INTRODUCTION the contemporary history of the world’s favourite game spans more than 100 years, Itall began in 1863.in England, when rugby football and association football branched offon theirdifferent courses and the Football Association in England was formed —becoming the sports first governing body. Football as well as rugby and soccer are believed to have descended from the ancient Greek game of harpaston. Harpaston is mentioned frequently in classical literature, where itis often referred to as a “very rough and brutal game”. The niles of this ancient sport were quite simple: Points were awarded when a player would cross a goal line by either kicking the ball, running with it across the goal ine, or throwing it across the line to another player. The other team’s objective was simply to stop them by any means possible. There was no specific field length, no side line boundaries, no specified number of players per team, only a glaring lack of rules Most modem versions of football are believed to have originated from England in the twelfth century. The {game became so popular in England that the kings ofthat time (Henzy Il and Henry IV) actually banned football They believed that football was taking away interest from the traditional sports of England, such as fencing and archery. Despite royal ediets banning the game from time to time, football remained popular until the early 19th century. Different forms of the game soon developed at the various English public schools, including Rugby, Eton, and Harrow. Eventually, two main games emerged. One was primarily a kicking game, which later became association football, or soccer; the other (dating from 1823) was football as played at Rugby, in which carrying the ball and tackling were permitted, ‘The first description of a football match in England was written by William Fitz Stephen in about 1170, He recorded that while visiting London he noticed that “after dinner all the youths of the city go out into the fields for the very popular game of ball.” He pointed out that every trade had its own football team, "The elders, the fathers, and the men of wealth come on horseback to view the contests oftheir juniors, and in their fashion sport with the young men; and there seems to be aroused in these elders a stirring of natural heat by viewing so much activity and by participation in the joys of unrestrained youth.” ‘The rules of modern football were framed by Cambridge University, England in 1848, Shefield Football Club, the first football club, was established in England. The first international football match was played between England and Scotland in 1872, Considering the growing popularity of the game, delegates from 7 nations met ‘on May 21, 1904 to form the Federation International de Football Association (FIFA). The game of football wasFootball included in the Olympic Games in 1908. The FIFA organised the World Football Championship for the first time (the first World Cup of football) in 1930 at MONTE VIDEO and the Olympic Champion Uruguay lifted the JULESRIMET TROPHY named after the President of the FIFA. In India, football was introduced by the British. Being a simple and inexpensive game, it became popular ‘among the masses. The All India Football Federation (AIFF), which came into existence in 1937, isthe goveming. body of the game in India. But story of organised football in India is connected with the history of India Football “Association (IFA), which is today the governing body of the game in state of West Bengal. Indian Football “Association, Kolkata is the oldest state level organisation in the country which was formed in 1893. Some of the ‘lubs such as Mohammedan Sporting, Sova Bazar Club and Mohan Bagan Club gave great impetus to the game. ‘The Durand Cup and Trader Cup, which are now known as IFA shield, are the oldest competition in India. Football sa team sport. Two teams of eleven players each try to score by kicking a ball in the goal post. The game is played on either natural or artificial surfaces, the surface must be green and rectangular in shape, and there isa ‘goal post ateach end. The two long sides of the rectangle are called touch lines and the two shorter sides are called ‘goal lines. The field is divided into half by the halfway line The general rules for football are listed below: 1L Duration of the Game: The game is played in 2 halves. For men, it is played in 2 halves consisting. fof 45 minutes each. For women, itis played in 2 halves consisting of 40 minutes each, The half time Interval must not exceed more than 15 minutes. At the discretion of the referee, more time is allowed fo compensate for any stoppage during play, eg., due to substitutions or care and attention of injured players. 2. Start or Restart of Play: A kick-off starts play atthe start of thematch or ater a goal. A kick-off involves. fone player kicking the ball, from stationary, forward from the centre spot, All players must be in their own half prior to kick-off. A coins tossed pre-game, the team which loses the toss are awarded the kick- off to start the game whilst the team that win the toss are allowed to choose which direction they want toplay. After half time, the teams switch direction and the other team will kick-off After a goal is scored, the team which conceded the goal will kick-off to restart the play. 3. Method of Scoring: A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal ine inside the goal mouth under the «cross-bar of goal post. The team scoring the highest number of goals by kicking or heading the ball into the opponents gol wine the gum, Kno goal or en equelnamber of goals re rond the game shall be termed as draw. 4. Number of Players: Two teams of no more than 11 players (one of which is the goalkeeper). A game cannot start if either team has less than 7 players. Teams must have one goal-keeper, defenders, mid-fielders and forwards, 5. Ball In and Out of Play: The ball is out of play once a goal has been scored or when the referee has stopped the game, The ball isin play at all other times. 6. Offside: Its an offence for a player tobe in contact withthe ball when they are closer to the opponents” goal than both the ball and the second-last opponent. The offside rule exists to ensure there are always: ‘opponents (generally the goal keeper and a defender) between a player receiving the ball and the goal. Without the offside rule, play can become boring with repeated long balls being kicked to a player stood next to the goalkeeper for an easy goal. If player is declared offside, the referee shall award an Indirect free kick, which shall be taken by a player of the opposing team from the place where the offside occurred, unless the offence is committed by a player in his opponent's goal area. In this case, the free ick shall be taken from a point anywhere within the half of the goal area in which offence took place. 17. roe Kicks: These are given by the referee for fouls and misconduct. A free kick can either be direct or indirect. A goal can be scored directly from a direct free kick. A goal can only be scored from an indixect free kick iit touches at least one other player first. The free kick must be taken from a stationary position10, nL. 2 B Conpreécasoe Physical Education Lab Manual—Xit, ‘with that position varying depending on whether the free kick was given inside or outside the goal area and whether its direct oF indirect. The opposing team must be a minimum of 9.15 m from the ball when the free kick is taken. Fouls/Misconduct: These are many and varied. Broadly speaking, a faul is an offence to use excessive force whilst playing the game either deliberately or undeliberately or to handle the ball (unless you are ‘a goal keeper) The referve may show the yellow card to caution players for less serious offences and the zed card for more serious offences resulting in the player being sent off. Two yellow cards are equivalent tone red card ‘A foul is enforced when a player in a team commits any of the following offences: + Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent ‘+ Jumps at an opponent + Charges an opponent from behind + Trips an opponent, ie, attempting to throw the opponent by the use of legs or by stopping him + Holds an opponent with or any part ofthe body ‘+ Pushes an opponent with hand or any part of arm + Charges an opponent in a violent or dangerous manner + Strike an opponent before the ball Ball: Ball must be spherical, made of leather (or similar) 68-70 cm in circumference and of a certain pressure, Equipment: Players must wear a jersey, shorts, stockings, shin guards and footwear, The object of football is to maneuver the ball into the opposing, team’s goal, using any part of the body except the handsand arms. The side scoring more goals wins, The balls round, covered with leather or some other suitable material, and inflated; it must be 27-27.5 inches (68-70.m) in circumference and 410450 grams. in weight. A game lasts 90 minutes and is divided into halves; the halftime interval lasts 15 minutes, during which the teams change ends. Additional time may be added by the referee to compensate for stoppages in play (for example, player injuries). If neither side wins, and ifa victor must beestablished, “extra-time” is played, and then, if required, a series of penalty kicks may be taken Players are not allowed to handle the ball with hands. They are allowed only to kick or head the ball Hands are used to throw the ball into ground when itis out of ground during the match. Only goal-keepers could handle the ball with hands inside penalty box (save a goal or set ball for a kick). Substitution: To replace a player with a substitute, the following conditions must be observed ‘+ The referee must be informed before any proposed substitution is made. ‘+ Thesubstitute only enters the field of play after the player being replaced has left and after receiving, ‘a signal from the referee. ‘+ The substitute only enters the field of play at the halfway line and during a stoppage in the match, ++ The substituted player takes no further part in the match, + All substitutes are subject to the authority and jurisdiction of the referee, whether called upon to play oF not. 1. Playfield Shape of the playfield = Rectangular and marked with lines and must be green Length of the playfield = Minimum 90m, Maximum 120m Breadth of the playfield = Minimum 45 m, Maximum 90 m_Football ava non -65m Seinineraioalmanes = ‘dm=75m (20 ads 80 yu) oe tn Terhy opr thguling = 1m (12pm) eee + ism (oye 2 Gatton Miho gol pot beanally = 7320p peer ee as Tg gal ep bate 3 Paha Gramiernetef tefl = @8t7en Mpa te al noise su ini he il Osan a en pears oie eet ee eee emer pee eae ere Gere ieee) 4 eeotaim aca aa tem rea Fee ae F Le € g hss F 68) ewan oP yge g (Ora Spot A | Penaly | 8 EE Penalty arc — ae £ ; e : i : ae i im) (Touch tne of Side tine) be i 6 (Optional mark) ial cana pt rae) (Compulsory) Football Field5. Time Duration of match 45.45 min (2 halves) for men 40-40 min (2 halves) for women. 5 or 10 minutes Extra time 15-15 min (2 halves), ifneeded 6, Height of corner flag Minimum 15 m (5 feet) 7. Officials for match Interval of match EQUIPMENT AND SPORTS GEAR Conpreéeasoe Physical Education Lab Manual—Xit 4(1 Referce,2 Linesmen, 1 Table Official) Proper equipment with clear specifications is must for a good game. Discard and replace damaged sporting ‘equipment or protective gear. There ae quite a few important football equipment of interest, which are explained below: I Footballs ‘The football is spherical and made of leather or other suitable material. It has a circumference of not more than 70 cm and not less than 68 em. It weighs not more than 450 g and not less than 410 g. It should have a pressure equal to 0.6-1.1 atmosphere at sealevel I Football Bags Since football players have a lot of equipment to carry, they need a light weight but heavy duty bag, Itcan be made of canvas, nylon of even leather: It should have separate ‘compartments or pockets on the inside and the outside and also a ventilated area for wet ‘ordirty gear. The bag should be easy to carry: I Football Clothing ‘They go through a lot of wear and tear during the game, so they need to be strong and durable, The shirts are short sleeved or three quarter sleeved and the jerseys are nylon ‘and mesh style for keoping the players cool and dry: I Football Shoes ‘These are very important gear since the game of football involves a lt of running, starts, stops and turns, Spiked shoes are wom on grass fields, The shoes should be comfortable and fit properly in order to avoid blisters. 2@ ee Footballs Football Bag. Football Clothing, of Football ShoesFootball There are many different skillsinvolved in the game of football. The skill can be broadly broken down into those that involve Gaining Possession, Maintaining Possession, Releasing Possession and Contesting Possession. The following are important skills that help maintain the possession: 1, Passing: Passing involves giving the ball to a teammate, There are different kinds of passes, The key elements of any pass include: + See the target. + Approach the ball + Plant and position of suppoxt,or non-kicking foot (the toe of the non-kicking foot should be pointed in the direction the player wants the ball o go) + Look at the ball, holding the head steady. + Contact the correct area ofthe ball with locked ankle. + For instep and outside of foot pass, the toes are pointed down and contact ison the top ofthe foot. + For inside ofthe foot pass, toes are pointed up. + Follow-through: kick “through the ball,” following through toward the target ‘+ Transfer the weight forward + Anticipation of where the ball is going to come. 2 Receiving: Receiving a ball on the ground is different than receiving a ballin the ar. Receiving the ball in the aie is skill that involves six major phases (0) Keeping your eye on the ball. (6) Reading the flight, speed and direction of the ball (0) Deciding which body part will control the ball (foot, thigh, chest or head), @) Getting the body in line with the direction of the ball (6) Preparing to receive the ball by presenting the body part to the ball (/) Cushioning the ball with the body part to slow it down and preparing for the next touch, 3. Shooting: Shooting uses the same technical elements as passing, with the important difference being that the goal isto pass the ball beyond the goalkeeper. Shooting a football fora goal takes concentration and much practice to be effective and accurate. To shoot the ball, players should plant their weak foot next to the ball. The foot should be pointing in the general direction that the ball will be kicked, but it does not have to be perfectly aligned, as the kicking foot will do the aiming, 4. Dribbling: OF all basic football skills, dribbling is probably the most fundamental. Dribbling involves keeping the ball moving between the player's feet by kicking it from one foot to the other. Football players can dribble completely in place or can move slightly withthe ball, focusing on keeping it under thei feet entiely. By keeping the ball under the fect, players protect it from defenders and prevent the ball from being stolen easily. Dribbling keeps the ball in motion and allows players to passit ifnecessary inorder to stay on offense. To be successful at dribbling, players should work on dribbling with different parts of the fet in order to beat defenders. Instead of always dribbling with the instep, players should practise dribbling with the outside of the foot and the inside heel area, This, along with increasing, speed, will help players beat defenders, 5. Trapping: Trapping means controlling the lifted ball that is received by a player where a body trap is used, afoot trap is usually followed in order to ‘settle’ the ball to the ground. 6. Tackling: Tackling involves taking the ball possession from the opponent. Front block tackling, Side way tackling, Back tackling are some examples of tackling.Conpreéeasoe Physical Education Lab Manual—Xit Awarm-up for both training and competition should begin with some light activity to increase blood flow to the ‘muscles, The biggest advantage that conditioning gives a player (or team) is that it will allow the player to use his/her skills longer in a game. It doesn't matter how many skills player have—if player can't last very long in ‘2 game, all those skills will not really matter much. Conditioning drills ean make players much quicker, faster, stronger, improve their coordination and balance, and most of all, improve stamina—which will help the team peeform much better in the second half of the game, Following are some exercise for conditioning: 1. 5:10 minutes of jogging. 2. 10-15 minutes of dynamic stretching exercises 3. 10-15 minutes general and specific drills. 4. 4t0 8 easy nun outs over 30-60 meters, ‘The next phase of the warm up is to stretch the muscles and joints, This will be achieved initially by passive strotches followed by active stretches specifi forthe action of football, Here isa selection of stretches that you can use for your basketball warm-up. 1. Hamstring Stretches: Your hamstrings are the muscles on the back of your upper legs. Sit on the floor, Cross your legsin frontof you. Slowly straighten yourleft leg with your toes always pointing straight up. Keep your right leg bent, with the bottom right foot against the inn part of your let leg. Lean forward from the hips until you start feeling your hamstring stretch. Hold this stretch for 20 seconds. Now ips until y 'g your 8 switeh legs and repeat entire stretch, 2. Back Stretches: Lie on your back, legs flat on the ground. Hold your right leg just below the knee and slowly raise it towards your chest. Keep your leg straight (or as straight as possible) and your head down during this. Hold for about 25 seconds. Lower the eg. Switch legs. Repeat. Dothis with each leg 3-5 times. 3. Calf Stretches: Stand near a wall. Lean your forearms against it, with feet flat on the ground. Lean your forehead against the back of your hands while they're on the wall. Bend your left knee, bringing it towards the wall. The right leg remains straight while doing this. Start moving your hips forward, You will feel your right calf stretch, Hold for about 20 seconds. Rise to a standing position and switch legs and repeat. To stretch your Achilles tendon, do the above while bending slightly atthe knee, 4. Groin Stretches: Sit on the floor. Forming a circular shape with your legs, join the soles of your feet together and hold them with your hands. Lean your elbows on the inside of your legs. Lean your upper body forward from the hips. You'll fel a stretch in your groin. Hold it for 20 seconds, slowly sit up, and repeat this from the beginning once ot twice more. 5. Shoulder Stretches: Stand up. Put your right hand over yout left shoulder. Put your left hand on your sight elbow and pull that elbow toward your left shoulder. You'll feel your right shoulder stretching. Hold i for 20 seconds, Then reverse everything and repeat 6. Arm Stretches: Loosen up your arms/shoulders by sticking them straight out (sideways), swirl them in small tight circles, make the circles wider and wider until you're basieally swinging your arms in a circle that goes from the floor around to the ceiling. That should take about 30 seconds. Do this again but swirling your arms in the reverse direction, ‘The common football injuries ae as follows: 1. Knee Injuries: These injuries occur in games which are fast and there are fast twisting motions. 2 Thigh and Hip Injuries: When there is tear in one or more of the hamstring muscles, itis called as hamstring strain. This is very common in football due to the need for sudden sprints and changing, directions. Groin injury is a tear or rupture to any one of the adductor muscles and is very common in the game of football.Football 3. Ankle Inju 4. Foot Injuries: Metatarsal fractures are becoming very common in the game of football due to increased training loads, harder pitches and lighter less protective boots. Prevention Most of the injuries common to football are preventable by practising good habits, Following preventable measures are significant in preventing the football injuries: ‘+ Have a pre-season physical examination and follow your doctor's recommendations for football injury prevention, ‘© Hydrate adequately —waiting until you are thirsty is often too late to hydrate properly ‘© Pay attention to environmental recommendations, especially in relation to excessively hot and humid weather, to help avoid heat illness. ‘+ Maintain proper fitness—injury rates are higher in athletes who have not adequately prepared physically, ss: Due to rapid changes in directions, ankle sprains are common in football + Avoid overuse injuries—more is not always better! Many sports medicine specialists believe that itis beneficial to take a least one season off each year. Try to avoid the pressure that is now exerted on many young athletes to overtrain, Listen to your body and decrease training time and intensity if pain or discomfort develops. This will reduce the risk of injury and help avoid “burn-out.” Correct warm up betiveen 15-80 minutes. ‘© Wearing the appropriate shoes and clothing. + Donot play a rough game. ‘Follow the instructions of the coach. + Follow the rules and regulation of the game. * Corner-kick: It is also known as flag kick. Corner-kick is awarded when a defender puts the ball out of the play behind his team’s goal for another attacker to head or make a short pass to a team-mate to convertit into goal, Is taken from corner-arc or quarter-yard circle. + Defense-pause: When the defending player fails to intercept or tackle the ball which has been approaching towards goal post. + Direct Free-kick: It is given when referee shows the warning card to the player. This foul has been committed outside the penalty area. The common fouls are intentional delay, intentional hit to the player, intentional handling the ball, charging, dangerous play, holding opponent from behind and violent kicks. A goal can be scored from this direct kick. ‘+ Dropped Ball: When two players commit foul simultaneously in the struggle for ball possession, the referee stops the game for sometimes and afterwards drops the ball on the ground for the players to get the possession, + Expulsion (Red-card): Player is expelled if he commits a serious foul; is violent; strikes changes; kicks or attempts to kicks; trips on opponent, hold opponents; handles the ball intentionally; use abusive, offensive or insulting languages; receive a second yellow-card during the game. ‘= Extra Time: The time allotted to decide the match in case of draw. This time is awarded after expiration ofnormal duration, + Free-kick: A free-kick is awarded when a player has been fouled. In the direct free-kick, the ball can be kicked directly atthe goal. In the indirect free-kick, the ball must be passed toa team-mate before being, directed at the goal. Opponents players must be 10 yards ways from where it is to be taken, + Goal-kick: When ball passes over the goal-line without goal scoring by the attacking player, then ball is kicked by placing from the penalty areaConpreéeasoe Physical Education Lab Manual—Xit Goal Scored: The referee will signal goal when the ball completely crossed the goal line between the goal post under the crossbar of goal post, It must be scored in a fair manner. Indirect Free-kick: tis given when some foul or injury to player has occurred outside the penalty area These fouls ae like illegal pushing, dangerous kick, charging, using abusive language to opponent etc. Injury Time: The time for which game has been stopped temporarily due to injury of the player. This stopped duration of game is added in regular time after each halt Kick-off Its starting the game (in beginning or after half-time ot after the goal has scored or in extra time), Off-side: A player is off side when he is close to the opposing goal line without the ball, unless two dofenders are between the attacker and the line. This off-side is also considered as a defensive tactic (the entire defensive line moves rapidly in a wave to put the attacker off side). Offside is given by linesman by raising red flag. Goal is not considered in that case and opponent is awarded with indirect kick. Penalty-Kkiek: A penalty kick is awarded when a foul is committed by a defender in the penalty area The ball is placed on the penalty spot and the attacking players try to kick it directly into the goal and goalkeeper only defends it Substitution: Though there are five reserve players but only three substitutes are permitted during, match that too with permission from referee. Through-pass: In this, the bal is passed between two or more defenders and the own team-mate collects the ball move further. ‘Throwing In: tis given to opponent if bal passes over the sideline on the ground or in the ait. This is taken by the player from the side line, Player throws the ball ahead to give the pass to his player. Both the feet are in contact with ground. A goal cannot be scored directly from theow in. Warning (Yellow Card): The players receive a warning if they regularly break the rules;do not respect the referee's decision; delay the start of play; are argumentative or show no sportsman conduct; goalkeeper Keeps the possession of the ball for more than six seconds, te FIFA World Cup 2. UEFACup Euro Cup of European Championship 4. FACup Colombo Cup 6. Olympics Games Asian Games 8, Presidents Cup Ashutosh Trophy 10, IFAShield Vittal Trophy 12, Santosh Trophy DCM Trophy 14, Todd Memorial Trophy Begam Hazrat Mahal Trophy 16, Nagjce Trophy Sanjay Gold Cup 18, Stikrishna Gold Cup Subroto Mukherjee Cup 20, Nehru Cup AFC Challenge Cup. 22, National junior Nizam Gold CupFootball AWARDS: Padma Shri Awardees 1962 Goshto Behari Pal 1971 Sailen Nath Manna 1981 Chuni Goswami 1999 Pradip Kumar Banerjee 2008 —-Bhaichung Bhutia 2019 Sunil Chhetst 2020 Oinam Bembem Devi 2022 _Brahmanand Sankhwalkar Axjuna Awardees 1961 Pradeep Kumar Banerjee 196 Tulsidas Balaram 1963 Chuni Goswami 1961 Jamail Singh 1965 Arun Lal Ghosh 1966 Yusuf Khan 1967 Peter Thangaraj 1969 Inder Singh 1070 Syed Nayeemuddin wl CPSingh 1973 Magan Singh Rajvi 1978-79 Gurdev Singh Gill 1979-80 Prasun Banerjee 1980-81 Mohammed Habib 1981 Sudhir Karmakar 1983 Shanti Mullick 1989 Subrata Bhattacharya 1997 _Brahmanand Sankhwalkar 1995 Baichung Bhutia 2001 Brune Coutinho 2002 LM. Vijayan 2010 Deepak Kumar Mondal 2011 Sunil Chettri 2016 Subrata Pual 2017 Oinam Bembem Devi 2019 Gurpreet Singh Sandhu 2020 Sandesh Jhingan Dronacharya Awardees 1990 Syed Navemuddin 2022 Bimal Prafulla Ghosh "Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Awardee 2021 Sunil Chhetri Dhyan Chand Awardees 2011 Shabbir Ali 2017 Syed Shahid Hakim 2020 Sukhvinder Singh Sandhu * Fommerly it was known as the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.Qn Ans. Q2 Ans Qs. Ans, O68 Ans, Q7 Ans. Os Ans. 209. Ans Conprekcasoe Physical Education Lab Manual—Xit, @® wavoce What are the dimensions of a football field? Length 90 to 120 m and breadth vary from 45 10.90 m, How far is penalty spot from the goal line? im, What is the duration of a football match? .. 45.545 minutes. How many players are there in a team? 18, What isthe weight of football? 410 10.450 g. What is width and height of goal post? 17.32 m width and 2.44 m height. What is the circumference of the ball? 680 70cm. How many substitutions can be done at a time in amatch of football? 3. ‘Name the famous players of India, Shahid Mahmuddin, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Singh, Madan Singh, P. Banerjee, Subhir Karmakar, Shanti Malik and Subroto Bhattacharya. You make a serious foul and do not obey the rules, what punishment is given? Warning with yellow card. ‘What isthe height of corner flags? 1.50 m above the ground, Who are the officials in a football match? Referee-1, Linemen-2, Table official. From which spot the penalty kick is taken? The penalty kick is taken from the spot 12 yards {in front of the centre of the goal line. 1, Ans. 15, Ans, 16. ‘Ans, Qn, Ans, 18, ‘Ans. O19. Ans. 2.20. Ans, Q21 Ans, O22 Ans. O23. Ans. 24, Ans. What is another name of football? Soccer Can the goalkeeper of defending team move his feet at the time of penalty kick? Yes. What are the basic skills of football? Kicking, receiving, stopping, heading, tackling, passing, dribbling and goalkceping. If after tie break score is equal, how is the winner decided? By sudden-death penalty shootout When was All India Football Federation formed? 1937, In which year the First World Cup of football ‘was organised? 1920. In which year football was included in Asian Games? 1951. Which organs of the body can be used in stopping the ball? Feet, thighs, belly, head and chest can be used in stopping the ball Cana goalkeeper run holding the ball without bouncing? Yes. Where was football included the first time in the Olympic games and in which year? 1908 at London, [Name the first award started in the field of sports and in which year. Arjuna Award—1961