Review Notes Review Notes MATH Differential Calculus

LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Note: If the resulting limit of the above mentioned Theorems on Continuity:
 Limit of a Root of a Function rules still takes the same indeterminate form,
The LIMIT OF A FUNCTION is the value a then extend the evaluation to the next order  “The polynomial function f(x) is continuous
derivative. This rule of repeated differentiation for all values of x.”
function approaches as the variable lim n f(x) = n lim f(x)
approaches a value. x →a x →a is applicable until the limit is no longer  “ The rational function f(x)/g(x) is continuous

n indeterminate. everywhere EXCEPT for values of x which
provided M is real number make the denominator g(x) equal to zero.
lim f(x) = L
x →a  f(x)   f "(x)  
General Rule: INDETERMINATE FORMS
lim   = lim   DERIVATIVES
x →a  g(x)  x →a  g"(x) 

Limits involving algebraic operations are often  f "'(x)  Given a continuous function y = f(x) , the
performed by replacing subexpressions by their
If the expression obtained after substituting the = lim   ... and so on
limit to a given function does not give enough x →a  g"'(x)  derivative of y or f(x) is defined as the
limits. The resulting definite value is the limit of the
function desired. The function is said to be increasing information to determine the original limit, it is (instantaneous) rate of change of y with respect
or decreasing without limit if the resulting value is known as an indeterminate form. LIMIT OF SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS: to the independent variable x, expressed
positive infinity or negative infinity, respectively. mathematically as:
The indeterminate forms include:
 sin x   sin x 
THEOREMS ON LIMITS 1 lim  =1 2 lim  =0
x →0  x  x →  x  dy f(x + x) − f(x)
f '(x) = = lim
1. 0 0
2.  0
3.1 
4.
0  cos x   1 − cos x  dx x →0 x
 Limit of a constant 3 lim  =0 4 lim  =0
0 x →  x  x →0  x 
  tan x  1 Graphically, the (instantaneous) rate of change
5.  −  6.0   7. 5 lim  =1 6 lim (1 + x ) x = e
x 
The limit of a constant is itself.
 x →0  x →0 of a function is the slope of the tangent line at a
x point on a graph of that function. Therefore, we
 lim k = k  1
x
 ex − 1
7 lim  1 +  = e 8 lim   = 1 can also say that differential calculus is about
x →a SOLUTION TO INDETERMINATE x →  x x →0
 x  finding the slope of a tangent to the graph of a
FORMS  ax − 1  x n − an  function, or equivalently, differential calculus is
 Limit of a constant and a function 9 lim   = loge a 10 lim   = na
n −1
x →0 
 x  x →a
 x −a  about finding the rate of change of one quantity
THE L’HOSPITALS’ RULE: u with respect to another quantity.
lim u =  12 lim =  , k  0
lim k  f(x) = k  lim f(x)
11
 Generally, the L’Hospitals Rule works only for u → u → k
x →a  x →a 
the limit of a quotient that takes the k k
13 lim =  ,k  0 14 lim = 0 ,k  0
indeterminate form 0/0 or  /  u →0 u u → u
 Sum or Difference of Two or More
Functions Rule 1: (Form 0/0) CONTINUITY
The function f(x) is said to be
 lim  f(x)  g(x) = lim f(x)  lim g(x)  f(x) 
 lim f(x) → 0  continuous at the point x=a if the following (3)
x →a x →a x →a If lim   x →a 
 with 
x →a  g(x)  lim g(x) → 0  conditions are satisfied:
 x →a 
 Limit of the Product of Two Functions ✓ f(a) is defined
 f(x)  f '(x)
Then: lim   = lim ✓ lim f(x) exists
( )( )
x →a  g(x)  x →a g'(x) x →a A. Rolle’s Theorem
 lim  f(x) g(x) = lim f(x) lim g(x)
x →a x →a x →a ✓ lim f(x) = f(a)
x →a
Rule 2: (Form / ) If f(x) is continuous over a closed interval a,b
 Limit of the Quotient OF Two  lim f(x) →  
 f(x)   x →a  and differentiable on the open interval (a,b),
If lim   with  lim g(x) →  
Functions x →a  g(x)  and if f(a)=f(b)=0, then there is at least one
 x →a 
number c in (a,b) such that f’(c)=0
0 1 2
 f(x)  xlim
→a
f(x)  f(x)  f '(x)
 lim  =
Then: lim   = lim
x →a  g(x)  x →a g'(x)
x →a  g(x)  lim g(x)
x →a
 Review Notes Review Notes MATH Differential Calculus

B. Mean Value Theorem E. Inverse Trigonometric Functions MAXIMA AND MINIMA TIME RATES
d 1 du
1. sin−1 u =
If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] dx Critical Points Steps in Solving Problems Involving Time-
and differentiable on the open interval (a,b), 1 − u dx
2

y rates
then there is a number c in (a,b) such that :
d −1 du Maximum Point 1. Draw a diagram if necessary. Label constants
f(b) − f(a) 2. cos−1 u =
f '(c) = dx 1 − u2 dx with their numerical value.
b−a Point of inflection 2. Determine which rates are given and which
x rate you need to find.
3.
d
tan−1 u =
1 du 3. Find an equation relating the variables
C. Derivatives Algebraic Functions dx (1 + u2 ) dx defined in step 1.
Minimum Point 4. Differentiate the equation in step 3
d d 5. Substitute all the given information into the
1. ( c ) = 0 2. ( x ) = 1 d −1 du ① At max imum po int : result of step 4 and find the unknown rate.
dx dx 4. cot −1 u =
dx (1 + u2 ) dx f '(x) = 0
f "(x) = − (concave downward) Sample Problem
3.
d
dx
( )
u n = nu n −1
du
dx
4.
d
dx
du dv
(u  v ) = 
dx dx 5.
d
sec −1 u =
1 du
dx ② At minimum po int : x + Sin2x
u (u − 1) dx
2 1. Evaluate lim
x®0 x - Sin2x
du dv d 1 du f '(x) = 0
d dv du d u 
v −u 6. csc −1 u = f "(x) = + (concave upward)
A. 1 C. -3 *
5. ( uv ) = u +v 6.   = dx dx dx u (u − 1) dx
2 B. 2. D. 3
dx dx dx dx  v  v2
③ At the po int of inf lection : 3x 3 − 4x + 2
F. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions 2. Find lim
D. Trigonometric Functions x → 7x 3 + 5
y" = 0
A. infinity C. 3/7
d loga e du Note:
d du 1. loga u = → a  0,1 B. 2/7 D. 3/5
1. sinu = cosu dx u dx The point of inflection is the point on
dx dx x3
the curve wherein the curve changes its 3. Solve for the limit of as x
e − x2
x

d d 1 du sense of concavity, that is, from

d du 2. lnu = loga u = approaches + infinity
2. cosu = − sinu dx dx u dx concave downward to concave upward A. 0 C. 1/3
dx dx or vice versa. B. infinite D. can’t solved
G. Derivatives of Exponential Functions
3.
d
dx
tanu = sec 2 u
du
dx d u du
How to Solve Worded Problems in Maxima and
Minima
4. Evaluate the zlim
→(1+i) ( z − 2z + 2 )
z 2 + z − 1 − 3i
2

1. a = au ln a A. 1+j1.5* C. 1.5-j
dx dx
d du Steps in Solving Worded Problems in Maxima B. 1+-1.5 D. 1.+j
4. cot u = − csc 2 u and Minima:
dx dx d u du 5. Find the horizontal asymptotes of the graph
2. e = eu of the function defined
dx dx 1. Draw a diagram if necessary.
x
5.
d
sec u = sec u tanu
du 2. Write an equation representing the quantity f (x) =
dx dx to be maximized or minimized. This quantity 2
x +1
will typically be represented in terms of two or
more variables. A. y = 1 * C. y = 2
d du 3. Use any relationships between the variables B. y = 2 D. y = 0.5
6. csc u = − csc u cot u
dx dx to express the equation obtained in step 2 into
a function of single variable.
4. Differentiate and equate the function to zero.
 Review Notes Review Notes MATH Differential Calculus

(B) (1/2, 1/8)) (D) (1,1/2) (E) (2,2) bottom and 5 cm at each side. Find the overall a certain moment, the height equals 6 inches,
9 − x2
6. Evaluate
 x2
dx
14. At x=0, which of the following is true of the
dimensions, if thetotal area of the poster is
minimum
and is increasing at the rate of 0.3 inches per
second. At that same moment, the radius is 4
2 function f defined by f ( x ) = x 2 + e −2 x ? A. 27.76 m2, 47.8 cm C. 22.24 cm, 44.5 cm inches, and is increasing at the rate of 0.2
9−x x
A. + cos−1   + C (A) f is increasing.
B. 20.45 cm, 35.6 cm* D. 25.55 cm, 46.7 cm inches per second. How much is the volume
x 3 (B) f is decreasing.
changing at that time?
22. A rectangular box open at the top is to be A. 24pi/5 C. 34pi/7
9 − x2 (C) f is discontinuous.
x formed from a rectangular piece of cardboard B. 16pi/6 D. 13pi/2
B. − cos−1   + C (D) f has a relative minimum.
x 3 3 inches by 8 inches. What size square
(E) f has a relative maximum.
should be cut from each corner to form the 27. Car A is 70 km west of Car B and is sailing
9 − x2 x box with maximum volume? south at the rate of 25 km/h. Car B is sailing
C. + sin−1   + C 15. Find the absolute maximum and minimum
A. 3in. C. 2/3 in north at the rate of 45 km/h. How fast is the
x 3 value of the function
B. 1.5 in. D. 2 in. distance between the two ships changing 2
 1 
9 − x2 x f ( x ) = x − 3x + 1 for  − ,4  .
3 2 hours later?
D. − − sin−1   + C *  2  23. At 12:00 noon ship B is 100 miles east of ship A. 26.2 km/h C. 66.2 km/h
x 3 A. If ship B sails west at 10 mi/h and ship A B. 26.6 km/h D. 62.6 km/h
x Ans. Max = 17 Min = -3
7. Find the derivative of y=x sails south at 20 mi/h, find the distance
A.
e x ( x + ln x) C. 16. If c is the number that satisfies the conclusion between the two ships when they are closest
of the Mean Value Theorem for f (x) = x^3 - to each other?
x (1 + x ln x)
x
2x^2 on the interval 0  x  2, then c = A. 84.99 miles C.89.49 miles
(A) 0 (C) 1 B. 89.44 miles* D.84.94 miles
B.
x x (1 + ln x) * D. (B) ½ (D) 4/3 (E) 2
xe (1 + ln x)
x
17. Given the function y = x3-5x2-8x+3.
24. In the figure above, PQ represents a 40-foot
ladder with end P against a vertical wall and
Determine the following: end Q onlevel ground. If the ladder is slipping
8. Find the first derivative of y = arcsinh(x/2). a. maximum point down the wall, what is the distance RQ at the
A. 1/square root (4+x 2) b. minimum point instant when Qis moving along the ground ¾
B. 1/square root (4-x2) c. point of inflection as fast as P is moving down the wall?
C. 1/2square root (4+x 2)
D. 1/square root (2+4x 2) A.(-0.67,5.81),(4,-45),(1.67,-19.65)
B. (0.67,5.81),(-4,45),(-1.67,19.65)
9. If y = ln (x^2.e^x) , find the second derivative C.(-0.78,6.74), (4,45),(1.67,19.65)
of y with respect to x. D. (5.81,0.67), (45,-4),(1.67,-19.65)

10. Given 3x = y^3 + 3y , find dy/dx. 18. Find the minimum distance from the curve
y=2(sqrt2x) to the point (6,0).
11. Find the total derivative of the function f(x,y,z) A. 3.46 C. 5.66
= 3x^2y^4z B. 6.67 D. 4.86
6 10 80
(A) (C)
xy2 19. Find the approximate radius of curvature of 5 7
12. If  ( x, y ) = x3 y + e , find yx
the function y = 9 x − 5 x − 10 at the point (-
2
8 10
(B) (D) 24 (E) 32
xy2 2
A. 3x − 2ye − 2xy 3e xy 3,86.0) 5
2
A. 6086.35 C. 13327.9
B. 3x 2 + 2xye xy + 2xy 2e xy B. 11414.9 * D. 39040.3 25. Water is flowing into a conical reservoir 29 ft
deep and 14 feet across the top, at a rate of
2 xy2 3 xy 2
C. 3x + 2ye + 2xy e * 20. The three sides of a trapezoid are 10 m long. 2 cubic feet per minute. Find how fast is the
How long must the fourth side be to make the water rising when it is 25 feet deep?
2 2 xy2
D. 3x 2 + 2xye xy − 2x y e area maximum? A. 0.00512 ft/min C. 0.01748 ft/min*
13. At what point on the graph of y = (1/2)x^2 is A. 15 C. 25 B. 0.02303 ft/min D. 0.00844 ft/min
the tangent line parallel to the line 2x - 4y = B. 20 D. 18
3? 26. A sponge is in the shape of a right circular
(A) (1/2, ½) (C) (1,-1,4) 21. A poster is to contain 300 cm2 of printed cone. As it soaks up water, it grows in size. At
matter with margins of 10 cm at the top and
Review Notes Review Notes MATH Differential Calculus