ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to express sincere gratitude to my physics mentor for her vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come forth. I would also like to express my immense gratitude to the staff of the department of physics at Manav Rachna International School for their support during the making of this projectCERTIFICATE This is to certify that Parth Mehray from class XII Newton has completed his investigatory project entitled ‘Factors on Which the Internal Resistance of a Cell Depends’ on the stipulated time - Ms Jyoti SinglaIntroduction There is a great need for batteries in our daily use of electronic appliances and their use is increasing every day. thus, this project is based on a practical analysis of the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell when the internal resistance of a cell is decreased, we can increase the potential around it hence, making it more reliable INTERNAL RESISTANCE Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions battery BE r A - Its S.I unit is the ohm (Q) For a cell of E.M.F (E) and internal resistance (r) connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing through the circuit, E=V+lr Internal Resistance r= E-V gyadient =F I CaptionELECTROMOTIVE FORCE Electromotive force, also called E.M.F (denoted and measured in volt), is the voltage developed by any source of electrical energy such as a battery or dynamo. It is generally defined as the electrical potential for a source in a circuit.Manav Rachna International School XII Newton PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJE Factors on which E.M.F of a cell depends submitted by: Parth Mehray submitted to: Ads roti SinghlaPractical analysis Objective - To study the various factors on which the internal resistance/E.M.F of a cell depends. Apparatus A Potentiometer, a battery (battery eliminator), two-way keys, a rheostat of low resistance, a galvanometer, a high resistance, an ammeter, a cell, a Jockey, a set square, connecting wires, water bath, thermometer(0-100°C), burner, tripod stand, wire gauge. Theory The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the low of ions. The internal resistance of a cell Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes. ii. Is inversely proportional to the facing surface area of the electrodes in the electrolyte. iii. Decrease with an increase in temperature of the electrolyte. iv. Is inversely proportional to the concentration of electrolytes.The internal resistance of a cell is given by Where : and 4 are the balancing lengths without resistance and with resistance (shunt), respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given cell. Procedure Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sandpaper and make tight connections according to the circuit diagrams. Tight the plugs of the resistance box. To see the effect of the distance between the electrodes on internal resistances while keeping the other factors constant, vary the separation between electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case. 4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the given cell, otherwise null or balance point will not beobtained (E' >E). . Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small. . To test the corrections of the connections. (insert the plug in the key and note the ammeter reading. Take out the 2000 ohm resistance plug from the resistance box. Place the jokey first at the end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite direction in the two cases the connections are correct). 7. Without inserting the plug in the key x adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the 4th wire of the potentiometer. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in the resistance box and by slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position of the null point, obtain the null point position accurately, using a set square. Measure the balancing length “between the point and the end P of the wire. . Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B. introduce plugs in the key x, as well as in key x . Take out small resistance (1-5 Q) from the resistance box R connected in parallel with the cell.11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain the null point. 12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if necessary make further adjustments for the sharp null point. 13. Measure the balancing length & from end P. To see the effect of the temperature of electrolytes on internal resistance by keeping other factors constant. Keep primary cells in a water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine the internal resistance at various temperatures. x, ‘Wait for some time and the same value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat steps 7 to 13. 14. Remove the plug keys at & and . Repeat the observations for different values of R repeating each observation twice. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell by using the above relation for r. To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolytes on internal resistance by:- Keeping the other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolytes by adding the distilled water and determining the internal resistance of the cell in each case.Observations The internal resistance of the cell Table for internal resistance Ammeter Pos. of null point (cm ) ‘Shunt r=( (4-1), yR Resistance With R (h) | Without R R(Q) Q (2) 660.5 35.5 1 0.94 660.5 77.2 2 1.77 660.5 108.3 = 2.51 To study the effect of separation between the electrodes Table for the effect of separation between electrodes S.No. | Separation between | Balancing | Balancing | ;_¢ (h-h)/l, wd length length a Electrodes-d (cm) | (cm) (11) |_ (cm) (12) (Q) 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406Effect of temperature of electrolyte on the internal resistance Table for the effect of temperature . | Temperature Resistance R(Q) 1 1 1 Conclusions The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation between the electrodes. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in an electrolyte. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.12 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte. PRECAUTIONS The connections should be neat, clean and tight. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to be taken. The positive poles of the battery E and cells El and E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire gently. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of observations. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f's of either of the two cells. Some high resistance plugs should always be taken out from the resistance box before the jockey is moved along the wire.Diagrams Circuit Diagram Flow Chart Conclusion Factors Affecting internal Resistance of a CeltBibliography I. Physics NCERT class X!! II. Comprehensive Physics Practical class X!! II. www.google.com Iv. en.wikipedia.org