Chapter 1:

Introduction

• General background about the project

Water supply system, infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment,

storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments,
industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as firefighting and street
flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable water is perhaps the most
vital. People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away
wastes, and other domestic needs. Water supply systems must also meet
requirements for public, commercial, and industrial activities. In all cases, the
water must fulfill both quality and quantity requirements.

Water is one of the necessities for human being and for all living things. Water
means nothing but just life as it constitutes the major part of the core of the cell,
the protoplasm which is about 70% in content of the cell , even though water is a
critical necessity for life , it has on adverse effect to life unless and other wise
properly handled.

Water was an important factor in the location of the earliest settled communities,
and the evolution of public water supply systems is tied directly to the growth of
cities. In the development of water resources beyond their natural condition in
rivers, lakes, and springs, the digging of shallow wells was probably the earliest
innovation. As the need for water increased and tools were developed, wells were
made deeper.

In the world clean water that can be used for domestic purpose is not more than
2% of the natural water resources of the earth. (Source; WHO, 2009).This is very
small in amount of wholesome water comparing with the saline water body. As
the result of this the world is faced to the shortage of sufficient access of safe
drinking water. The developing countries of the world are specially affected by
the problem of safe access of drinking water supply. This is because of the lack of
technologies and financial supports to utilize their water resources.
• Literature on water supply system design
Water distribution systems consist of pipeline networks and associated
components, most of which is underground and exposed to soil corrosion and
mechanical stress from the surrounding soil, surface traffic, and internal water
pressure. Pipe failure in water distribution systems disrupts the water supply to
consumers and reduces the reliability of the system. It is found that about 35% to
60% of the supplied volume is wasted due to pipe leakages .Therefore, inspection,
control and planned maintenance and rehabilitation programs are necessary to
properly operate existing water distribution systems.

A water distribution network must be designed so that it can supply the desired
quantity of water to the consumers at sufficient pressure. The design involves
specifying the sizes of different elements of the distribution network and checking
the adequacy of this network. Significant effort has been placed in developing
approaches to solve for optimal designs of water distribution systems.

A well planned water distribution network is very essential in the development of

an area. The network is built to satisfy various consumer demands while meeting
minimum pressure requirements at certain nodes. In the design stage it is of
interest to arrive at the least-cost solutions that satisfy a set of constraints
including demand and pressure requirements. Often it is also of interest to arrive
at less expensive solutions that, however, violate slightly the constraints.
 Chapter 2:
Design Criteria
2. POPULATION FORECASTING & DESIGN PERIOD

2.1 Introduction
Population forecasting is a method to predict/forecast the future population of an
area. Usually, the population at the design period of water supply systems is
predicted to find the water demand at that time, as the systems are required to
fulfill their purposes till the end of the design period.

The economic design period of the components of a water supply depends on

their life, initial cost, rate of interest on loan, the ease with which they can be
expanded of the likelihood that they will be rendered absolute by technological
advances. In order to design the parts of water system, the flow at the end of
design period must be estimated.

2.2 Design Period

Design period is the number of years for which the design of water works has
been done. Before designing & construction of water supply scheme, it is
necessary to assure that the water works have sufficient capacity to meet the
future water demand of the town for the fixed design period. Therefore the
number of years for which the design of the water works has been done is called
design period. The design period, however, should neither too long or too short.
Mostly water supply schemes have design period of 22-30years. The different
elements of the treatment & distribution systems may approximately be designed
for different flow criteria as shown in the table below.
2.3. Methods of forecasting population
By considering growth rate of the town we use the following different methods
of population forecasting to asses and estimate the future population of the
town:
A. Arithmetic increase method
This method is based on the assumption that the population is increasing at
constant rate, that is the rate of change of population with a time is
constant. Generally, the method is applicable to large and old cities.
Pn=Po + Kn
Where; Pn=population at n decade
n =decade or year
k =arithmetic increase
B. Geometric increase method
The method is based on the assumption that the percentage increase in
population remains constant. It also known as uniform increase method. The
increase is compounded over the existing population. This method is mostly
applicable for growing towns and cities having vast scope of expansion.
P1=P0+K*P0=P (1+K) Pn=P0 (1+K) n
Where P0=initial population.
Pn=Population at n decades or year.
n=decade or year
K=percentage or geometric increase.
C. Method used by Ethiopian statistics authority
The Ethiopian statistic authority uses the formula pn = po*e kn
for most water supply project in the country to project population at the end of
required decade/year.
Pn=po*e kn Where Pn=population at n decades or year
Po=initial population (from census) K=growth rate n =decade or year
Table1. Given population of x town
year 1998 1999 2000 2001
Population 53073 55657 58337 61705
Table 2. Median variant population growth rate
year 2005- 2011- 2016- 2021- 2026- 2031- 2036-
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Growth 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7
rate (%)
Table 3. Population increase
increasing increasing
rate(K) rate(K)
arithmetic geometric
year population method method
1998 53073
1999 55657 2584 0.049
2000 58337 2680 0.048
2001 61705 3368 0.058
total 8632 0.155
averag
e 2877.3 0.1

Table 4. Forecasted population

geometric method arithmetic method CSA method
populatio
year rate population rate population rate n
2001 61705 61705 61705
0.05
2005 0.052 75576 2877.3 73215 2 64999
0.05
2010 0.052 97379 2877.3 87602 3 68537
0.04
2015 0.052 125472 2877.3 101989 8 71907
0.04
2020 0.052 161669 2877.3 116376 6 75292
0.04
2025 0.052 208308 2877.3 130763 3 78600
0.04
2030 0.052 268402 2877.3 145150 1 81890
0.03
2035 0.052 345832 2877.3 159537 9 85147
0.03
2040 0.052 445599 2877.3 173924 7 88357

3. WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT

3.1 General
Design of water systems require estimation of expected water demands
applicable to size the pumping equipment, transmission and distribution pipe
lines and storage facilities. Estimating water demands for a particular town
depends on the size of the population to be served, their standard of living and
activities, the cost of water supplied, the availability of wastewater service and
the purpose of demand. It varies according to the requirement of the domestic
population, institutional, industrial and social establishments, etc. In addition to
these, demand allowances need to be included for leakage, wastage, and
operational requirements such as flushing of mains.
Some of the factors that affect water demand are:-
Climatic condition size of the town, culture of people industries cost of wale, fault
of water pressure in the distribution system, system of supply etc.
1. Climatic condition: 5. Cost of water: -
2. Size of the town: 7. Pressure in the distribution system
3. Culture of people: - 8. System of supply:
4. Industries: 9. Method of charging:
The demand of water is divided under the following categories or types of water
demand.
Domestic water demand
Non domestic demand
Unaccounted for water
1. Domestic Water Demand
The water demand for actual household activity is known as domestic water
demand. It includes water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing flushing, toilet,
etc. The demand will depend on many factors, the most important of which are
economic, social and climatic.
four major modes of service were identified for domestic water consumers. These
are:
House connections (HTC or HTU)
Yard connections - private (YTO or YTU)
Yard connections -shared (YTS), and
Public taps (PT or PTU)
1 Population Distribution by Mode of Service

The percentage of population to be served by each mode of service of the town is

shown in the table (Table 0-9: Service levels) in 10 category. The category of the
table is selected based on the population of the town that is given from the table
(Table 0-8: Town category grouping). The percentage of population to be served
by each mode of service will vary with time. The variation is caused by changes in
living standards, improvement of the service level, changes in building standards
and capacity of the water supply service to expand. Therefore, the present and
projected percentage of population served by each demand category is estimated
by taking the above stated conditions and by assuming that the percentage for
the house and yard tap users will increase gradually during the project service
period while the percentage of tap users will dramatically reduce as more and
more people will have private connections as the living standard of people and
the socio-economic development stage come up. This projection envisaged
provision of the traditional source users with public taps, and yard connections
(own & shared). Further decreases in public tap users are expected on the
assumption that more and more people will have private yard connections

The population of this town is 88357. it is between 80,000 and 250,000. Since the
town is in category two.

: Population percentage distributions by mode of service.

year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Connection House 3.9 4.4 5 5.7 6.4 7.3 8.2

type Yard 17 19.2 21.7 24.6 27.9 31.6 35.8

Yard Shared 19.7 22.3 25.3 28.7 32.4 36.7 41.6
Public Tap 52.5 51 45.4 39 31.7 23.4 13.4
Un-Served 6.9 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 1
Non- 40 40 35 30 30 30 30
Domestic

Unaccounted 40 34.6 31.8 30.7 29.2 27.5 26.9

For
5.3.2 Per capita Water Demand

The per capita water demand for various demand categories varies depending on
the size of the town, the level of development , the type of water supply schemes,
the socio- economic conditions of the town, cost of water, system of sanitation
and climatic condition of the area. The per capita water demand for adequate
supply level has to be determined based on basic human water requirements for
various activities of demand category. It is the average demand of the population
in the town. It require skill to estimate this demand. Per capita demands are
forecasted by survey the population of town and average it. For this project we
assume the per capita demand

Projected per capita demand by mode of service (l/cap/day)

year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Connection HTC 100 120 130 140 145 145 145
type YTU 32 33 35 37 40 40 40
YTS 24 25 26 27 29 29 29
PT 17 18 19 20 21 21 21

Domestic Water Demand Projection

In projecting the domestic water demand of TOWN X the following procedures were followed:

Determining population percentage distribution by mode of service and its

future projection
Establishment of per capita water demand by purpose for each mode of
service;
 Projected consumption by mode of service;
 Adjustment for climate;
 Adjustment due to socio-economic conditions
Adjustment for climate

Climate condition is the main factor that affects water demand of the population
under consideration. Therefore, the water demand should be adjust for climatic
condition.

: Adjustment due to climatic condition

TOWN X with a mean annual precipitation of 980 mm belongs to Group B as per
the design criteria. Thus, an adjustment factor of 1 was taken.

Socio-economic adjustment factors

The socio economic adjustment factor is determined based on the degree of the
development of the particular town under study as the socio economic conditions
play great role on the amount of water consumption.

Adjustment factor due to socio economic condition

Assume Town having a very high potential for development but lower living
standards at present. Therefore, categorized as a Group B town and was given
an adjustment factor of 1.05.

After considering changes in population and changes in the mode of service, per-
capita demand and applying the adjustment factors, the domestic demands were
calculated and are presented in table below.
year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
total
population 68537 71907 75292 78600 81890 85147 88357
%
population 3.9 4.4 5 5.7 6.4 7.3 8.2
population 2673 3164 3765 4481 5241 6216 7246
PCD 100 120 130 140 145 145 145
house TPCD 267300 379680 489450 627340 759945 901320 1050670
connected TPCD 267.3 379.68 489.45 627.34 759.945 901.32 1050.67
%
population 17 19.2 21.7 24.6 27.9 31.6 35.8
population 11652 13807 16339 19336 22848 26907 31632
PCD 32 33 35 37 40 40 40
107628
TPCD 372864 455631 571865 715432 913920 0 1265280
yard 571.86
connected TPCD 372.864 455.631 5 715.432 913.92 1076.28 1265.28
%population 19.7 22.3 25.3 28.7 32.4 36.7 41.6
population 13502 16036 19049 22559 26533 31249 36757
PCD 24 25 26 27 29 29 29
yard TPCD 324048 400900 495274 609093 769457 906221 1065953
shared 495.27
connected TPCD 324.048 400.9 4 609.093 769.457 906.221 1065.953
public %
connected population 52.5 51 45.4 39 31.7 23.4 13.4
population 35982 36673 34183 30654 25960 19925 11840
PCD 17 18 19 20 21 21 21
TPCD 611694 660114 649477 613080 545160 418425 248640
TPCD 611.694 660.114 649.47 613.08 545.16 418.425 248.64
 7

Total domestic demand 1574 1896.3 2206.1 2565 2988.5 3302.2 3630.5
Socio-economic 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
Climatic Factor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total domestic demand 1654.7 1991.14 2316.4 2693.2 3137.9 3467.4 3812.1

domostic demand graph

4500
4000
3500
domostic demand graph
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
200520102015202020252030203520402045

Non domestic water demand

Design period 30 years and commission years 2010
1. Industries: The total water demand of industries for the existing total area
of 192857m2 is 41m3 /area/day and the master plan of the total area for
industries is 1183463m2
The industrial water demand=(1183463*41)/192857 =251.6 m3/day
2. Day school: From the total number of population, 5 to 14 ages are 28.8%
and from 15 to 19 are 14.9%.

year 2010 2020 2030 2040

total population 68537 75292 81890 88357
%15-19 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9
population(15-19) 10213 11219 12202 13166
% 5-14 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8
population(5-14) 19739 21685 23585 25447
% attending(15-19) 53.8 65.6 65.8 74
population(15-19) 5495 7360 8029 9743
%attending(5-14) 88 94 96.15 98.3
population(5-14) 17371 20384 22677 25015
total 22866 27744 30706 34758
percapita demand
(lit/pupil/day) 5 5 5 5
demand(m3/day) 114.33 138.72 153.53 173.79

3. Public and government offices: The total number of population employed in

public or government offices are 7.14%of the total population.
year 2010 2020 2030 2040
total population 68537 75292 81890 88357
%population 7.14 7.14 7.14 7.14
population 4894 5376 5847 6309
percapita
demand
(lit/pupil/day) 5 5 5 5
demand(m3/
day) 24.47 26.88 29.235 31.545

4. Prisons: In accommodating about 0.5%of the population with specific water

demand of 30lit/day/prison
year 2010 2020 2030 2040
total population 68537 75292 81890 88357
%population 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
population 343 377 410 442
percapita
demand
(lit/pupil/day) 30 30 30 30
demand(m3/
day) 10.29 11.31 12.3 13.26

5. Churches and mosques: The current demand for churches and mosques is
11.3m3 /day. The number of population attending for both churches and
mosques is grown at rate of 1.1% annually
 The present population=(11.3*1000)/5 =2260

year 2010 2020 2030 2040

%rate per year 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
population 2260 2522 2814 3140
percapita
demand
(lit/pupil/day) 5 5 5 5
demand(m3/
day) 11.3 12.61 14.07 15.7

6. Public bathes and recreation: The future water demand is projected with
the assumption that 0.1% of the population visit public bath every day with
consumption of 100lit/visitor, 2% of the population visit stadium and parks
every day with consumption of 5lit/visitor and 0.3% of the population visits
the cinema halls every day with consumption 5lit/visitor
year 2010 2020 2030 2040
total population 68537 75292 81890 88357
%of the
population visit
public bath 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
population 69 76 82 89
populatio consumption of
n visit lit/visitor 100 100 100 100
public demand(m3/
bath day) 6.9 7.6 8.2 8.9
%visit stadium
and parks 2 2 2 2
population 1371 1506 1638 1768
populatio consumption of
n visit lit/visitor 5 5 5 5
stadium demand(m3/
and parks day) 6.855 7.53 8.19 8.84
populatio %visits the
n visits cinema 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
the population 206 226 246 266
 consumption of
lit/visitor 5 5 5 5
cinema demand(m3/
day) 1.03 1.13 1.23 1.33
total demand(m3/day) 14.785 16.26 17.62 19.07

7. Abattoirs: An average number of cattle slaughtered per day are about 10 by

the year 2024 (0.02%of total population)
year 2024 2010 2020 2030 2040
%population 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
9.9720419 9.9920039 10.01200 10.0320
population 10 55 98 6 48
percapita
demand
(lit/pupil/day) 300 300 300 300 300
demand(m3/
day) 3 2.992 2.998 3.004 3.01

8. Bus terminal: The total population in the bus terminal is 2% of the total
population of the town throughout design period
year 2010 2020 2030 2040
total
population 68537 75292 81890 88357
%population 2 2 2 2
population 1371 1506 1638 1768
percapita
demand
(lit/pupil/day) 10 10 10 10
demand(m3/
day) 13.71 15.06 16.38 17.68
 9. Commercial demand: The present water demand of commercial is 97.76m3
/day. Based on the master plan the commercial water demand expected to
grow by 1.5% from year 2024 up to 2030, by 1.2% from year 2031up to
2040 and by 1.1% from 2041up to year 2050.
year 2024 2010 2020 2030 2040
%demand rate 1.58 1.54 1.5 1.1
demand(m3/day) 97.76 99.3 100.83 102.34 103.47

Summery for nondomestic demand

demand(m3/
day)
n
o description year 2010 2020 2030 2040
1 industry 251.6 251.6 251.6 251.6
2 Day school 114.33 138.72 153.53 173.79
Public and
government
3 offices 24.47 26.88 29.235 31.545
4 Prisons 10.29 11.31 12.3 13.26
Churches and
5 mosques 11.3 12.61 14.07 15.7
Public bathes
6 and recreation 14.785 16.26 17.62 19.07
7 Abattoirs 2.992 2.998 3.004 3.01
8 Bus terminal 13.71 15.06 16.38 17.68
Commercial
9 demand 99.3 100.83 102.34 103.47
total 542.777 576.268 600.079 629.125
Fire Fighting Demand

Firefighting is a quantity of water required for fighting a fire outbreak. The

quantity of water required for firefighting purpose is a function of population, but
within minimum limit. Because the greater the population, the greater will be the
number of buildings and hence greater risk of fire. By the minimum limit of fire
demand is meant the amount and rate of supply required for extinguishing the
largest possible fire that could be in the community. The required amount of
water for firefighting will not be more than the amount of water distributed
during the maximum day water demand.

The quantity of water needed to extinguish fire depends upon population,

contents of Buildings, density of buildings and their resistance to life. In our case
the firefighting water requirement is taken 10 % of the domestic demand.

Non-revenue water

Leakage and over flow from service reservoirs

Leakage and losses on consumers premises when they get unmetered
house hold supplies
Under registration of supply meters
Losses from a water distribution system consist of
Leakage from main and service pipe connections
Losses in the supply lines are mainly due to defective pipe joint, cracked
pipe and loose valves and fittings.
Large leakage or wastage from public taps
domestic year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
demand TDD m3 /d 1654.7 1991.14 2316.37 2693.19 3137.91 3467.36 3812.07
Non- Percentage 40 40 35 30 30 30 30
Domestic NDD m3 /d 661.88 796.46 810.73 807.96 941.37 1040.21 1143.62
Unaccou Percentage 40 34.6 31.8 30.7 29.2 27.5 26.9
nted For UWD m3 /d 926.63 964.51 994.42 1074.85 1191.15 1239.58 1333.08
Un- Percentage 6.9 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 1
Served USD m3/day 159.84 83.63 78.18 70.02 61.19 45.08 49.56
firefight Percentage 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
demand FFD 165.47 199.11 231.64 269.32 313.79 346.74 381.21
total 3568.52 4034.85 4431.34 4915.34 5645.41 6138.97 6719.54

1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
non domostic demand graph
900 Unaccounted deman
800
700
600
500
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

450
400
350
300
250 un-served demand
200 Fire Fighting Demand
150
100
50
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
 total demand graph
7000
6500
6000
5500
total demand graph
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

Water demand variation

Average Water Demand
The average daily water demand is the sum of the domestic, non-domestic and
unaccounted for water which is used to estimate the maximum day & the peak
hour demand. The average day demand is used in economic calculations over the
projects lifetime.
Maximum Day Water Demand
The water consumption varies from day to day. The maximum day water demand
is considered to meet water consumption changes with seasons and days of the
week. The ratio of the maximum daily consumption to the mean annual daily
consumption is the maximum day factor.
The proposed maximum Day factor usually varies between 1.2 & 1.3 as per the
design criteria. Hence, a maximum day factor of 1.25 is used design period. The
maximum day demand is used to in infrastructure calculations such as for source
pumping requirements.
Peak Hour Water Demand
The peak hour demand is greatly influenced by the size of the town, mode of
service and social activity in the town. It is the highest demand of any one-hour
over the maximum day. It represents the diurnal variation in water demand
resulting from the behavioral patterns of the total population. In our case the
population ranges for List between 20000 to 500,000 i.e. so we have adopted
peak hour factor of 1.9.

Summary of water demand assessment

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 14000

Demand variation
12000
ADD(m3/d)

MDD(m3/d)
10000
PHD(m3/d)

8000

6000

4000

2000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

Year variation

SERVICE RESERVOIR
General
Reservoirs are the tanks which are used to store water for various purposes.
Larger the reservoir size more would be the reliability and high would be the cost.
Distribution reservoir is also called service reservoir, which are mainly provided
for storing the treated water, for supplying water to the town or city.
Service Reservoir is constructed after clear water reservoir where clear water is
not kept. They are used to provide storage to meet fluctuation in demand of
water. It has three main functions as:
Balancing or equalizing flow
Break down reserve
Firefighting reserve
Types of service reservoir
Surface Reservoir
 Elevated Reservoir
Depth of Reservoir
There is an economical depth of service reservoir for any given site. For a given
quantity of water either a shallow reservoir having long walls and a large floor
area may be constructed or, alternatively Depths most usually used are as
follows:

Determination of Storage Capacity

Storage capacity of reservoir should be adequate for the demand for the period of
two hours in small communities and 10 to 12 hours in the case of large
communities. Demand of water always keeps on varying hour, but treated water
continuous to come out of treatment plant of a constant rate. Balancing reserve is
that quantity of water required storing for balancing the variable demand in the
distribution system.

Reservoir capacity is determined on the following basis:

Computation of storage capacity of a reservoir can be obtained from one of the
following methods.
a. Analytical method
b. Mass curve technique
NB. Analytical method is used for the purpose of calculation in this project.
Total daily demand of the town =8399.4m3/day
Hourly demand of the town=(8399.4/24)m3/day=350m3/hr
Pumping hours=20hr
Hourly supply= demand of the town/pumping hour
Hourly supply/Pumping rate=(8399.4/20)=420m3/hr
Assume the pumping rate is not varying with time that means hourly supply factor
is 1.
 H
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10 0 0 0 0 5 0
 2 3
1 9 4 7
4 4 2 8
10 0 0 0 0 80
3 4
1 0 4 2
4 8 2 0
10 0 0 0 0 10
3 4
6 7 4 6
3 1 2 2
11 0 0 0 0 90
4 5
6 3 4 0
3 4 2 4
11 0 0 0 0 70
4 5
6 9 4 4
3 7 2 6
11 0 0 0 0 40
5 5
6 6 4 8
3 0 2 8
11 0 0 0 0 20
6 6
6 2 4 3
3 3 2 0
11 0 0 0 0 70
6 6 -
6 8 4 7 1
3 6 2 2 4
11 0 0 0 0 00
7 7 -
6 4 4 1 3
3 9 2 4 5
21 0 0 0 0 00
7 -
4 9 3
3 2 7 6
7 7 4 5 7
. . 2 6 .
21 5 5 0 0 05
 4
3 8 7 -
7 3 5 8
. 6 6 0
21 5 5 0 0 05
-
8 1
4 8 2
3 0 7 4
7 2 5 2
. . 6 .
21 5 5 0 0 05
4 -
3 9 7 1
7 2 5 6
. 4 6 8
21 5 0 0 0 00

Maximum value of excess supply =1120

Maximum value of excess demand =1680
Capacity of reservoir=1120+1620=2780
For safety provide a reservoir with a capacity of =2800
Capacity of existing reservoir =1650
Capacity of new reservoir=2800-1650=1150m3
We will construct 1150m3 standard reservoir
Structural Design of service reservoir
Water Tank (reservoir) Design Consideration

Design of circular reservoir

Water depth in the reservoir=3m
Volume of reservoir=1150m3
Volume(v)= = πD2H/4
Clear diameter of reservoir (D) =(4*V/πH)1/2
D=(4*1150/3.14*3)1/2
D=22.1m