) Sensor
(d) Microwave
Q.21 Which technology used in laser printer? 1
(a) Electrostatically charge
(b) Spraying fine drops
(c) Heat sensitive
(d) Ball Head
Q.22 What type of toner used in inkjet printer? 1
(a) Ribbon cartridge
(b) Powder cartridge
(c) Liquid Ink cartridge
(d) Drum cartridge
Q.23 Select the correct statement about Dot matrix printer: 1
(i) prints an entire line at time (ii) is a impact printer
(iii) is a non impact printer (iv) prints one character at a time
(a) i and ii
(b) i and iii
(c) ii and iv
(d) ii and iii
Q.24 When we work on any document on PC, it is stored temporarily 1
in______ memory
(a) RAM
(b) ROM
(c) CPU
(d) CD-ROM

Page 3 of 55
Q.25 Smallest measurement unit of computer memory is? 1
(a) Megabyte
(b) Bit
(c) Byte
(d) Killo Byte
Q.26 How many bits form a Byte? 1
(a) 4 Bit
(b) 32 Bits
(c) 8 Bits
(d) 1024 Bits
Q.27 Collection of 04 bits is known as 1
(a) Byte
(b) Nibble
(c) Killobyte
(d) Megabytes
Q.28 How many bytes are in 1 Kilobyte? 1
(a) 8 Bytes
(b) 128 Bytes
(c) 1024 Bytes
(d) 256 Bytes
Q.29 Storage of 1 Megabyte is equivalent of _____ Killobyte: 1
(a) 1024 KB
(b) 1064 KB
(c) 1000 KB
(d) 1028 KB
Q.30 1 TB is equivalent to – 1
(a) 210 byte
(b) 210 MB
(c) 210 KB
(d) 210 GB
Q.31 Which of the following device can store more than 100 GB data? 1
(a) Floppy Disk
(b) Compact Disk
(c) DVD
(d) Hard disk
Q.32 Which of the following memory is the fastest memory to access data? 1
(a) RAM
(b) ROM
(c) Register
(d) Hard disk

Page 4 of 55
Q.33 Full form of RAM 1
(a) Read Access Memory
(b) Read Only Memory
(c) Raw Access Memory
(d) Random Access Memory
Q.34 Full form of ROM 1
(a) Read Only Memory
(b) Random Only Memory
(c) Raw Only Memory
(d) None of these
Q.35 Full form of SRAM 1
(a) Special Random-Access Memory
(b) Supreme Random-Access
(c) Static Random-Access Memory
(d) Stable Random-Access Memory
Q.36 Full form of USB 1
(a) Uniform Service Bus
(b) Universal Serial Bus
(c) Universal Sector Buffer
(d) Universe Service Bus
Q.37 Read Only Memory (ROM) is a_______ memory. 1
(a) Non Volatile Memory
(b) Volatile Memory
(c) Both (a & b)
(d) None of these
Q.38 Which of the following is an example of Volatile memory? 1
(a) Floppy Disk
(b) ROM
(c) RAM
(d) Hard disk
Q.39 Arrange the following measurement units of memory in ascending 1
order as per their storage caapcity?
BYTE, MB, GB, KB
(a) 1,2,3,4
(b) 4,3,2,1
(c) 1,4,2,3
(d) 1,4,3,2
Q.40 Which of the following memories must be refreshed many times per 1
second?
(a) EPROM
(b) ROM
(c) Static RAM
(d) Dynamic RAM

Page 5 of 55
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE, OPERATING SYSTEM
Q.NO MARKS

Q.1 Software Package is a group of programs that solve multiple problems. 1

a) True
b) False

Q.2 ____________ refer to renewing or changing components like increasing 1

the main memory, or hard disk capacities, or adding speakers, or modems,
etc.
a) Grades
b) Prosody
c) Synthesis
d) Upgrades

Q.3 Which of the following is designed to control the operations of a computer? 1

a) Application Software
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) User

Q.4 Which of the following is not an example of system software? 1

a) Language Translator
b) Utility Software
c) Communication Software
d) Word Processors

Q.5 ___________________ is designed to solve a specific problem or to do a 1

specific task.
a) Application Software
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) User

Q.6 What do you call a program in execution? 1

a) Command
b) Process
c) Task
d) Instruction

Q.7 The software designed to perform a specific task: 1

a) Synchronous Software
b) Package Software
c) Application Software
d) System Software

Page 6 of 55
Q.8 Word processing software is a type of application software. 1
a) True
b) False

Q.9 OSS stands for: 1

a) Open System Service
b) Open Source Software
c) Open System Software
d) Open Synchronized Software

Q.10 Set of programs which consist of full documentation. 1

a) Software Package
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) File package

Q.11 The software substituted for hardware and stored in ROM. 1

a) Synchronous Software
b) Package Software
c) Firmware
d) Middleware

Q.12 A “glue” between client and server parts of application. 1

a) Middleware
b) Firmware
c) Package
d) System Software

Q.13 Storage of firmware is ___________ 1

a) Cache Memory
b) RAM
c) External
d) ROM

Q.14 A software that lies between the OS and the applications running on it. 1
a) Firmware
b) Middleware
c) Utility Software
d) Application Software

Q.15 A type of middleware that allows for between the built-in applications and 1
the real-time OS?
a) Firmware
b) Database middleware
c) Portals
d) Embedded Middleware

Page 7 of 55
Q.16 Which of the following is not an operating system? 1
a) Windows
b) Linux
c) Oracle
d) DOS
Q.17 When was the first operating system developed? 1
a) 1948
b) 1949
c) 1950
d) 1951
Q.18 Which of the following is the extension of Notepad? 1
a) .txt
b) .xls
c) .ppt
d) .bmp

Q.19 What is the full name of FAT? 1

a) File attribute table
b) File allocation table
c) Font attribute table
d) Format allocation table

Q.20 BIOS is used 1

a) By operating system
b) By compiler
c) By interpreter
d) By application software

Q.21 What is the mean of the Booting in the operating system? 1

a) Restarting computer
b) Install the program
c) To scan
d) To turn off

Q.22 When you delete a file in your computer, where does it go? 1
a) Recycle bin
b) Hard disk
c) Taskbar
d) None of these

Q.23 What is the full name of the DSM? 1

a) Direct system module
b) Direct system memory

Page 8 of 55
 c) Demoralized system memory
d) Distributed shared memory

Q.24 What is bootstrapping called? 1

a) Cold boot
b) Cold hot boot
c) Cold hot strap
d) Hot boot

Q.25 If the page size increases, the internal fragmentation is also? 1

a) Decreases
b) Increases
c) Remains constant
d) None of these

Q.26 Which of the following is a single-user operating system? 1

a) Windows
b) MAC
c) Ms-Dos
d) None of these

Q.27 The size of virtual memory is based on which of the following? 1

a) CPU
b) RAM
c) Address bus
d) Data bus

Q.28 Which of the following is not application software? 1

a) Windows 7
b) WordPad
c) Photoshop
d) MS-excel

Q.29 Which of the following supports Windows 64 bit? 1

a) Window XP
b) Window 2000
c) Window 1998
d) None of these

Q.30 Which of the following operating systems does not support more than one 1
program at a time?
a) Linux
b) Windows
c) MAC

Page 9 of 55
 d) DOS

Q.31 Where are placed the list of processes that are prepared to be executed and 1
waiting?
a) Job queue
b) Ready queue
c) Execution queue
d) Process queue

Q.32 What is Microsoft window? 1

a) Operating system
b) Graphics program
c) Word Processing
d) Database program

Q.33 Which of the following is group of programs? 1

a) Accessories
b) Paint
c) Word
d) All of above

Q.34 Which of the following is an example of a Real Time Operating System? 1

a) MAC
b) MS-DOS
c) Windows 10
d) Process Control

Q.35 What type of commands are required to perform various tasks in DOS? 1
a) Internal commands
b) External commands
c) Valuable commands
d) Primary commands

Q.36 Which of the following is system software? 1

a) Operating system
b) Compiler
c) Utilities
d) All the above

Q.37 Which program runs first after booting the computer and loading the GUI? 1
a) Desktop Manager
b) File Manager
c) Windows Explorer
d) Authentication

Page 10 of 55
 Q.38 Which of the following file systems is supported by the windows OS? 1
a) NTFS
b) FAT32
c) exFAT
d) All of the these

Q.39 Which of the following scheduling algorithms is preemptive scheduling? 1

a) FCFS Scheduling
b) SJF Scheduling
c) Network Scheduling
d) SRTF Scheduling

Q.40 The operating system work between 1

a) User and Computer
b) Network and User
c) One user to another user
d) All of the these

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA, NUMBER SYSTEM, ENCODING SCHEME

Q.NO MARKS
Q.1 Boolean Algebra is also called 1
a. Switching algebra
b. Arithmetic algebra
c. Linear algebra
d. Algebra
Q.2 DE Morgan’s law states that 1
a. (AB)’ = A’ + B’
b. (A + B)’ = A’ * B
c. A’ + B’ = A’B’
d. (AB)’ = A’ + B
Q.3 Which gate returns true if both inputs are similar otherwise false. 1
a. NAND
b. NOR
c. XOR
d. None of the above
Q.4 Which of the following is/are the universal logic gates? 1
a. OR and NOR
b. AND
c. NAND and NOR
d. NOT
Q.5 The expression of a NAND gate is_______ 1
a. A.B
b. A’B+AB’

Page 11 of 55
 c. (A.B)’
d. (A+B)’
Q.6 A __________ gate gives the output as 1 only if all the inputs signals are 1. 1
a. AND
b. OR
c. EXOR
d. NOR
Q.7 The gate which is used to reverse the output obtained is _____ 1
a. NOR
b. NAND
c. EXOR
d. NOT
Q.8 The symbol + in Boolean is also known as the ____________ operator. 1
a. AND
b. OR
c. EXOR
d. NOR
Q.9 Boolean algebra is define as a set of ______________ 1
a. One value
b. Two value
c. Three value
d. Four value
Q.10 Boolean algebra is an algebraic structure with two arithmetic operations. 1
a. Addition and subtraction
b. Subtraction and multiplication
c. Addition and multiplication
d. Addition and division
Q.11 In Boolean algebra 23 would have 1
a. Three value
b. Four value
c. Six value
d, eight value
Q.12 1

a.(P+Q’).(Q+R’)
b. (P’+Q).(Q+R’)
c. (P’+Q’).(Q’+R)
d.(P’+Q’).(Q’+R’)

Page 12 of 55
Q.13 1

a.(A+B)(A+B’)
b.(A’+B)(A+B’)
c.(A’+B’)(A+B)
d.(A+B)(A’+B’)
Q.14 1

a.(x+y’).(x’+y)
b.(x+y)+(x’y)
c.(x’+y).(x+y’)
d.(x’+y’)(x’+y’)
Q.15 NAND is a complement of 1
a. AND
b. OR
c. NOT
d. XOR

Q.16 When we convert 10010 binary numbers to decimals. Then the solution is : 1
a. 20
b.18
c.14
d.16
Q.17 Convert (22) from octal to its corresponding decimal equivalent. 1
a. 20
b.18
c.14
d. 81
Q.18 The base of hexadecimal number system is 1
a.6
b. 8
c. 16
d. 10
Q.19 The number of digit in binary number systems are 1
a.10
b. 2
c. 4

Page 13 of 55
 d. 6
Q .20 Name the number system which uses alphabets as well as numerical. 1
a. Binary number system
b. octal number system
c. Decimal number system
d. Hexadecimal number system
Q.21 Which out of the following binary number is equivalent to decimal number 1
24
a.11011
b.11000
c.11111
d.11001
Q.22 How many number of digits are there in octal number system 1
a. 6
b. 9
c. 5
d. 8
Q.23 One nibble contains the number of bits equivalent to 1
a. 3
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
Q.24 The octal equivalent of (13)10 is 1
a. 18
b. 14
c. 15
d. 16
Q.25 The result after converting the binary number (100011)2 to decimal will be 1
a.30
b.43
c. 35
d. None of the above
Q.26 Conversion of hexadecimal number (69)16 to octal equivalent will be 1
a.451
b. 351
c. 251
d. 151
Q.27 Convert the binary number (100110)2 to hexadecimal equivalent is give 1
a.46
b. 36
c. 26
d. 34
Q.28 When we convert 0010010100 binary to octal. Then the solution is :a.201 1
b. 226
c. 224

Page 14 of 55
 d.161
Q.29 Convert hexadecimal (FACE)16 to its equivalent binary 1
a.1111101011001110
b. 0011101011010011
c. 1100111111100011
d. 101010101101111
Q.30 Convert hexadecimal (EB4A)16 to its equivalent octal 1
a.165512
b.156641
c.165511
d.165012
Q.31 Which of the following encoding scheme is commonly used for encoding 1
scheme?
a. ASCII
b. ANSI
c. ISCII
d. UNICODE
Q.32 ISCII can represent ______bit character 1
a.5
b. 6
c. 7
d. 8
Q.33 The __________ provides a unique number for every character for various 1
devices like servers, desktop, mobile and operating system linux, windows,
iOS or software application.
a. ASCII
b. ANSI
c. ISCII
d. UNICODE
Q.34 Every keyboard present on the key is mapped to a unique code. 1
a, True
b. False
Q.35 Which of the following is not a commonly used encoding scheme? 1
a.UTF-8
b. UTF-16
c. UTF-34
d. UTF-64
Q.36 The ASCII is capable to encode characters of any language. 1
a, True
b. False
Q.37 Each cell of the table contains a character along with its equivalent ________ 1
value in Unicode table for the Devanagari script.
a,decimal
b. binary
c. hexadecimal

Page 15 of 55
 d. octal
Q.38 ASCII uses _______ bits to represent characters. 1
a.5
b. 6
c. 7
d. 8
Q.39 ISCII was developed in ________. 1
a.1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s
Q.40 The ASCII was develolped in _________. 1
a.1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s

INTRODUCTION TO PROBLEM SOLVING, INTRODUCTION TO

PYTHON, FEATURES OF PYTHON, SIMPLE PYTHON PROGRAM,
EXECUTION MODES
Q.NO MARKS

Q.1 Who developed the Python language? 1

a. Guido van Rossum
b. Niene Stom
c. Wick van Rossum
d. James Thomas

Q.2 In which year was the Python language developed? 1

a. 1995
b. 1972
c. 1981
d. 1989

Q.3 What is the maximum possible length of an identifier? 1

a. 16
b. 32
c. 64
d. None of these above

Page 16 of 55
Q.4 Which one of the following is the correct extension of the Python file? 1

a. .py
b. .python
c. .p
d. None of these

Q.5 Which character is used in Python to make a single line comment? 1

a. /
b. //
c. #
d. !

Q.6 What do we use to define a block of code in Python language? 1

a. Key
b. Brackets
c. Indentation
d. None of these

Q.7 Which of the following is not a keyword in Python language? 1

a. for
b. if
c. try
d. sum

Q.8 Which of the following operators is the correct option for calculating ab ? 1

a. a ^ b
b. a**b
c. a ^ ^ b
d.
a^*b

Q.9 Which one of the following has the same precedence level? 1

a. Division, Power, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction

b. Division and Multiplication
c. Subtraction and Division
d. Power and Division

Page 17 of 55
Q.10 Which of the following functions is a built-in function in python language? 1

a. val()
b. print()
c. fact()
d. None of these

Q.11 What will be the output of “a”+”bc” ? 1

a. a+bc
b. abc
c. a bc
d. a

Q.12 Which of the following option is a core data type in the python language? 1

a. Dictionary
b. List
c. String
d. All of the above

Q.13 Which of the following is not a valid identifier? 1

a. sum
b. 1sum
c. sum_marks
d. _sum

Q.14 What is data type of L if L= [ 1,’Python’,2.5] 1

a. List
b. String
c. Dictionary
d. Tuple

Q.15 Identify which declaration of dictionary is correct? 1

a. D1= {1:’CS’,2:’IP’}
b. D1= {1-’CS’,2-’IP’}
c. D1= {A:’CS’ and B:’IP’}
d. D1= [1:’CS’, 2:’IP’]

Page 18 of 55
Q.16 Identify what is correct data type of x if x = True? 1
a. Dictionary
b. String
c. Boolean
d. None of the above

Q.17 Which of the following is the correct statement if z={‘x’:0,’y’:1} 1

a. dictionary z is created
b. x and y are the keys of dictionary z
c. 0 and 1 are the values of dictionary z
d. All of the above

Q.18 What is a python file with .py extension called? 1

a. package
b. module
c. directory
d. None of the above

Q.19 Name 2 modes available in Python Programming IDE? 1

a. Script and Interactive
b. Script and Immediate
c. One-Go and File
d. Script and One-Line

Q.20 Pictorial representation of an algorithm is called as________. 1

a. Pseudo-code
b. Program
c. Flow Chart
d. Figure

Q.21 When an algorithm is written in the form of programming language, it 1

becomes ________.
a. Pseudo-Code
b. Program
c. Flow-Chart
d. Syntax
Q.22 Which of the following is an invalid statement? 1
a. abc = 1000
b. a b c = 1000 2000 3000
c. a,b,c = 1000, 2000, 3000
d. a_b_c = 1000

Page 19 of 55
Q.23 Is Python case sensitive when dealing with identifiers? 1
a. yes
b. no
c. machine dependent
d. none of the mentioned

Q.24 Which one of these is floor division? 1

a. /
b. //
c. %
d. None of the mentioned

Q.25 Operators with the same precedence (except power operator) are evaluated in 1
which manner?
a. Left to Right
b. Right to Left
c. Can’t say
d. None of the mentioned
Q.26 What is the output of this expression, 3*1**3? 1
a. 1
b. 27
c. 9
d. 3

Q.27 Choose correct option : 1

D1={ ’A’:’CS’, ‘B’:’IP’}
D2={ ’B’:’IP’, ‘A’:’CS’}
Statement 1: Output of print (D1==D2) is True.
Statement 2: Dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs. It is not a sequence.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.

Page 20 of 55
Q.28 Choose correct option : 1
S1=’python’
S1[0]=S1[0].upper()
Statement 1: Above code will generate error.
Statement 2: String is mutable by nature.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.29 Choose correct option : 1
X=2,3
Statement 1: X having two elements i.e. 2 and 3.
Statement 2: X is a tuple.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.30 Choose correct option : 1
Statement 1: We can’t modify tuple elements directly.
Statement 2: Tuple is immutable data type.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.31 Choose correct option : 1
X=True
Y=’true’
Statement 1: Data type of X is Boolean and Data Type of Y is String.
Statement 2: Keywords in Python must be in lowercase.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.

Page 21 of 55
Q.32 Choose correct option : 1
X=2**3**2
Statement 1: Order of execution of Multiple Power operators in an expression
is Left to Right.
Statement 2: Value of X will be 512.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.33 Choose correct option : 1
str1=”My”+”Work”
Statement 1: Value of str1 will be “MyWork”.
Statement 2: Operator ‘+’ concatenates the string if both operands are strings.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.34 Choose correct option : 1
str1=”A”*3
Statement 1: Value of str1 will be “AAA”.
Statement 2: Data type of str1 is String.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.35 Choose correct option : 1
L1=[ 1 , ‘Hello’, 3.5 ]
Statement 1: List1 is a valid List.
Statement 2: List supports Heterogeneous Data types.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.

Page 22 of 55
Q.36 Choose correct option : 1
1st_number=23
Statement 1: Above statement is correct.
Statement 2: Identifier can’t have any special characters other than _ , digits ,
uppercase or lowercase characters.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.37 Choose correct option : 1
27=x
Statement 1: Above python code will generate error.
Statement 2: Variable name can come on RHS of assignment operator.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.38 Choose correct option : 1
X=5
print(X==5)
Statement 1: Output of above python code is True.
Statement 2: ‘= =’ operator represents Assignment Operator.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.
Q.39 Choose correct option : 1
X=’Arya’
Y=’arya’
print(X==Y)
Statement 1: Output of above python code is False.
Statement 2: Python is a case-sensitive language.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.

Page 23 of 55
Q.40 Choose correct option : 1
Statement 1: Python is a 3rd most popular language
Statement 2: Python is an interpreted language.
a. Only Statement 1 is true.
b. Only Statement 2 is true.
c. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is not correct
reasoning of Statement 1.
d. Both Statement 1 and 2 are true, but Statement 2 is correct reasoning
of Statement 1.

CHARACTER SET, BASICS OF DATA TYPES, OPERATORS &

EXPRESSION, STATEMENT, TYPE CONVERSION &
INPUT/OUTPUT
Q.NO MARKS

Q.1 Tell whether the statement is True or False : 1

The python language supports Unicode encoding standards :
a) True
b) False

Q.2 Which of the following is not a whitespace character in python : 1

a) Tabs
b) Blank space
c) Datafeed
e) Formfeed

Q.3 Which of the following is an escape sequence for a tab character ? 1

a) \a
b) \t
c) n
d) \b

Q.4 Special meaning words of Pythons, fixed for specific functionality are called 1
_______.
a) Keywords
b) Identifier
c) Functions
d) Literals

Page 24 of 55
Q.5 The default separator character of print( ) is ______ 1
a) tab
b) space
c) newline
d) dot

Q.6 Following is the name given to fixed data value represented in a python 1
programme:
a) functions
b) identifiers
c) keywords
d) literals

Q.7 An Identifier (Name) in python can start with digit character in python : 1
A) True
B) False

Q.8 Which of the following is not a valid identifier in python : 1

a) FILE13
b) _Check_Disk
c) My.file
d) Z02TM

Q.9 Which of the following is keywords ? 1

a) name
b) Print
c) pass
d) watch

Q.10 To convert the read value through input( ) into integer type, ____() function 1
is used :
a) floating
b) int
c) integer
d) float

Page 25 of 55
Q.11 Which of the following is/are correct ways to represent a string literal in 1
python :
a) \Monish\
b) “Monish”
c) ‘Monish’
d) “Monish’

Q.12 Which of the following in not a literal ? 1

a) Akash
b) 456.34
c) 2354
d) “India is Great”

Q.13 The identifiers in python can begin with a underscore : 1

a) Ture
b) False

Q.14 Variable once assigned a value can be given any other value : 1
a) True
b) False

Q.15 The input( ) returns the value as _______ type : 1

a) integer
b) list
c) floating
d) none of the above

Q.16 Which of the following can be used to crate comments ? 1

a) //
b) *
c) $
d) ‘‘‘

Q.17 Which of the following is an expression in python ? 1

a) –X
b) 23

Page 26 of 55
 c) b-67
d) 515

Q.18 Which of the following symbols are not legal in an octal value ? 1
a) 7

b) 8
c) 9
d) 0

Q.19 Which of the following is not a legal integer type value in python ? 1

a) Decimal
b) Octal
c) Hexadecimal
d) Roman

Q.20 Which of the following is an bitwise operator in python ? 1

a) >=
b) //
c) &
d) %%

Q.21 The Variables and objects to which the computation is applied in an 1

expression, are called_________.
a) operators
b) operands
c) literals
d) identifiers

Q.22 The Statement in an programming language is an instruction that does 1

something :
a) True
b) False

Q.23 Which of the following function print the output to the console ? 1
a) output( )
b) display( )
c) echo( )

Page 27 of 55
 d) print( )

Q.24 To give a different separator with print ( ) ______ argument is used : 1

a) sep
b) separator

c) end
d) tab

Q.25 To print a line of text without ending it with a newline , ______ argument is 1
used with print( )
a) sep
b) newline
c) end
d) next

Q.26 A variable can contain values of different types at different times : 1

a) True
b) False

Q.27 In the python statement x = a +5-b : and b are ______ 1

a) Operands
b) Operators
c) Expression
d) Equations

Q.28 The operator used to check if both the operads reference the same object 1
memory, is the ______ operator.
a) in
b) is
c) id
d) ==

Q.29 In python, a variable must be declared before it is assigned a value : 1

a) True
b) False

Page 28 of 55
 c) Only in function
d) Only in modules

Q.30 Which of the following function return you the data type of the variable in 1
python :
a) caste( )

b) type
c) int()
d) dtype( )

Q.31 Which of the following is an invalid variable ? 1

a) 2nd_day
b) my_day_3
c) Day_two
d) _2

Q.32 Which of the following is not a core data type in python ? 1

a) Lists
b) Dictionaries
c) Class
d) Tuples

Q.33 What is the value of x ? 1

x = int (13.25 +4/2)
a) 17
b)14
c) 15
d) 23

Q.34 Which two operators can used on numeric values in Python ? 1

a) @
b) %
c)#
d)+

Q.35 The expression 8/4/2 will evaluate equivalent to which of the following 1
expression :

Page 29 of 55
 a) 8/(4/2)
b) (8/4)/2
c) Wrong expression

Q.36 Which of the following is valid arithmetic operator in python : 1

a) //
b) ?
c) <
d) and

Q.37 The expression str(int(x)) implies that the variable x which is a float datatype 1
initially is converted to integer data type after the evaluation of full
expression :
a) True
b) False

Q.38 How would you write xy in Python as an expression ? 1

a) x^^y
b) x *y
c)xy
d) x ** y

Q.39 Which of the following expression results in an error ? 1

a) float(‘15’)
b) int(‘.87’)
c) float(‘98.35K’)
d) str(2358)

Q.40 Which is an empty statement in python ? 1

a) empty
b) go
c) pass
d) leave

Page 30 of 55
 OUTPUT,ERRORS,FLOW OF CONTROL,CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS
Q.NO MARKS
Q.1 Which one of the following is a valid Python if statement : 1

a. if a>=2 : b. if (a >= 2) c. if (a => 22) d. if a >= 22

Q.2 Which of following is not a decision-making statement. 1

a. if-elif statement b. for statement c. if -else statement d. if
statement
Q.3 What does the following code print to console.
if True:
print(1001)
else:
print(2002)

a. 1001 b.true c.2002 d. false

Q.4 What will be the output of the following Python code? 2

list1 = [3 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 0 , 7, 9]

sum = 0

sum1 = 0

for elem in list1:

if (elem % 2 == 0):

sum = sum + elem

continue

if (elem % 3 == 0):

sum1 = sum1 + elem

print(sum , end=" ")

print(sum1)

a. 8 9 b. 8 3 c. 2 3 d. 8 12

Page 31 of 55
Q.5 If 4+5==10: 1
print(“TRUE”)
else:
print(“false”)
print (“True”)

a. False b. True c. false d. none

True True

Q.6 7. What keyword would you use to add an alternative condition to an if 1

statement?

a. else if b. elseif c. elif d. None of the above

Q.7 2
What will be the output of the following Python code?

str1="learn python"

str2=""

str3=""

for x in str1:

if(x=="r" or x=="n" or x=="p"):

str2+=x

pass

if(x=="r" or x=="e" or x=="a"):

str3+=x

print(str2,end=" ")

print(str3)

a. rnpn ea
b. rnpn ear
c. rnp ea
d. rnp ear

Q.8 Predict the output of the following code: 1

X=3

Page 32 of 55
 If x>2 or x<5 and x==6:
Print(“ok”)
else:
print(“no output”)

a . ok b. okok c. no output d. none of above

Q.9 Predict the output of the following code: 1

x,y=2,4

if(x+y= =10):

print(“true”)

else:

print(“false”)

A. true b .false c. no output d. none

Q.10 Consider the following code segment: 2

a = int(input("Enter an integer: "))

b = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
if a <= 0:
b = b +1
else:
a=a+1
if a > 0 and b > 0:
print ("W")
elif a > 0:
print("X")
if b > 0:
print("Y")
else:
print("Z")
What letters will be printed if the user enters -1 for a and -1 for b?

a. Only W b. Only X c. Only Y d. Only Z

Q.11 If the user inputs : 2<ENTER>, what does the following code snippet 1
print?

x = float(input())
if(x==1):
print("Yes")
elif (x >= 2):
print("Maybe")

Page 33 of 55
 else:
print ("No")

a.Yes b.No c.Maybe d.Nothing is printed

Q.12 14. What will be the output of given Python code? 2

str1="hello"

c=0

for x in str1:

if(x!="l"):

c=c+1

else:

pass

print(c)

a. 2 b. 0 c. 4 d. 3

Q.13 What does the following Python program display ? 1

x=3
if x == 0:
print ("Am I here?", end = ' ')
elif x == 3:
print("Or here?", end = ' ')
else :
pass
print ("Or over here?")

a.Am I here? b. Or here? c.Am I here? Or here? d.Or here ?

Or over here?

Q.14 Which one of the following if statements will not execute successfully? 1

1. if (1, 2) ;
print('foo')
2. if (1, 2) :
print('foo')
3. if (1) :
print( 'foo' )

Page 34 of 55
 4. if (1) ;
print( 'foo' )

a. 1 ,4 b.2 c. 2,4 d. 4
Q.15 if( a): 1

print(“a is non zero”)

else:

print(“its results is True”)

a. false b. True c. Its result is True d. a is

nonzero

Q.16 The ……………… statement forms the selection construct in Python. 1

a. If else if b..if 3. For ; 4.for

Q.17 In Python, …………………. defines a block of statements. 1

a. Block b.loop c.indentation d.{}

b.
Q.18 An ……………… statement has less number of conditional checks than 1
two successive ifs.

a. If else if b. if elif c. if-else d. none

b.
Q.19 The……….. clause can occur with an if as well as with loops. 1

a. Else b. breake c. continnue d. none

Q.20 The ………….statement terminates the execution of the whole loop. 1

a. continue b. exit c. breake d. break

Q.21 The ……….. operator tests if a given value is contained in a sequence or 1

not.

a. In: b in c. not in d. none

b.
Q.22 An empty /null statement in Python is ……………. 1

a. pass b. none c. null d. none

Q.23 The break and continue statements, together are called 1

…………….statement.

a. Jump b. goto c. compound d. none

Page 35 of 55
Q.24 The order of statement execution in the form of top to bottom is known as 1
construct.

a. alternate b.sequence c.flow of data d. flow chart

Q.25 The two membership operators are ……….and ………… 1

a. in, not in b. true , false c.=,== d. none

Q.26 A graphical representation of an algorithm to solve a problem is called 1

……………

a. flow of data b. barchart c. flow chart d. none

Q.27 What is the logical expression for the following 1

Either A is greater than B or A is less than C
a. A>B or A<C b. A>B and A<C c . A>Band C d. A>B
or C
Q.28 Name is rohit and age between 18 and 35 1
a. name==rohit and age >=18 and age<=35
b. name==rohit and age >=18 or age<=35
c. name==rohit or age >=18 and age<=35
d. none

Q.29 Donation in the range of4000-5000 or guest=1 1

a.(donation>=4000 and donation<=5000) or guest==1
b. donation>=4000 or donation<=5000 or guest==1
c. donation>=4000 and (donation<=5000 or guest==1)
d. donation>=4000 and donation<=5000) or guest==1
Q.30 State which of the following statement are true . 1
1.If,elif ,else are not compound statement.
2.Else if can be used in python.
3.Indentation while working with blocks is not necessary in python.
4.A pass statement is a null operation;it does nothing.

a.1 b.2 ,3 c.3 d.4

Q.31 In a Python program, a control structure: 1

a. Defines program-specific data structures
b. Directs the order of execution of the statements in the program
c. Dictates what happens before the program starts and after it terminates
d. None of the above

Q.32 Does python have switch case statement? 1

a. True
b. False

Page 36 of 55
 c. Python has switch statement but we can not use it.
d. None of the above
Q.33 What will be output of this expression: 1
'p' + 'q' if '12'.isdigit() else 'r' + 's'
a. pq b. rs c. pqrs d. pq12
Q.34 Which statement will check if a is equal to b? 1

a. if a = b: b. if a == b: c. if a === c: d. if a == b

Q.35 Checking multiple conditions in python requires........... statement 1

a. if b. if....... elif c. switch e. None of these

Q.36 if the condition is ............. , the statements of if block will be executed 1

otherwise the statements in the ........... block will be executed

a. false, true b. true, else c. both options are true d

.Can't say

Q.37 What will be output after execution of the following code? 1

a=11
B=5
If(a//b==2):
Print (“Yes”)
else :
Print(“No”)
a) 2.5 b)Yes c)No d)2
Q.38 What will be output after execution of the following code? 1
a=11
b=5
if (a%b==0):
print ( “Greater”)
if (a//b==0):
print ( “Example”)
else
print (“Sooo Sorry”)
a) Sooo Sorry b)Great c)Example d)Great Example
Q.39 . What will be the output of the following program if we input 8
Ch= int (“Enter Day of week (1 to 7 “))
If ch==1:
print (“Monday”)
elif ch==2:
print (“Tuesday”)
elif ch==3:
print (“Wednesday”)
elif ch==4:

Page 37 of 55
 print (“Thursday”)
elif ch==5:
print (“Friday”)
elif ch==6:
print (“Saturday”)
else:
print (“Sunday”)

a) Sunday b)Monday c)All days will be printed d)No

Output

Q.40 Mala wants to make a fun program , if user enters any number a Good or 1
funny message will appear . She is confused that which is the most suitable
control to be used to make such program. Help her to choose correct option.
a. If b.if else c.if elif d.Nested if else

ITERATIVE STATEMENTS
Q.NO MARKS

Q.1 The for loop in Python is an _____________ 1

a. Entry Controlled Loop
b. Exit Controlled Loop
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above
Q.2 break in Python is used ______________ 1
a. To restart a loop
b. Terminate a loop
c. To jump in between the loop
d. None of the above
Q.3 A loop block in python starts with a – 1
a. ; (semicolon)
b. , (comma)
c. : (colon)
d. # (hash)
Q.4 Which of the following loop is not supported by the python programming 1
language?
a. for loop
b. while loop
c. do…while loop
d. None of the above

Page 38 of 55
Q.5 Which of the following is not a valid keyword of Python associated with 1
loops?
a. continue
b. check
c. range
d. break
Q.6 Select which is true for for loop 1
a. Python’s for loop used to iterates over the items of list, tuple,
dictionary, set, or string
b. else clause of for loop is executed when the loop terminates naturally
c. else clause of for loop is executed when the loop terminates abruptly
d. We use for loop when we want to perform a task indefinitely until a
particular condition is met
Q.7 Which of the following is False regarding loops in Python? 1
a. Loops are used to perform certain tasks repeatedly.
b. while loop is used when multiple statements are to executed
repeatedly until the given condition becomes true.
c. while loop is used when multiple statements are to executed
repeatedly until the given condition becomes false
d. for loop can be used to iterate through the elements of lists.
Q.8 Which of the following is True regarding loops in Python? 1
a. Loops should be ended with keyword "end".
b. No loop can be used to iterate through the elements of strings.
c. continue is used to continue with the remaining statements inside the
loop.
d. break can be used to bring control out of the current loop.
Q.9 When does the else statement written after loop executes? 1
a. When loop condition becomes false
b. When break statement is executed in the loop
c. else statement is always executed
d. None of the above
Q.10 ________ in Python is a counter-controlled loop. 1
a. for
b. while
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above
Q.11 A count controlled loop will : 1
a. Repeat code until a condition is met
b. Repeat code a specific amount of times
c. Repeat code a random amount of times
d. None of the above

Page 39 of 55
Q.12 Upendra wants to continuously check for a correct answer each time user 1
enters a value, what loop would he use?
a. for loop
b. while loop
Q.13 What is another word for ‘iteration’ ? 1
a. Selection
b. Assignment
c. Sequencing
d. Repetition
Q.14 Upendra wants to allow the program to repeatedly ask the user to enter their 1
Choice if it does not equal the Answer. Which loop option should Upendra
use?

a. while Choice == Answer:

Choice = input()

b. while Choice != Answer:

Choice = input()

c. while Answer != Choice:

Choice = input()

d. while Answer =! Choice:

Choice = input()

Q.15 Code repeated / looped until a condition has been met or a set number of 1
times.
a. Sequence
b. Iteration
c. Selection
d. Variable
Q.16 Why is iteration important? 1

a. It determines the order in which instructions are carried out

b. It allows multiple paths through a program
c. It allows code to be simplified by removing repeated steps
d. It ensures the code works correctly
Q.17 Which term describes a loop that continues repeating without a terminating 1
(ending) condition?
a. Infinite Loop
b. Conditional Loop
c. Unlimited Loop
d. Sequence Loop

Page 40 of 55
Q.18 To access a list which contains ten elements, which of the following uses of 1
range() would produce a list of the desired indexes?
a. range(1,10)
b. range(0,9)
c. range(10)
d. range(1,11)
Q.19 How would you create a loop to iterate over the contents of the list given as? 1
monthDays = [31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31]
and print out each element?
a. for days in range(monthDays):
print(days)

b. for days in monthDays:

print(days)

c. for days in range(len(monthDays)):

print(days)

d. for days in monthDays[0]:

print(days)

Q.20 Write the output of the following Python code: 1

for i in range(2,7,2):
print(i * '$')

a. 2$
4$
6$

b. $$
$$$$
$$$$$$

c. 2$4$6$

d. None of the above

Q.21 Find and write the output of the following python code: 1
x = "abcdef"
i = "a"
while i in x:

Page 41 of 55
 print(i, end = " ")

a. a
b. a a a a a a
c. a a a a a a … infinite times
d. Code will generate error
Q.22 Find the output of the following program segments: 1
a = 110
while a > 100:
print(a, end=’#’)
a –= 2
a. 110#108#106#104#102#100#
b. 110#108#106#104#102#
c. 110#108#106#104#102#
d. None of the above
Q.23 Find the output of the following program segments: 1
for i in range(20,30,2):
print(i)

a. 20 22 24 26 28
b. 20
22
24
26
28
c. 20 22 24 26 28 30
d. 20
22
24
26
28
30
Q.24 Find the output of the following program segments: 1
country = 'INDIA'
for i in country:
print (i, end='')

a. INDIA

Page 42 of 55
 b. I N D I A
c. I
N
D
I
A
d. INDI
Q.25 Find the output of the following program segments: 1
i=0
sum = 0
while i < 9:
if i % 4 == 0:
sum = sum + i
i=i+2
print (sum)

a. Infinite Loop
b. 12
c. 14
d. 10
Q.26 Find the output of the following program segments: 1
for x in range(1,4):
for y in range(2,5):
if x * y > 6:
break
print (x * y)

a. b. c. d.
2 2 2 None of These
3 3 3
4 4 4
4 4 4
6 6 6
6 8 8
6 6
9 9
12

Page 43 of 55
Q.27 Iteration stands for ___________ 1
a. The order in which instructions are carried out
b. A decision point in a program
c. The repetition of steps within a program
d. Testing a program to make sure it works
Q.28 Which of the following is consider as an infinite loop? 1
a. while(infinte):
b. while(1):
c. while(not 1):
d. while(!1)
Q.29 How many times the message Hello will appear when this loop runs? 1
while(0):
print(‘Hello’)

a. Not at all
b. Only once
c. Two times
d. Infinite times
Q.30 How many times will this loop run? 1
while(1):
print(2)

a. 1 time
b. 2 times
c. 3 times
d. None of the above
Q.31 How many times will this loop run? 1
while(1==2):
pass
a. 0
b. 1
c. 3
d. Infinite
Q.32 Does Python support Exit – Controlled Loop? 1
a. Yes
b. No
c. May be
d. Don’t Know

Page 44 of 55
Q.33 Which of the following is not true for the for statement in Python? 1
a. The statements within the body of for loop are executed till the range
of values is exhausted
b. for loop iterates over the range or sequence.
c. for loop cannot be nested.
d. break statement is used to terminate a for loop without completing its
iteration.
Q.34 Which of the following call to range() in Python will not yield anything? 1
a. range(-5, -1)
b. range(-1, -5, -1)
c. range(-5)
d. All of the above
Q.35 What will be the final value of I after execution of the loop: 1
for I in range(10):
print(I)
a. 10
b. 9
c. None
d. Error
Q.36 range(3) in Python is equivalent to: 1
a. range(0,3,1)
b. range(1,4,1)
c. range(1,3)
d. range(1,3,0)
Q.37 What will be the output of the given program segment? 1
for I in range(10, 1, 1):
print(I)
print(I)
a. 10
b. 9
c. Error
d. None of the above
Q.38 Which is not correct for the repetition constructs in Python? 1
a. For a for loop, an equivalent while loop can always be written.
b. For a while loop, an equivalent for loop can be written.
c. continue cannot be used with for loops.
d. else can be used with for and while both.
Q.39 Which of the following is not a valid jump statement in Python? 1
a. break

Page 45 of 55
 b. goto
c. call
d. continue
Q.40 What is the result of executing the following code? 1

count = 10
while count <= 10:
if count < 10:
count = count + 1
print(count)
a. The program will loop indefinitely
b. The value of number will be printed exactly 1 time
c. The while loop will never get executed
d. The value of number will be printed exactly 5 times

STRING AND BUILT IN FUNCTION

Q.NO MARKS
Q.1 What is the output of the following code ? 1
example = "snow world"
example[3] = 's'
print (example)
(a) snow (b) snow world (c) Error (d) snos world

Consider the string str=”Green Revolution” choose the correct statements in

the python to implement the following in question 2 to 4
Q.2 Display last four characters 1
(a) str[-4:] (b) str[:-4:] (c) str[::] (d) str[::-4]

Q.3 To display the starting index for the substring ‘vo’ 1

(a) str.disp(‘vo’)
(b) str.startind(‘vo’)
(c) str.find(‘vo’)
(d) None of the above
Q.4 To check whether the string contains ‘vol’ or not 1
(a) ‘vol’ in str
(b) ‘vol’==str
(c) vol=str
(d) All of the above
Q.5 What will be the output of the following programming code? 1
x=”AmaZing”
print(x[3:],”and”,x[:2])

Page 46 of 55
 (a) Amazing and ZI
(b) aZing and Zin
(c) Zing and Am
(d) Azing and zin
Q.6 The__________ function returns the exact copy of the string with the first 1
letter in uppercase
(a) find()
(b) copy()
(c) upper()
(d) capitalize()

Q.7 How many times is the word “HELLO” printed in the following statement? 1
s=’python rocks’
for ch in s[3:8]:
print(‘Hello’ )
(a) 6
(b) 5
(c) infinite
(d) 8
Q.8 Find the output of the following 1
word=”green vegetables”
print(word.find(‘veg’,2)
(a) 8
(b) 6
(c) 10
(d) 12
Q.9 Given a string example=”hello” what is the output of example.count(‘l’) 1
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) None
(d) 0
Q.10 What is the output of the following code 1
example = "helle"
example.find("e")
(a) Error
(b) -1
(c) 1
(d) 0
Q.11 What is the output of the following code 1
example = "helle"
example.rfind("e")
(a) -1
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 1

Page 47 of 55
Q.12 What is the output of the following code ? 1
example="helloworld"
example[::-1].startswith("d")
(a) dlrowolleh
(b) True
(c) -1
(d) None
Q.13 Suppose s is “\t\tWorld\n”, what is s.strip() ? 1
(a) \t\tWorld\n
(b) \t\tWorld\n
(c) \t\tWORLD\n
(d) World
Q.14 What is the output of the following? 1
print("xyyzxyzxzxyy".count('xyy', 2, 11))
(a) 2
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) error
Q.15 What will be the output of the following code 1
Msg="CompuTer"
Msg1=''
for i in range(0, len(Msg)):
if Msg[i].isupper():
Msg1=Msg1+Msg[i].lower()
elif i%2==0:
Msg1=Msg1+'*'
else:
Msg1=Msg1+Msg[i].upper()
print(Msg1)

(a) cO*P*t*R
(b) Co*p*t*R
(c) co*p*t*r
(d) cOP*tR
Q.16 What is “Hello”.replace(“l”, “e”) 1
(a) Heeeo
(b) Heelo
(c) Heleo
(d) None
Q.17 What is the output of the following? 1
print("xyyzxyzxzxyy".endswith("xyy"))
(a) 1
(b) True
(c) 3
(d) 2

Page 48 of 55
Q.18 What is the output of the following? 1
print("xyyzxyzxzxyy".endswith("xyy", 0, 2))
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) True
(d) False
Q.19 What is the output of the following? 1
print("abcdef".find("cd") == "cd" in "abcdef")
(a) True
(b) False
(c) Error
(d) None of the mentioned
Q.20 What is the output of the following? 1
print('ab12'.isalnum())
(a) True
(b) False
(c) None
(d) Error
Q.21 What is the output of the following? 1
print('ab,12'.isalnum())
(a) True
(b) False
(c) None
(d) Error
Q.22 What is the output of the following? 1
print('ab'.isalpha())
(a) True
(b) False
(c) None
(d) Error
Q.23 What is the output of the following? 1
print('a B'.isalpha())
(a) True
(b) False
(c) None
(d) Error
Q.24 What is the output of the following? 1
print(' '.isdigit())
(a) True
(b) False
(c) None
(d) Error
Q.25 What is the output of the following? 1
print('a@ 1,'.islower())
(a) True

Page 49 of 55
 (b) False
(c) None
(d) Error
Q.26 What is the output of the following? 1
print(''' \tfoo'''.lstrip())
(a) \tfoo
(b) foo
(c) foo
(d) none of the mentioned
Q.27 What is the output of the following? 1
print('abcdef12'.replace('cd', '12'))
(a) ab12ef12
(b) abcdef12
(c) ab12efcd
(d) none of the mentioned
Q.28 What is the output of the following? 1
print('abcdefcdghcd'.split('cd'))
(a) [‘ab’, ‘ef’, ‘gh’].
(b) ['ab', 'ef', 'gh', '']
(c) (‘ab’, ‘ef’, ‘gh’)
(d) (‘ab’, ‘ef’, ‘gh’, ”)
Q.29 What is the output of the following? 1
print('abcdefcdghcd'.split('cd', 0))
(a) [‘abcdefcdghcd’]
(b) ‘abcdefcdghcd’
(c) error
(d) none of the mentioned
Q.30 myTuple = ("Joe", "Peter", "Vicky") 1
x = "#".join(myTuple)
print(x) will produce output
(a) Joe#Peter#Vicky
(b) #JoePeterVicky
(c) JoePeterVicky
(d) JohnPete#Vicky#
Q.31 What is the output of the following? 1
print('Ab!2'.swapcase())
(a) AB!@
(b) ab12
(c) aB!2
(d) aB1@
Q.32 What is the output of the following? 1
print('ab cd ef'.title())
(a) Ab cd ef
(b) Ab cd eF
(c) Ab Cd Ef

Page 50 of 55
 (d) None of the mentioned
Q.33 Raju was solving a puzzle in which he wants to count the number of spaces. 1
Help him to complete
the following code
str1=input(“Enter the string”)
_________________________ // Statement 1
(a) print(str1.count(' ') + 1)
(b) print(str1.count(' ') )
(c) print(str1.cnt(‘’))
(d) print(str1.cnt(‘’)+1
Q.34 Consider the following case and write the code for the same 1
Given a string. Cut it into two "equal" parts (If the length of the string
is odd, place the center character in the first string, so that the first
string contains one more characther than the second). Now print a
new string on a single row with the first and second halfs
interchanged (second half first and the first half second)
s = input()
______________________ //Fill in the statement
(a) print(s[(len(s) + 1) // 2:] + s[:(len(s) + 1) // 2
(b) print(s[(len(s) + 1) // 2:]
(c) s[:(len(s) + 1) // 2
(d) None of the above
Q.35 (A) Assertion : b = "Hello, World!" print(b[:5]) will give output “Hello” 1
(R) Reason : This will give get the characters from start position(5 not
included)

(a) A is true but R is false

(b) A is true and R is correct explanation of A
(c) A and B both are false
(d) A is true but R is not correct explanation of A
Q.36 Statement (1) As we know that strings are immutable. We cannot delete or 1
remove the characters from the string.
Statement (2) But we can delete the entire string using the del keyword
(a) Statement 1 and Statement 2 both are true
(b) Both statement 1 and 2 are false
(c) statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true
(d) statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false
Q.37 (A) Assertion : 1
a = "Hello"
b = "llo"
c=a-b
print(c)
This will lead to output He
(R) Reason : Python string does not support - operator

(a) A is true but R is false

Page 51 of 55
 (b) A is true but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A and B both are false
(d) A is false and R true
Q.38 (A) Assertion : You will get an error if you use double quotes inside a string 1
that is surrounded by double quotes: txt = "We are the so-called "Vikings"
from the north."
(R) Reason : To fix this problem, use the escape character \":

(a) A is true but R is false

(b) A is true but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A and B both are false
(d) A is True and R is correct explanation of A
Q.39 (A) Assertion str1=”Hello” and str1=”World” then print(str1*3) will give 1
error
(R) Reason : * replicates the string hence correct output will be
HelloHelloHello

(a) A is true but R is false

(b) A is true but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A and B both are false
(d) A is false and R is correct
Q.40 (A) Assertion str1=”Hello” and str1=”World” then print(‘wo’ not in str) will 1
print false
(R) Reason : not in returns true if a particular substring is not present in the
specified string.

(a) A is true but R is false

(b) A is true and R is correct explanation of A
(c) A and B both are false
(d) A is true but R is not correct explanation of A

Page 52 of 55
 ANSWER KEYS
BASIC COMPUTER ORGANSIATION

1.c 2.a 3.c 4.c 5.a

6.a 7.a 8.b 9.c 10.b
11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.a
16.d 17.b 18.a 19.b 20.b
21.a 22.c 23.c 24.a 25.b
26.c 27.b 28.c 29.a 30.d
31.d 32.c 33.d 34.a 35.c
36.b 37.a 38.c 39.c 40.b

TYPES OF SOFTWARES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. b 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. a
6. b 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. a
11. c 12. a 13. d 14. b 15. d
16. c 17. c 18. a 19. a 20. a
21. a 22. a 23. d 24. a 25. b
26. c 27. c 28. a 29. a 30. d
31. b 32. a 33. a 34. d 35. b
36. d 37. d 38. d 39. d 40. a

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA,NUMBER SYSTEM,ENCODING SCHEME

1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. c
6. a 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. c
11. d 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. a
16. b 17. b 18. c 19. b 20. d
21. b 22. d 23. b 24. c 25. c
26. d 27. c 28. c 29. a 30. a
31. a 32. d 33. d 34. a 35. d
36. b 37. c 38. c 39. d 40. b

Page 53 of 55
 INTRODUCTION TO PROBLEM SOLVING, INTRODUCTION TO
PYTHON, FEATURES OF PYTHON, SIMPLE PYTHON PROGRAM,
EXECUTION MODES

1.a 2.d 3.d 4.a 5.c 6.c 7.d 8.b 9.b 10.b

11.b 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.a 16.c 17.d 18.b 19.a 20.c

21.b 22.b 23.a 24.b 25.a 26.d 27.d 28.a 29.c 30.d

31.a 32.b 33.d 34.c 35.d 36.b 37.c 38.a 39.d 40.c

CHARACTER SET, BASICS OF DATA TYPES, OPERATORS &

EXPRESSION, STATEMENT, TYPE CONVERSION &
INPUT/OUTPUT

1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c
6. d 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. b
11. b, c 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. d
16. d 17. c 18. b, c 19. d 20. c
21. b 22. a 23. d 24. a 25. c
26. a 27. a 28. b 29. b 30. b
31. a 32. c 33. c 34. b,d 35. b
36. a 37. b 38. d 39. c 40. c

OUTPUT,ERRORS,FLOW OF CONTROL,CONDITIONAL
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b
6. c 7. b 8. c 9. b 10. d
11. c 12. d 13. d 14. b 15. d
16. b 17. c 18. c 19. a 20. d
21. b 22. a 23. b 24. b 25. a
26. c 27. a 28. c 29. a 30. d
31. b 32. b 33. a 34. b 35. b
36. b 37. b 38. b 39. d 40. b

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 ITERATIVE STATEMENTS

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. b
6. a 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. a
11. b 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. b
16. c 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. b
21. c 22. b 23. b 24. a 25. b
26. a 27. c 28. b 29. a 30. d
31. d 32. b 33. c 34. c 35. b
36. a 37. b 38. c 39. c 40. a

STRING AND BUILT IN FUNCTIONS

1. c 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. c
6. d 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. c
11. b 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. a
16. a 17. a 18. d 19. b 20. a
21. b 22. a 23. b 24. b 25. a
26. b 27. a 28. b 29. a 30. a
31. c 32. c 33. a 34. a 35. b
36. a 37. d 38. d 39. d 40. b

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