i

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MATHEMATI
CSNOTES
FORM1TUTORIAL
CHAPTERONE
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
y,r
eadandwr
it
enat
ural
number
sinsy
mbol
sandwor
ds;
b.
)Roundof
fnumber
stot
henear
estt
ens,
hundr
eds,
thousands,
mil
l
ionsandbi
l
li
ons;
c.
)Cl
assi
fynat
ural
number
sasev
en,
oddorpr
ime;
d.
)Sol
vewor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngnat
ural
number
s.

Cont
ent
a.
)Pl
acev
aluesofnumber
s
b.
)Roundi
ngof
fnumber
stot
henear
estt
ens,
hundr
eds,
thousands,
mil
l
ionsandbi
l
li
ons
c.
)Oddnumber
s
d.
)Ev
ennumber
s
e.
)Pr
imenumber
s
f
.) Wor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngnat
ural
number
s

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Pl
acev
alue
Adigi
thaveadi
ff
erentval
ueinanumberbecauseofi
tsposi
ti
oni
nanumber
.Theposi
ti
onofadi
giti
na
numberi
scal
l
edi
tsplaceval
ue.

Tot
alv
alue
Thi
sist
hepr
oductoft
hedi
gitandi
tspl
acev
alue.

Exampl
e
Number Hundr
ed Ten Mi
l
li
ons Hundr
ed Ten Thousands Hundr
ed Tens ones
Mi
l
li
ons Mi
l
li
ons Thousands Thousands

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
345,
678,
901

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7 6 9 3 0 1 8 5 4
769,
301,
854

9 0 2 3 5 0 4 0 9
902,
350,
409

Aplacevaluechar
tcanbeusedt
oident
ifybot
hpl acev
alueand t
otalv
alueofadi
giti
nanumber
.Thepl
ace
v
aluechartisal
sousedi
nwri
ti
ngnumbersinwords.

Exampl
e
 Thr
eehundr
edandf
ort
yfi
vemi
l
li
on,
sixhundr
edandsev
ent
yei
ghtt
housand,
ninehundr
edandone.
 Sev
enhundr
edandsi
xtyni
nemi
l
li
on,
Thr
eehundr
edandonet
housand,
eighthundr
edandf
if
tyf
our
.

Bi
l
li
ons
Abi
l
li
oni
sonet
housandsmi
l
li
on,
wri
tt
enas1,
000,
000,
000.
Ther
ear
etenpl
acesi
nabi
l
li
on.

Exampl
e
Whati
sthepl
acev
alueandt
otal
val
ueoft
hedi
git
sbel
ow?
a.
)47,
397,
263,
402(
placev
alue7and8)
.
b.
)389,
410,
000,
245(pl
ace3and9)

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thepl
acev
aluef
or6i
stent
housands.I
tst
otal
val
uei
s60,
000.
b.
)Thepl
acev
alueof3i
shundr
edbi
l
li
ons.I
tst
otal
val
uei
s300,
000,
000,
000.

Roundi
ngof
f
Whenr oundi
ngofftothenear
estten,t
heonesdigi
tdet
erminesthet
eni.
e.iftheonesdigiti
s1,2,3,or4the
nearestt
enisthetennumberbei
ngconsider
ed.I
ftheonesdigi
tis5ormorethenearesttenist
henexttenor
roundedup.
Thus641t
othenear
estt
eni
s640,
3189t
othenear
esti
s3190.
Whenroundi
ngofftot henearest100,t
hent helastt
wodi
git
sornumber
sendwi
th1t
o49r
oundof
f
downwar
ds.Numberendingwi
th50to99areroundedup.
Thus641t
othenear
esthundr
edi
s600,
3189i
s3200.

Exampl
e
Roundi
ngof
feachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
stot
henear
estnumberi
ndi
cat
edi
nthebr
acket
:
a.
)473,
678(100)
b.
)524,
239(
1000)
c.
)2,
499(
10)

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Sol
uti
on
a.
)473,
678i
s473,
700t
othenear
est100.
b.
)524,
239i
s524,
000t
othenear
est1000
c.
)2,
499i
s2500t
othenear
est10.

Oper
ati
onsonwhol
eNumber
s

Addi
ti
on

Exampl
e
Fi
ndout
:
a.
)98+6734+348
b.
)6349+259+7954

Sol
uti
on
Ar
ranget
henumber
sinv
ert
ical
for
ms
98
6734
+ 348
7180
6349
259
+79542

86150

Subt
ract
ing

Exampl
e
Fi
nd:
73469–8971

Sol
uti
on
73469
- 8971
64498

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Thepr
oducti
sther
esul
toft
woormor
enumber
s.

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Exampl
e
Wor
kout
:469x63

Sol
uti
on
469
X63
1407→469x3=1407
+28140→469x60=28140

29547

Di
vi
sion
Whenanumberisdivi
dedbyther
esul
tiscal
l
edt
hequot
ient
.Thenumberbei
ngdi
vi
dedi
sthedi
vi
dedandt
he
numberdi
vi
dingi
sthediv
isor
.

Exampl
e
Fi
nd:
6493÷14

Sol
uti
on
Weget463and11i
sther
emai
nder

Not
e:
6493=(
463x14)+11
I
ngener
al,
div
idend=quot
ientxdi
vi
sion+r
emai
nder
.

Oper
ati
on Wor
ds

sum
plus
Addi
ti
on added
morethan
i
ncreasedby

diff
erence
minus
subtract
edf r
om
Subt
ract
ion l
esst han
decreasedby
reducedby
deductedfrom

productof
mul t
ipl
y
Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion ti
mes
twice
thri
ce
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quoti
entof
Di
vi
sion
di
videdby

equalto
Equal resul
tis
i
s

Wor
dpr
obl
em
I
nwor ki
ngthewor
dpr
obl
ems,t
hei
nfor
mat
iongi
venmustber
eadandunder
stoodwel
lbef
oreat
tempt
ingt
he
quest
ion.
Thepr
obl
em shoul
dbebr
okendowni
ntost
epsandi
dent
if
yeachot
heroper
ati
onsr
equi
red.

Exampl
e
Ot
egohad3469bagsofmai
ze,
eachwei
ghi
ng90kg.Hesol
d2654oft
hem.
a.
)Howmanyki
l
ogr
am ofmai
zewashel
eftwi
th?
b.
)Ifheadded468mor
ebagsofmai
ze,
howmanybagsdi
dheendupwi
th?

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Onebagwei
ghs90kg.
3469bagswei
gh3469x90=312,
210kg
2654bagswei
gh2654x90=238,
860kg

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Amountofmai
zel
eft =312,
210–238,
860
=73,
350kg.
b.
)Numberofbags=815+468
=1283

Ev
enNumber
Anumberwhi
chcanbedi
vi
dedby2wi
thoutar
emai
nderE.
g.0,
2,
4,
60or8
3600,
7800,
806,
78346

OddNumber
Anynumberthatwhendiv
idedby2gi
vesar
emai
nder
.E.
g.471,
123,1197,
7129.
Thenumber
sendswi
tht
he
fol
l
owingdi
git
s1,3,5,
7or9.

Pr
imeNumber
Apr
imenumberi
sanumbert
hathasonl
ytwof
act
orsoneandt
henumberi
tsel
f.
Forexampl
e,2,
3,5,
7,11,
13,
17and19.

Not
e:
i
.) 1i
snotapr
imenumber
.
i
i
.) 2i
stheonl
yev
ennumberwhi
chi
sapr
imenumber
.

Endoft
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c

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ery
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ng?
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fnotaskateacher
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bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
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ore
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eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Wr
it
e27707807i
nwor
ds
2.
)Al
lpri
menumbersl
essthantenar
ear
rangedi
ndescendi
ngor
dert
ofor
m anumber
a.
)Writ
edownthenumberfor
med
b.
)Whati
sthet
otal
val
ueoft
heseconddi
git
?
c.
)Wr
it
ethenumberf
ormedi
nwor
ds.

CHAPTERTWO

FACTORS

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Expr
esscomposi
tenumber
sinf
act
orf
orm;
b.
)Expr
esscomposi
tenumber
saspr
oductofpr
imef
act
ors;
c.
)Expr
essf
act
orsi
npowerf
orm.

Cont
ent
a.
)Fact
orsofcomposi
tenumber
s.
b.
)Pr
imef
act
ors.
c.
)Fact
orsi
npowerf
orm
d.
)

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Def
ini
ti
on
Af
act
ori
sanumbert
hatdi
vi
desanot
hernumberwi
thoutar
emai
nder
.

Number Fact
ors

1,
2,
3,
4,
6,
12
12

1,
2,
4,
8,
16
16

1,
3,
13,
39
39

Anatur
alnumberwi
thonl
ytwofact
ors,oneandi t
sel
fisaprimenumber
.Oranynumbert
hatonl
ycanbe
di
vi
dedby1andit
sel
f.Pr
imenumber
shav eexact
ly2di
ffer
entf
act
ors.

Pr
imeNumber
supt
o100.
2 3 5 7 11

13 17 19 23 29

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31 37 41 43 47

53 59 61 67 71
Composi
te
73 79 83 89 97 number
s
Anynumbert
hathas
morefact
orsthanjusti
tsel
fand1.Theycanbesaidtobenat
uralnumberot
hert
han1whichar
enotpr
ime
numbers.
Theycanbeexpressedasaproductoft
woormor
epri
mef act
ors.
9=3x3
12=2x2x3
105=3x5x7
Thesamenumbercanber
epeat
edsev
eral
timesi
nsomesi
tuat
ions.
5
32=2x2x2x2x2=2
3 2
72=2x2x2x3x3=2x3
Toexpressanumberinter
msofprimefact
ors,
iti
sbesttotakethenumber
sfr
om t
hesmal
l
estanddi
vi
deby
eachofthem asmanyt
imesaspossi
blebef
oregoi
ngtothenext.

Exampl
e
Ex
presst
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sint
ermsoft
hei
rpr
imef
act
ors
a.
)300
b.
)196

Sol
uti
on
a.
)

2 300

2 150

3 75

5 25

5 5

300=2x2x3x5x5
2 2
=2x3x5
b.
)

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2 196

2 98

7 49

7 7

196=2x2x7x7
2 2
=2 x7

Except
ions
Thenumber s1and0ar eneitherpr
imenorcomposit
e.1cannotbepri
meorcomposi t
ebecauseitonl
yhas
onefactor
,itsel
f. 0isnei
therapr i
menoracomposi t
enumberbecauseithasinf
ini
tefact
ors. Al
lother
numbers,whetherpr
imeorcomposite,hav
easetnumberoff
act
ors.0doesnotf
oll
owtherul
es.

Endoft
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c

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Expressthenumber
s1470and7056,
eachasapr
oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.
Henceev
aluate: 14702
7056
Leav
ingt
heansweri
npr
imef
act
orf
orm
2.
)Allpr
imenumbersl
essthantenar
ear
rangedi
ndescendi
ngor
dert
ofor
m anumber
(
a)Writ
edownthenumberformed
(
b)Whati
sthet
otal
val
ueoft
heseconddi
git
?

CHAPTERTHREE
DI
VIS
IBI
LITYTES
T

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
Thel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
etot
estt
hedi
vi
sibi
l
ityofnumber
sby2,
3,4,
5,6,
8,9,
10and11.
48

Cont
ent
Di
vi
sibi
l
ityt
estofnumber
sby2,
3,4,
5,6,
8,9,
10and11

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Di
vi
sibi
l
ityt
estmakescomput
ati
ononnumber
seasi
er.Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sat
abl
efordi
vi
sibi
l
ityt
est
.

Di
vi
sibi
l
ityTest
s Exampl
e
Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby2i
fthel
astdi
giti
s0,
2,4,
168i sdi
visi
bleby2si
ncet
hel
ast
6or8. digi
tis8.

Anumberisdiv
isi
bleby3i
fthesum oft
hedi
git
s168i sdivi
sibl
eby3si ncet
hesum of
i
sdiv
isi
bleby3. thedi
gitsi
s15( 1+6+8=15)
,and15is
div
isi
bleby3.

Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibleby4ifthenumberf
ormed316 is di
vi
sibl
e by 4 si
nce 16 i
s
byt
hel
astt
wodi
gitsisdi
vi
sibl
eby4. di
vi
sibl
eby4.

Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby5i
fthel
astdi
giti
sei
ther195isdi
visi
bleby5si
ncet
hel
ast
0or5. di
giti
s5.

A numberi
sdivisi
bleby6i
fiti
sdi
vi
sibl
eby2168 is di
vi
sibl
e by 6 si
nce i
tis
ANDiti
sdiv
isi
bleby3. di
vi
sibl
eby2ANDi ti
sdivi
sibl
eby3.

Anumberi
sdivi
sibl
eby8ift henumberf
ormed7,
120isdivi
sibl
eby8si
nce120i
s
byt
hel
astt
hreedi
git
sisdi
vi
sibleby8. di
vi
sibl
eby8.

Anumberisdiv
isi
bleby9i
fthesum oft
hedi
git
s549i sdivi
sibl
eby9si ncet
hesum of
i
sdiv
isi
bleby9. thedi
gitsi
s18( 5+4+9=18)
,and18is
div
isi
bleby9.

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Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby10i
fthel
astdi
giti
s0. 1,
470isdi
vi
sibl
eby10si
ncet
hel
ast
di
giti
s0.

Anumberi sdi
visi
bleby11i fthesum ofi tsdi
git
s8,260,
439sum of8+6+4+9=27:
i
ntheoddpositonsl ke1st,
i 3rd,5th,7th 2+0+3=5;
Posit
ions,andthesum ofi tsdi gitsintheeven27–5=22whi chisamult
ipl
eof11
posi
ti
onl ke2nd ,4th ,
i 6th ,
8th posi tionsareequal
ordi
fferby11,
orbyamul ti
pleof11

Endoft
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c

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
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opi
c

CHAPTERFOUR

GREATES
T COMMON DI
VIS
OR

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Fi
ndt
heGCD/
HCFofasetofnumber
s.
b.
)Appl
yGCDt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)GCDofasetofnumber
s
b.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofGCD/
HCFt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

I
ntr
oduct
ion
AGr
eat
estCommonDi
vi
sori
sthel
argestnumbert
hati
saf
act
oroft
woormor
enumber
s.
Whenl
ooki
ngf
ort
heGr
eat
estCommonFact
or,y
ouar
eonl
ylooki
ngf
ort
heCOMMON f
act
orscont
ainedi
n

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bot
hnumbers.Tofi
ndtheG.C.Doftwoormor enumbers,y
ouf
ir
stl
i
stt
hef
act
orsoft
hegi
vennumber
s,
i
denti
fycommonf
act
orsandstat
ethegr
eat
estamongthem.
TheG.
C.Dcanal
sobeobt
ainedbyfi
rstexpressi
ngeachnumberasapr
oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.Thef
act
ors
whi
charecommonar
edet
erminedandtheirproductobt
ained.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heGr
eat
estCommonFact
or/
GCDf
or36and54i
s18.

Sol
uti
on
Thepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionf
or36i
s2x2x3x3.
Thepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionf
or54i
s2x3x3x3.
Theybot
hhav
eincommont
hef
act
ors2,
3,3andt
hei
rpr
oducti
s18.
Thati
swhyt
hegr
eat
estcommonf
act
orf
or36and54i
s18.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heG.
C.Dof72,
96,
and300

Sol
uti
on
72 96 300

2 36 48 150

2 18 24 75

3 6 8 25

Endoft
opi
c

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ery
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ng?
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ionsont
het
opi
c

m.144x3y
2 4
1.
)Fi
ndt
hegr
eat
estcommondi
vi
soroft
het
er and81xy
on144x3y
2 4
b)Hencef
act
ori
zecompl
etel
ythi
sexpr
essi -81xy (
2mar
ks)

2.
)TheGCDoft
wonumber
sis7andt
hei
rLCM i
s140.i
foneoft
henumber
sis20,
findt
heot
hernumber

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3.
)TheLCM ofthr
eenumbersi
s7920andt hei
rGCDis12.Twooft
henumber
sar
e48and264.Usi
ng
f
act
ornot
ati
onfi
ndt
hethi
rdnumberi
foneofit
sfact
orsi
s9

CHAPTERFI
VE

LEAS
TCOMMONMULTI
PLE
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Li
stmul
ti
plesofnumber
s.
b.
)Fi
ndt
heLCM ofasetofnumber
s.
c.
)Appl
yknowl
edgeofLCM i
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Mul
ti
plesofanumber
b.
)LCM ofasetofnumber
s
c.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofLCM i
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Def
ini
ti
on
LCM orLCFi
sthesmal
l
estmul
ti
plet
hatt
woormor
enumber
sdi
vi
dei
ntoev
enl
yi.
e.wi
thoutar
emai .A
nder
mul
ti
pleofanumberi
sthepr
oductoft
heor
igi
nal
numberwi
thanot
hernumber
.
Somemul
ti
plesof4ar
e4,
8,12,
16,
20,
24,
28,
32,
36,
40,
44,
48,
52,
56…
Somemul
ti
plesof7ar
e7,
14,
21,
28,
35,
42,
49,
56…
ACommonMult
ipl
eisanumbert
hati
sdi
vi
sibl
ebyt
woormor
enumber
s.Somecommonmul
ti
plesof4and7
ar
e28,
56,
84,
and112.
Whenlooki
ngfort
heLeastCommonMulti
ple,y
ouarel
ooki
ngf
ort
hesmal
l
estmul
ti
plet
hatt
heybot
hdi
vi
de
i
ntoev
enly.Thel
eastcommonmul
ti
pleof4and7is28.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M of8,
12, (
18and20.us
ingt
abl
es)

Sol
uti
on

8 18 20
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2 4 6 10

2 2 3 5

2 1 3 5

3 1 1 5

3 1 1 5

5 1 1 1

TheL.
C.Mi
sthepr
oductofal
lthedi
vi
sionsused.
Ther
efor
e,L.
C.M.of8,
12,
18and20=2x2x2x3x3x5
3 2
=2x3x5
=360

Not
e;
Unl
iket
heG.C.Dt
abl
es,i
fthedi
visor/
fact
ordoesnotdi
vi
deanumberexact
ly,
thenthenumberi
sret
ained,
e.g.
,
2doesnotdi
vi
de9exact
ly,t
her
efore9isret
ained.
Thel
astr
owmusthaveallval
ues1.

Endoft
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c

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ng?
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
4.
)Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M ofx2+x,
x2–1andx2–x.
5.
)Findthel
eastnumberofsweetsthatcanbepackedi
ntopol
ythenebagswhi
chcont
ainei
ther9or15or
20or24sweetswi
thnonelef
tover.
6.
)Anumberni ssucht
hatwheni
tisdi
vi
dedby27,
30,
or45,
ther
emai
nderi
sal
way
s3.Fi
ndt
hesmal
l
est
v
alueofn.
7.
)Api
eceofl
andi
stobedi
vi
dedi
nto20acr
esor24acr
esor28acr
esf
orf
armi
ngand
Leav
e7acr
esf
orgr
azi
ng.Det
ermi
net
hesmal
l
estsi
zeofsuchl
and.
8.
)Whenacer t
ainnumberxi
sdi
vi
dedby30,45or54,t
her
eisal
way
sar
emai
nderof21.Fi
ndt
hel
east
v
al henumberx.
ueoft

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Anumberm i ssucht
hatwheni
tisdi
vi
dedby30,36,and45,t
her
emai
nderi
sal
way
s7.Fi
ndt
hesmal
l
est
possi
blev
alueofm.

CHAPTERSI
X
I
NTERGERS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Def
inei
nteger
s
b.
)Ident
if
yint
eger
sonanumberl
i
ne
c.
)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsoni
nteger
susi
ngt
henumberl
i
ne.
d.
)Wor
koutcombi
nedoper
ati
onsoni
nteger
sint
hecor
rector
der
e.
)Appl
yknowl
edgeofi
nteger
stor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Int
eger
s
b.
)Thenumberl
i
ne
c.
)Oper
ati
ononi
nteger
s
d.
)Or
derofoper
ati
ons
e.
)Appl
i
cat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

I
ntr
oduct
ion
TheNumberLi
ne
I
nteger
sar
ewholenumber
s,negat
ivewhol
enumber
sandzer
o.I
nteger
sar
eal
way
srepr
esent
edont
henumber
l
i
neatequali
nter
val
swhi
chareequalt
ooneuni
t.

Oper
ati
onsonInteger
s
Addi
ti
onofI
ntegers
Addi
ti
onofi
nteger
scanber
epr
esent
edonanumberl
i
ne.
Forexampl
e,t
oadd
+3t
o0, webegi
nat0andmov e3uni
tstotheri
ghtasshownbel
owi
nredt
oget+3,
Also t
oadd+4t
o+3we
move4uni
tstot
heri
ghtasshowni
nbluetoget+7.

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Toadd-3tozerowemov e3unit
stothelef
tasshowni
nredbel
owt
oget-
3whi
l
etoadd-
2to-
3wemov
e2
st
epstothel
eftasshowni
nbluetoget-
5.

Not
e;
 When addi
ng posi
ti
ve number
s we
mov
etot
her
ight
.

 Whendeal
i
ngwi
thnegat
ivewemov
e
t
othel
eft
.

Subt
ract
ionofi
nteger
s.

Exampl
e
(
+7)–(
0)=(
+7)
Tosubtr
act+7fr
om 0,
wef
indanumbernwhi
chwhenaddedt
oget0weget+7andi
nthi
scasen=+7as
shownabovei
nred.

Exampl
e
(
+2)–(
+7)=(
-5)
St
artat+7andmov
eto+2.5st
epswi
l
lbemadet
owar
dst
hel
eft
.Theansweri
sther
efor
e-5.

Exampl
e
-
3–(
+6)=-
9

|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
-
4-3-
2-1 0 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10
West
artat+6andmov
est
o-3.9st
epst
othel
eft
,theansweri
s-9.

Not
e:
 I
ngener alposi
ti
vessignscanbei
gnoredwhenwri
ti
ngposit
ivenumbersi.
e.+2canbewri
tt
enas2but
negat
ivesignscannotbeignor
edwhenwri
ti
ngnegat
ivenumbers-4canonl
ybewr i
tt
ens-
4.
4–(
+3)=4-
3
=1
-
3-(
+6)=3–6
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=-
3
 Posi
ti
vei
nteger
sareal
sorefer
redtoasnatur
alnumber
s.Ther
esul
tofsubt
ract
ingt
henegat
iveofa
numberi
sthesameasaddi
ngthatnumber
.
2–(
-4)=2+4
=6
(
-5)–(
-1)=-
5+2
=-
3
 I
nmat
hemat
icsi
tisassumedt
hatt
hatt
henumberwi
thnosi
gnbef
orei
thasapposi
ti
vesi
gn.

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
I
ngener
al
i
.) (anegat
ivenumber)x(apposi
ti
venumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)x(anegat
ivenumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
i.
) (anegat
ivenumber)x(anegat
ivenumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)

Exampl
es
-
6x5=-
30
7x-
4=-28
-
3x-
3=9
-
2x-
9=18

Di
vi
sion
Di
vi
sioni
sthei
nver
seofmul
ti
pli
cat
ion.I
ngener
al
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)÷(aposi
ti
venumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)
i
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)÷(anegat
ivenumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
i.
) (anegat
ivenumber)÷(anegat
ivenumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)
i
v.
) (anegat
ivenumber)÷(apposi
ti
venumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
Not
e;
Formul
ti
pli
cat
ionanddi
vi
sionofi
nteger
:
 Twol
i
kesi
gnsgi
vesposi
ti
vesi
gn.
 Twounl
i
kesi
gnsgi
vesnegat
ivesi
gn
 Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionbyzer
oisal
way
szer
oanddi
vi
sionbyzer
oisal
way
szer
o.

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Or
derofoper
ati
ons
BODMASi
sal
way
susedt
oshowast
heor
derofoper
ati
ons.
B–Br
acketf
ir
st.
O–Ofi
ssecond.
D–Di
vi
sioni
sthi
rd.
M –Mul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
sfour
th.
A–Addi
ti
oni
sfi
ft
h.
S–Subt
ract
ioni
sconsi
der
edl
ast
.

Exampl
e
6x3–4÷2+5+(
2-1)=

Sol
uti
on
UseBODMAS
(
2–1)=1wesol
vebr
acket
sfi
rst
(
4÷2)=2wet
hensol
vedi
vi
sion
(
6x3)=18nexti
smul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Br
ingt
hem t
oget
her
18–2+5+1=22wesol
veaddi
ti
onf
ir
standl
ast
lysubt
ract
ion
18+6–2=22

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Thesum oft
wonumber
sexceedst
hei
rpr
oductbyone.Thei
rdi
ff
erencei
sequalt
othei
rpr
oductl
essf
ive.
Fi
ndt
het
wonumber
s. (
3mks)

2.
) 3x–1>-
4
2x+1≤7
3.
) Ev
aluat
e -
12÷(
-3)x4–(
-15)
-
5x6÷2+(
-5)
4.
)Wi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
/mat
hemat
ical
tabl
es,
eval
uat
eleav
ingy
ouranswerasasi
mpl
efr
act
ion
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(
-4)
(-
2)+(
-12)(
+3) + -
20+(
+4)+-
6)
-
9–(
15) 46-(
8+2)
-3

5.
) Ev
aluat
e-82+12x9–4x6

567x2

6.
)Ev
aluatewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esort
hecal
cul
ator
1.9x0.
032
20x0.
0038

CHAPTERSEVEN
FRACTI
ONS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
ypr
operandi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsandmi
xednumber
.
b.
)Conv
ertmi
xednumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsandv
icev
ersa.
c.
)Compar
efr
act
ions;
d.
)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions.
e.
)Car
ryoutcombi
nedoper
ati
onsonf
ract
ionsi
nthecor
rector
der
.
f
.)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeoff
ract
ionst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Fr
act
ions
b.
)Pr
oper
,impr
operf
ract
ionsandmi
xednumber
s.
c.
)Conv
ersi
onofi
mpr
operf
ract
ionst
omi
xednumber
sandv
icev
ersa.
d.
)Compar
ingf
ract
ions.
e.
)Oper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions.
f
.)Or
derofoper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions
g.
)Wor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngf
ract
ionsi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
a
Af
ract
ioni
swr
it
teni
nthef
orm whereaandbar enumber
sandbi
snotequalt
o0.
Theuppernumberi
s
b
cal
l
edt
henumer
atorandt
hel
owernumberi
sthedenomi
nat
or.

a→numer
ator
b→denomi
nator

Pr
operf
ract
ion
I
npr
operf
ract
iont
henumer
atori
ssmal
l
ert
hant
hedenomi
nat
or.E.
g.
2 1
,
3 4

I
mpr
operf
ract
ion
Thenumer
atori
sbi
ggert
hanorequal
todenomi
nat
or.E.
g.

7 15 9
, ,
3 6 2

Mi
xedf
ract
ion
Ani
mpr
operf
ract
ionwr
it
tenast
hesum ofani
ntegerandapr
operf
ract
ion.Forexampl
e
7 1
=2+
3 3
1
=2
3

Changi
ngaMi
xedNumbert
oanI
mpr
operFr
act
ion

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Mi
xednumber– 4 (
cont
ainsawhol
enumberandaf
ract
ion)

I
mpr
operf
ract
ion- (
numer
atori
slar
gert
handenomi
nat
or)

St
ep1–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
orandt
hewhol
enumber
St
ep2–Addt
hisanswert
othenumer
ator
;thi
sbecomest
henewnumer
ator
St
ep3–Car
ryt
heor
igi
nal
denomi
nat
orov
er

Exampl
e
3 = 3×8+1=25

Exampl
e
4 = 4×9+4=40

Changi
nganI
mpr
operFr
act
iont
oaMi
xedNumber

St
ep1–Di
vi
det
henumer
atorbyt
hedenomi
nat
or
St
ep2–Theanswerf
rom st
ep1becomest
hewhol
enumber
St
ep3–Ther
emai
nderbecomest
henewnumer
ator
St
ep4–Theor
igi
nal
denomi
nat
orcar
ri
esov
er

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Exampl
e
= 47÷5 or

5 =5 = 9

Exampl
e

= 2 = 2 =4½

Compar
ingFr
act
ions
Whencompar
ingf
ract
ions,
theyar
efi
rstconv
ert
edi
ntot
hei
requi
val
entf
ormsusi
ngt
hesamedenomi
nat
or.

Equi
val
entFr
act
ions
Togett
heequi
val
entfr
act
ions,wemulti
plyordi
vi
dethenumerat
oranddenominatorofagi
venf
racti
onbythe
samenumber
.Whenthefr
actionhasnofact
orincommonothert
han1,t
hefracti
onissai
dtobei
ni t
ssimpl
est
for
m.

Exampl
e
Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ract
ionsi
nascendi
ngor
der(
from t
hesmal
l
estt
othebi
ggest
):
1/
2 1/
4 5/
62/
3

St
ep1:
Changeal
lthef
ract
ionst
othesamedenomi
nat
or.

Step2:Inthi
scasewewi lluse12because2,4,6,and3al
lgoint
oi.
e.Weget12byfi
ndingtheL.
C.M ofthe
denominat
ors.Togett heequival
entfr
acti
onsdiv
idethedenomi
nat
orbytheL.
C.M andthenmulti
plyboth
thenumeratoranddenominatorbytheanswer
,
For½wedi
vi
de12÷2=6,
thenmul
ti
plybot
hthenumer
atoranddenomi
nat
orby6asshownbel
ow.

1x6 1x3 5x2 2x4

2x6 4x3 6x2 3x4

St
ep3:
Thef
ract
ionswi
l
lnowbe:
6/
12 3/
12 10/
12 8/
12

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St
ep4:
Nowputy
ourf
ract
ionsi
nor
der(
smal
l
estt
obi
ggest
.)

3/
12 6/
12 8/
12 10/
12

St
ep5:
Changeback,
keepi
ngt
hem i
nor
der
.
1/
4 1/
2 2/
3 5/
6
Youcanal
souseper
cent
agest
ocompar
efr
act
ionsasshownbel
ow.

Exampl
e
Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ndescendi
ngor
der(
from t
hebi
ggest
)
5/
12 7/
3 11/
5 9/
4

Solut
ion
5
X100=41.
67%
12
7
X100=233.
3%
3
11
X100=220%
5
9
X100=225%
4
7/
3,9/
4,11/
5,5/
12

Oper
ati
ononFr
act
ions
Addi
ti
onandSubt
ract
ion
Thenumer
ator
soff
ract
ionswhosedenomi
nat
orsar
eequal
canbeaddedorsubt
ract
eddi
rect
ly.

Exampl
e
2/
7+3/
7=5/
7
6/
8–5/
8=1/
8
Whenaddi
ngorsubt
ract
ingnumber
swi
thdi
ff
erentdenomi
nat
orsl
i
ke:
5/
4+3/
6=?
2/
5–2/
7=?

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St
ep1–Fi
ndacommondenomi
nat
or(
anumbert
hatbot
hdenomi
nat
orswi
l
lgoi
ntoorL.
C.M)
Step2–Di
vi
det hedenominatorofeachfr
act
ionbyt
hecommondenomi
nat
ororL.
C.M andt
henmul
ti
plyt
he
answer
sbythenumeratorofeachfr
acti
on
St
ep3–Addorsubt
ractt
henumer
ator
sasi
ndi
cat
edbyt
heoper
ati
onsi
gn
St
ep4–Changet
heanswert
olowestt
erms

Exampl
e
+ = Commondenomi
nat
ori
s8becausebot
h2and8wi
l
lgoi
nto8

4+7
+ =
8

Whi
chsi
mpl
i
fiest
o1

Exampl
e
4 – = Commondenomi
nat
ori
s20becausebot
h4and5wi
l
lgoi
nto20

4 = 4

– =

Or

12-
5 7
4 – =4 =4
20 20
Mi
xed number
scanbeaddedorsubt
ract
edeasi
l
ybyf
ir
stexpr
essi
ngt
hem asi
mpr
operf
ract
ions.
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Exampl
es
2 4
5 +1
3 5

Sol
uti
on
2 4 2 4
5 +1 =5+ +1+
3 5 3 5
2 4
=(
5+1)+ +
3 5

10+12
=6+
15

22
=6+
15
7 7
=6+1 =7
15 15

Exampl
e
-
2 - 1
Ev
aluat
e +
3 5

Sol
uti
on
-
2 -1 -16-3 -19
+ = =
3 5 24 24

Mul
ti
ply
ingSi
mpl
eFr
act
ions
St
ep1–Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep2–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep3–Reducet
heanswert
olowestt
ermsbydi
vi
dingbycommondi
vi
sor
s

Exampl
e
× = whi
chr
educest
o

Mul
ti
ply
ingMi
xedNumber
s

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St
ep1–Conv
ertt
hemi
xednumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsf
ir
st
St
ep2–Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep3–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep4–Reducet
heanswert
olowestt
erms

Exampl
e
2 ×1 = × =

Whi
cht
henr
educest
o3

Not
e:
Whenopposi ngnumer at
orsanddenomi natorsarediv
isi
blebyacommonnumber ,youmayr educethe
numeratoranddenomi natorbef
oremulti
ply
ing. I
ntheaboveexample,aft
erconvert
ingt
hemixednumbersto
i
mpr operfr
acti
ons,
youwi l
lseethatt
he3i nthenumerat
orandt heopposing3inthedenomi
natorcoul
dhave
beenreducedbydivi
dingbot hnumbersby3,resul
ti
ngi
nthefoll
owingreducedfr
acti
on:

× = =3

Di
vi
dingSi
mpl
eFr
act
ions
St
ep1–Changedi
vi
sionsi
gnt
omul
ti
pli
cat
ion
St
ep2–Changethefr
acti
onfol
l
owingthemult
ipl
icat
ionsi
gnt
oitsr
eci
procal(
rot
atethef
ract
ionar
oundsot
he
ol
ddenomi
natori
sthenewnumerat
orandtheoldnumerat
ori
sthenewdenominator
)
St
ep3-Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep4–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep5–si
mpl
i
fyt
heanswert
olowestt
erms

Exampl
e
÷ = becomes × whi
chwhensol
vedi
s

Di
vi
dingMi
xedNumber
s
St
ep1–Conv
ertt
hemi
xednumberornumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ion.
St
ep2–Changet
hedi
vi
sionsi
gnt
omul
ti
pli
cat
ion.
St
ep3–Changet
hefract
ionf
oll
owi
ngthemul
ti
pli
cat
ionsigntoit
sreci
procal(f
li
pthef
ract
ionar
oundsot
he
ol
ddenomi
nat
ori
sthenewnumerat
orandt
heol
dnumeratorist
henewdenomi nator
)
St
ep4-Mul
ti
plyt
henumerat
ors.
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St
ep5–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors.
St
ep6–Si
mpl
i
fyt
heanswert
olowestf
orm.

Exampl
e
3 ÷2 = becomes ÷ becomes × =

Whi
chwhensol
vedi
s × = whi
chsi
mpl
i
fiest
o1

Or
derofoper
ati
onsonFr
act
ions
Thesamer
ulest
hatappl
yoni
nteger
sar
ethesamef
orf
ract
ions
BODMAS

Exampl
e
1
4
1
4 ( )
15÷ of12=15÷ x12(
west
artwi
thoft
hendi
vi
sion)

=15÷3
=5

Exampl
e
{ ( )}
1 1 3 11
+ x + - =
6 2 8 34

Sol
uti
on
4-1 1
1/
3–1/
4= = (west
artwi
thbr
acket
)
12 12

{ }
3 1 11
+ = (
8 12 21
Wet
henwor
koutt
heout
erbr
acket
)

1 1 11 1 11
+ x = + ( Wet
henwor
koutt
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ion)
6 2 48 6 48
1 11 19
+ = ( Addi
ti
oncomesl
asther
e)
6 48 48

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Exampl
e
1 1
+
2 3
Ev
aluat
e +½
1 21
of(-)
7 56

Sol
uti
on
1 1
+
2 3
Wef
ir
stwor
koutt
hisf
ir
st
1 21
of(-)
7 56
1 1 3+2 5
+ = =
2 3 6 6

( )
1 21 1 7 1
of - = x =
7 5 6 7 30 30
5
×30=25
6

1 1
+
2 3
Ther
efor
e +½=25+½
1 21
of(-)
7 56
=25½

Not
e:
Oper
ati
onsonf
ract
ionsar
eper
for
medi
nthef
oll
owi
ngor
der
.
 Per
for
mtheoper
ati
onencl
osedwi
thi
nthebr
acketf
ir
st.
 I
f(of
)appear
s,per
for
mthatoper
ati
onbef
oreanyot
her
.

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Exampl
e
Ev
aluat { ( )
1 3 1 73 1
e: + - of1 ÷5=
2 5 4 37 2 }
Sol
uti
on
=

{ ()
1 3 1 40
+
2 5 4 21
1
}
of1 ÷5
2

= {
1 3 1 40 3
+ x x ÷5
2 5 4 21 2 }
( )
1 3 10 3
= + x ÷5
2 5 21 2

= ( )
13 5
+
2 5 35

= ( )
1 21+5 1 26 13
2 35
= x =
2 35 35

Exampl
e
TwopipesAandBcanf i
llanempt
ytanki
n3hrsand5hr
srespecti
vel
y.Pi
peCcanempt ythetankin
4hrs.I
fthet
hreepi
pesA,BandCareopenedatt
hesametimefindhowlongi
twil
ltakeforthetank
tobefull
.

Sol
uti
on
1/
3+1/
5-1/
4=20+12-
15
60
=17/
60
17/
60=1hr
1=1x60/
17
60/
17=3.
5294118
=3.
529hr
s.
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1. Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
.

2. Atwodigi
tnumberi
ssuchthatt
hesum oftheonesandt
het
ensdi
giti
sten.I
fthedi
git
sar
erev
ersed,
the
newnumberfor
medexceedstheor
igi
nalnumberby54.
Fi
ndt
henumber
.

3. Ev
aluat
e

4. Conv
ertt
her
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
l i
ntof
ract
ion

5. Si
mpl
i
fy wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator

6. Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
s

7. Mr.Sai
dikeepsturkey
sandchickens.Thenumberoftur
keysexceedst
henumberofchickensby6.
Duri
nganoutbr
eakofadisease,¼oft ckenand1/
hechi 3ofthetur
keysdi
ed.I
fhel
ostt
otalof30bir
ds,
howmanybirdsdidhehav
ealtoget
her?

9. Wor
kout

10. Ev
aluat
e -
4of(
-4+-
515)+-
3–42)

84-
7+3--
5

11.Wr
it
ether
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
0.CanasFr
act
ion

12. Ev
aluat
e wi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
.

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13. Wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
sev
aluat
e.

14. Wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
ethef
oll
owi
ng.
- - -
8+(13)x3–(5)
- -
1+(6)÷2x2

15. Expr
ess asasi
ngl
efr
act
ion

16. Si
mpl
i
fy 2½-2/
½of 3½+1½( 3)

¾of2½½

17. Ev
aluat
e:
2
/
5½of4/9–11/
10

1 1
/
8– /6of3/
8

18. Withoutusi
ngacal
cul
atorort
abl
e,wor
koutt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
eav
ingt
heanswerasami
xednumberi
nit
s
si
mpl
estf
orm:-
¾+12/ 3
7÷ /7of21/
3

3
(
9/7-/8)x2/
3

19. Wor
koutt
hef
oll
owi
ng,
giv
ingt
heanswerasami
xednumberi
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm.
2 1
/
5½ of4/
9–1 /10
1 1
/
8– /16x3/
8

20. Ev
aluat
e;

3
f73/ 1
¼+31/ 2
/
8o 5– /31 3x2/ 5

23. Wi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
e:

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14/
5of25/
1812/
3x24

21/
3–¼of125/
3 l
eav
ingt
heanswerasaf
ract
ioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

24. Ther ewasaf und-

rai
singi
nMati
ssehi
ghschool
.Onesev
ent
hofthemoneyt
hatwasraisedwasusedt
o
const
ructateacher’
shouseandt wot
hir
dsoftheremai
ningmoneywasusedtoconst
ructclassr
ooms.If
shs.
300,000remained,howmuchmoneywasr ai
sed

CHAPTEREI
GHT

DECI
MALS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Conv
ertf
ract
ionsi
ntodeci
mal
sandv
icev
ersa
b.
)Ident
if
yrecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
s
c.
)Conv
ertr
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
sint
ofr
act
ions
d.
)Roundof
fadeci
mal
numbert
other
equi
rednumberofdeci
mal
places
e.
)Wr
it
enumber
sinst
andar
dfor
m
f
.)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsondeci
mal
s
g.
)Car
ryouroper
ati
onsi
nthecor
rector
der
h.
)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofdeci
mal
stor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Fr
act
ionsanddeci
mal
s
b.
)Recur
ri
ngdeci
mal
s
c.
)Recur
ri
ngdeci
mal
sandf
ract
ions
d.
)Deci
mal
places
e.
)St
andar
dfor
m

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f
.) Oper
ati
onsondeci
mal
s
g.
)Or
derofoper
ati
ons
h.
)Real
li
fepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngdeci
mal
s.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Afracti
onwhosedenomi
nat
orcanbewr
it
tenast
hepowerof10i
scal
l
edadeci
malf
ract
ionoradeci
mal
.E.
g.
1/
10, 1/
100,
50/1000.
Adecimali
sal
way
swr
it
tenasf
oll
ows1/
10i
swr
it
tenas0.
1whi
l
e5/
100i
swr
it
tenas0.
05.
Thedoti
scal
l
edt
he
deci
malpoi
nt.
Numbersaf t
erthedecimalpoint
sarereadassi
ngl
edigi
tse.
g.5.875isreadasfi
vepointei
ghtsevenfi
ve.A
deci
malfracti
onsuch8.3means8+3/ 10.Adeci
malf
ract
ionwhi
chr epr
esent
sthesum ofawholenumberand
aproperf
racti
oniscal
ledami xedfr
act
ion.

Pl
acev
aluechar
t
t
Ten

s
Thousand

Hundr

Tens

Ones

Poi
Deci

Tent

s
Hundr

hs
Thousandt

hs
Thousandt
Ten

hs
Thousandt
Hundr
housands

nt
mal

hs
eds

edt

ed
h

10,
000 100 10 1 . .
1 .
01 .
001 .
0001 .
00001
1,
000

Deci
mal
toFr
act
ions
Toconv
ertanumberfr
om fr
act
ionfor
mtodecimalf
orm,
simpl
ydi
vi
det
henumer
ator(
thet
opnumber
)byt
he
denomi
nat
or(t
hebott
om number)oft
hef
ract
ion.

Exampl
e:
5/
8

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8  Addasmanyzer
osasneeded.

48
20
16
40
40
0

Conv
ert
ingadeci
mal
toaf
ract
ion
Tochangeadeci
maltoafract
ion,
det
erminet
heplacev
alueofthelastnumberinthedeci
mal
.Thi
sbecomes
thedenomi
nat
or.Thedeci
malnumberbecomest
henumer at
or.Thenreduceyouranswer.

Ex
ampl
e:

.
625-t
he5i
sint
het
housandt
hscol
umn,
ther
efor
e,

.
625= =r
educest
o

Not
e:
Yourdenominatorwi
llhav
et hesamenumberofzerosasther
ear
edecimaldi
git
sint
hedeci
malnumbery
ou
st
artedwit
h-. 625hasthreedeci
maldi
git
ssothedenominat
orwi
l
lhav
et hr
eezer
o.

Recur
ri
ngDeci
mal
s
Thesear
edeci
mal
fract
ionsi
nwhi
chadi
gitoragr
oupofdi
git
srepeatcont
inuousl
ywi
thoutendi
ng.
1
=0.
333333
3
5
=0.
454545454
11
Wecannotwr
it
eallthenumbers,wether
efor
epl aceadotabov
eadi gi
tthatisrecur
ri
ng.I
fmor
ethanonedi
git
r
ecur
sinapatt
ern,
wepl aceadotabovethef
irstandthel
astdi
giti
nthepattern.

E.
g.
̇
0.
3333……………………….
iswr
it
tenas0.
3

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̇̇
0.
4545………………………i
swr
it
t 45
enas0.
̇̇
0.
324324………………….
iswr
it
tenas0.
324
Anydiv
isi
onwhosedi
vi
sorhaspr
imef
act
orsot
hert
han2or5f
ormsar
ecur
ri
ngdeci
malornon-
ter
minat
ing
deci
mal.

Exampl
e
Ex
presseachasaf
ract
ion
̇
a.
)0.
6
̇
b.
)0.
73
̇̇
c. 15
)0.

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Letr=0.
66666-
--
--
--
(I)
10r=6.
6666-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--(
II
)
Subt
ract
ingIf
rom I
I
9r=6
6
r=
9
2
=
3
b.
)Letr=0.
73333-
--
--
--
--(
I)
10r
=7.
3333333-
--
--
--
--(
II
)
100r=73.
33333-
--
--
--
--(
II
I)
Subt
ract
ing(
II
)fr
om (
II
I)

90r=66
66
r=
90
11
=
15
c.
)Letr=0.
151515-
--
--
--
--
(I)
100r=15.
1515-
--
--
--
--
--(
II
)
99r
=15

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15
r=
99
5
=
33

Deci
mal
places
Whent
heprocessofcarr
yingoutdi
vi
siongoesov erandoveragainwi
thoutendi
ngwemayr oundof
fthedi
git
s
t
oanynumberofrequi
reddigi
tst
otherightofdecimalpoi
ntswhichar
ecalleddeci
mal
places.

Exampl
e
Round2.
832t
othenear
esthundr
edt
h.

Sol
uti
on

St
ep1–Det
ermi
net
hepl
acet
owhi
cht
henumberi
stober
oundedi
s.

2.
832

Step2–Ift
hedigi
ttother
ightoft
henumbertober oundedislesst
han5,r
epl
acei
tandal lthedi
git
stot he
ri
ghtofi
tbyzer
os.Ifthedigi
ttotheri
ghtoftheunderl
inednumberis5orhi
gher
,increasetheunder
lined
numberby1andrepl
aceal
lnumberstotheri
ghtbyzeros.Ift
hezerosar
edeci
maldigi
ts,youmayeliminate
them.

2.
832 = 2.
830 = 2.
83

Exampl
e
Round43.
5648t
othenear
estt
housandt
h.

Sol
uti
on

43.
5648 = 43.
5650= 43.
565

Exampl
e
Round5,
897,
000t
othenear
esthundr
edt
housand.

Sol
uti
on
5,
897,
000 =5,
900,
000

St
andar
dFor
m
n
Anumberi
ssai
dtobei
nst
andar
dfor
mifi
tisexpr
essedi
nfor
m AX10,
Wher
e1<A<10andni
sani
nteger
.

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Exampl
e
Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sinst
andar
dfor
m.
a.
)36 b.
)576c.
)0.
052

Sol
uti
on
1
a.
)36/
10x10=3.
6x10
2
b.
)576/
100x100=5.
76x10
c.
)0.
052=0.
052x100/
100
1
5.
2×
100
1 2
5.
2×( )
100
-
2
5.
2×10

Oper
ati
ononDeci
mal
s

Addi
ti
onandSubt
ract
ion
Thekeypoi
ntwi
thaddi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ioni
stol
i
neupt
hedeci
mal
poi
nts!

Exampl
e
2.
64+11.
2= 2.
64

+11.
20 i
nthi
scase,
ithel
pst
owr
it
e11.
2as11.
20
13.
84

Exampl
e
14.
73–12.
155= 14.
730 agai
naddi
ngt
his0hel
ps
- 12.
155
2.
575

Exampl
e
127.
5+0.
127= 327.
500
+ 0.
127
327.
627

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Whenmul ti
plyi
ngdecimals,dothesum asifthedeci
malpoi
ntswer enotther
e,andthencal
culat
ehowmany
numberswer etotherightofthedeci
malpointinbot
htheori
ginalnumbers-next,pl
acethedeci
malpoi
nti
n
youranswersothattherearet
hisnumberofdigi
tstot
heri
ghtofyourdecimalpoi
nt?

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Exampl
e
2.
1x1.
2.
Cal
culat
e21x12=252.Therei sonenumbertotheri
ghtofthedeci
mali
neachoftheorigi
nalnumbers,
makingatotaloft
wo.Wet
her
eforepl
aceourdeci
malsothatt
her
earetwodi
git
stot
herightofthedeci
mal
poi
ntinouranswer
.
Hence2.
1x1.
2=2.
52.
Alwaysl
ookatyouranswertoseeifi
tissensi
ble.2x1=2,soouranswershoul
dbecloset
o2r
athert
han20
or0.2whi
chcoul
dbet heanswersobt
ainedbyputti
ngt
hedeci
malinthewrongpl
ace.

Exampl
e
1.
4x6
Cal
cul
ate14x6=84.Ther
eisonedi
gitt
other
ightoft
hedeci
mal
inouror
igi
nal
number
ssoouransweri
s8.
4
Check1x6=6soouranswershoul
dbecl
osert
o6t
han60or0.
6

Di
vi
sion
Whendiv
idingdeci
mals,t
hef i
rstst
epi
stowr
it
eyournumber
sasaf
ract
ion.Not
ethatt
hesy
mbol/i
susedt
o
denot
ediv
isioni
nthesenotes.
Hence2.
14/1.
2=2.
14
1.
2
Next
,movethedeci
malpoi
nttot
heri
ghtunti
lbothnumbersarenol
ongerdeci
mal
s.Dot
hist
hesamenumber
ofpl
acesonthet
opandbott
om,put
ti
nginzerosasrequi
red.

2.14 214
Hence becomes
1.
2 120
Thi
scant
henbecal
cul
atedasanor
mal
div
isi
on.
Al
wayscheckyouranswerf
rom t
heor
igi
nalt
omakesurethatt
hingshaven’
tgonewrongal
ongt
heway
.You
woul
dexpect2.
14/1.
2tobesomewher
ebetween1and2.I
nfact
,theansweri
s1.78.

I
fthi
smethodseemsstr
ange,
tryusi
ngacal
cul
atort
ocal
cul
ate2.
14/
1.2,21.
4/12,
214/
120and 2140/1200.
Theanswershoul
dal
waysbethesame.

Exampl
e
4.
36/0.
14=4.
36=436=31.
14
1.
14 14

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Exampl
e
27.
93/1.
2=27.
93=2793=23.
28
1.
2 120

Roundi
ngUp

Somedeci
mal
number
sgoonf
orev
er!Tosi
mpl
i
fyt
hei
ruse,
wedeci
deonacut
offpoi
ntand“
round”t
hem upor
down.
I
fwewantt oround2.734216tot
wodecimalpl
aces,welookatthenumberi
nt het
hirdpl
aceaft
erthedeci
mal,
i
nt hi
scase,
4.Ifthenumberis0,
1,2,3or4,weleavet
helastfi
gurebef
orethecutoffasi
tis.I
fthenumberi
s
5,6,7,8or9we“ r
oundup”thel
astf
igur
ebeforethecutoffbyone.2.
734216theref
orebecomes2.73when
roundedt
o2decimal pl
aces.

I
fwear
eroundi
ngt
o2deci
mal
places,
wel
eav
e2number
stot
her
ightoft
hedeci
mal
.
I
fwear
eroundi
ngt
o2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es,
wel
eav
etwonumber
s,whet
hert
heyar
edeci
mal
sornot
.

Exampl
e

243.
7684=243.
77(
2deci
mal
places)
=240(
2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)

1973.
285=1973.
29(
2deci
mal
places)
=2000(
2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)
2.
4689=2.
47(2deci
mal pl
aces)
=2.
5(2si
gnif
icantf
igur
es)
0.
99879=1.
00(
2deci
mal
places)
=1.
0(2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)

Or
derofoper
ati
on
Thesamer
ulesonoper
ati
onsi
sal
way
sthesameev
enf
ordeci
mal
s.

Exampl
es
Ev
aluat
e
0.
02+3.
5x2.
6–0.
1(6.
2-3.
4)

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Sol
uti
on
0.
02+3.
5x2.
6–0.
1x2.
8=0.
02+0.
91-
0.28
=8.
84

Endoft
opi
c
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fnotaskateacher
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eyouunder
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eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1.
)Wi
thoutusi
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
abl
esoracal
cul
atorev
aluat
e.

384.
16x0.
0625
96.
04

2.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
e

1000 0.
0128
200
3.
)Expressthenumber
s1470and7056,
eachasapr
oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.
Henceev
aluate: 14702
7056
Leav
ingt
heansweri
npr
imef
act
orf
orm
4.
)Wi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esorcal
cul
ator
s,ev
aluat
e

3
675x135
2025
5.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esort
hecal
cul
ator

0.0625x2.56
0.25x0.08
CHAPTERNI
NE

S
QUAREANDS
QUREROOTS

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeableto:
a.)Fi
ndsquar
esofnumbersbymulti
pli
cat
ion
b.
)Fi
ndsquar
esf
rom t
abl
es
c.
)Fi
ndsquar
erootbyf
act
ormet
hod
d.
)Fi
ndsquar
erootf
rom t
abl
es.

Cont
ent
a.
)Squar
esbymul
ti
pli
cat
ion
b.
)Squar
esf
rom t
abl
es
c.
)Squar
eroot
sbyf
act
ori
zat
ion
d.
)Squar
eroot
sfr
om t
abl
es.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Squar
es
Thesquar
eofanumberi
ssi
mpl
ytheumbermul
ti
pli
edbyi
tsel
fonce.Forexampl
ethesquar
eof15i
s225.
That
i
s15x15=225.
Squar
efr
om t
abl
es
Thesquar
esofnumber
scanber eaddir
ectl
yfr
om tableofsquares.Thi
stabl
esgiveonl
yapproxi
mat
eval
ues
oft
hesquarest
o4fi
gur
es.Thesquaresofnumber
sf r
om 1.000to9.999canbereaddi
rect
lyf
rom t
het
abl
es.
Theuseoft
abl
esi
sil
l
ust
rat
edbel
ow

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesquar
eof
:
a.
)4.
25
b.
)42.
5
c.
)0.
425

Tabl
es

a.
)Toreadthesquareof4.
25,
lookf
or4.
2downthecol
umnheadedx.Movetotheri
ghtal
ongthisr
ow,
up
t
owhereiti
nter
sect
swit
hthecol
umnheaded5.
Thenumberi
nthi
sposi
ti
onisthesquar
eof4.25
2
So4.
25 =18.
06t
o4f
igur
es

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2 2
b.
)Thesquar
eof4.
25l
i
esbet
ween40 and50 bet
ween1600and2500.
2 12
42.
5=(
4.25x10)
2 2
=4.
25 x10
=18.
06x100
=1806

2 12
c.
)0.
425=(4.
25x )
10
2
2 1
=4.
25 x( )
10
=18.
06x1/
100
=0.
1806

Thesquar
et abl
eshaveext
racol umnslabeled1t o9t ot her
ightofthethickl
i
ne.Thenumbersundert
hese
col
umnsar ecall
edmeandi fferences.Tof ind3.162,read3.16t oget9.986.
Thenreadthenumberinthe
posi
ti
onwher et
herowcontaining9.986intersect
swi t
ht hedi
ffer
encescolumnheaded2.
Thedif
fer
enceis13
andthi
sshouldbeaddedt
ot hel astdi
git
sof9. 986
9.
986
+ 13
9.
999
56.
129has5si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esandi
nor
dert
ouse4f
igur
est
abl
es,
wemustf
ir
str
oundi
tof
ftof
ourf
igur
es.
56.
129=56.
13t
o4f
igur
es
2 12
13 =(
56. 5.613x10)
2
=31.
50x10
=3150

Squar
eRoot
s
Squar
eroot
sar
etheopposi
teofsquar
es.Forexampl
e5x5=25,
wesayt
hat5i
sasquar
erootof25.
Anyposi
ti
venumberhast
wosquar
eroot
s,oneposi
ti
veandt
heot
hernegat
ive.
Thesy
mbolf
ort
hesquar
eroot
ofanumberi
s√.
Anumberwhosesquar
erooti
sani
ntegeri
scal
l
edaper
fectsquar
e.Forexampl
e1,4,
9,
25and36ar
eper
fect
squar
es.

Squar
eroot
sbyFact
ori
zat
ion.
Thesquar
erootofanumbercanal
sobeobt
ainedusi
ngf
act
ori
zat
ionmet
hod.

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Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesquar
erootof81byf
act
ori
zat
ionmet
hod.

Sol
uti
on
√81= 3x33x
3(Fi
ndt
hepr
imef
act
orof81)
=(
3x3)(
3x3)(
Groupt
hepr
imef
act
orsi
ntot
woi
dent
ical
number
s)
=3x3 (
Outoft
het
woi
dent
ical
pri
mef
act
ors,
chooseoneandf
indt
hei
rpr
oduct
)
=9

Not
e:
Pai
rthepr
imef
act
orsi
ntot
woi
dent
ical
number
s.Forev
erypai
r,pi
ckonl
yonenumbert
henobt
aint
hepr
oduct
.

Exampl
e
Fi
nd√1764byf
act
ori
zat
ion.

Sol
uti
on
1764= 2x2x3x
3x7x7
=2x3x7
=42

Exampl
e
Fi
nd√441byf
act
ori
zat
ion

Sol
uti
on
√441= 3x
3x7x7
=3x7
=21

Squar
eRootf
rom t
abl
es
Squar
eroot
sofnumber
sfr
om 1.
0to99.
99ar
egi
veni
nthet
abl
esandcanber
eaddi
rect
ly.

Exampl
es
Uset
abl
est
ofi
ndt
hesquar
erootof
:
a.
)1.
86 b.
)42.
57 c.
)359 d.
)0.
8236

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Tor eadthesquarerootof1.
86,
lookfor1.
8int
hecol
umnheadedx,movet
other
ightal
ongt
hisrowto
whereitint
ersect
swi ththecolumnheaded6.Thenumberinthi
sposi
ti
onisthesquar
er ootof
1.
86.Thus1.86=1.364to4fi
gures.

b.
) 42.
57Lookf
or42i
nthecol
umnheadedxandmov
eal
ongt
her
owcont
aini
ng42t
owher
eiti
nter
sect
s

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wi
tht
hecolumnheaded5.
Readthenumberi
nthi
sposit
ion,whi
chis6.519.Thedi
ff
erencef
or7f
rom
t
hedi
ff
erencecol
umnal
ongthi
srowis6.
Thedi
ff
erencei
saddedto6.519asshownbelow:
6.
519
+0.
006
6.
525

Thus,42.
57=6.
525t
o4f
igur
es.
Foranynumberout
sidet
hisr
ange,i
tisnecessar
ytof
ir
stexpr
essi
tast
hepr
oductofanumberi
nthi
srange
andanevenpowerof10.
2
c.
)359=3.
59x10

359= (
3.59x1000)

=1.
895x10
=18.
95(
fourf
igur
es)

()
2
1
d.
)0.
8236=82.
36x
10

1
8236= (
0. 82.
36x )
100

1
=(
9.072+0.
004)x
10
=0.
9076(
4fi
gur
es)

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
s

2.
)Ev
aluat
eusi
ngr
eci
procal
s,squar
eandsquar
eroott
abl
esonl
y.

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3.
)Usi
ngacal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
e

(
Showy
ourwor
kingateachst
age)

4.
)Uset
abl
esofr
eci
procal
sandsquar
eroot
stoev
aluat
e

5.
)Uset
abl
est
ofi
nd;
a)I 9782
)4.
i
i
)Ther
eci
procal
of31.
65
b)Henceev
aluat
eto4.
S.Ft
hev
alueof
9782–1/
4. 31.
65

6.
)Uset
abl
esofsquar
es,
squar
eroot
sandr
eci
procal
stoev
aluat
ecor
rectt
o4S.

3 2
0136 2)
0. (
3.7 2

7. Wi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
icalt
ablesorcal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
e:153x1.
8 gi
vi
ngy
ouransweri
nst
andar
d
for
m 0.68x0.32

CHAPTERTEN

ALGEBRAI
CEXPRES
SION

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Usel
ett
erstorepr
esentnumbers
b.
)Wr
it
est
atement
sinal
gebr
aicf
orm
c.
)Si
mpl
i
fyal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons
d.
)Fact
ori
zeanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onsbygr
oupi
ng
e.
)Remov
ebr
acket
sfr
om al
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons
f
.)Ev
aluat
eal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onsbysubst
it
uti
ngnumer
ical
val
ues
g.
)Appl
yal
gebr
ainr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.
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Cont
ent
a.
)Let
ter
sfornumber
s
b.
)Al
gebr
aicf
ract
ions
c.
)Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionofal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons
d.
)Fact
ori
zat
ionbygr
oupi
ng
e.
)Remov
alofbr
acket
s
f
.) Subst
it
uti
onandev
aluat
ion
g.
)Pr
obl
em sol
vi
ngi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Analgebr
aicexpr
essionisamathemat
icalexpr
essi
onthatconsi
stsofv
ari
ables,number
sandoperat
ions.The
valueofthi
sexpressioncanchangeClari
fythedefi
nit
ionsandhavestudentstakenotesonthei
rgr aphi
c
organi
zer
.
Not
e:
o Algebr aicExpr ession—cont ainsatleastonev ari
abl
e,onenumberand oneoper at
ion. An
exampl eofanal gebraicexpressi
onisn+9.
o Variable—al ettert hatisusedi npl
aceofanumber .Somet i
mes,t hev ari
ablewil
lbegi vena
value. Thi sv aluewi l
lreplacethev ari
ableinordertosolv etheequat ion. Ot
hert i
mes,the
variableisnotassi gnedav alueandthestudentistosolv
et heequat i
ont odeter
minet heval
ue
ofthev ari
able.
o Const ant—anumbert hatstandsbyitself
.The9i nourpr ev
iousv ocabularyisanexampl eofa
const ant.
o Coef fi
cient—anumberi nfrontofandattachedtoav ar
iabl
e.Forexampl e,i
ntheexpression5x+
3,the5i sthecoef fici
ent.
o Term—eachpar tofanexpr essi
onthatisseparat
edbyanoper at
ion.Fori nst
ance,i
nourear l
ier
exampl en+9, thetermsar enand7.
Exampl
es
Wr
it
eeachphr
aseasanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
on.
Ni
nei
ncr
easedbyanumberr→ 9+r
Four
teendecr
easedbyanumberx → 14-x
Si
xlesst
hananumbert→ t-6
Thepr
oductof5andanumbern→5Xn or5n
31
Thi
rt
y-t
wodi
vi
dedbyanumbery 31÷x or
x

Exampl
e
Anelectr
ici
anchargessh450perhourandspendssh200adayongasol
i
ne.Wr
it
eanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ont
o
repr
esenthisear
ningsf
oroneday.
Sol
uti
on: Letxr
epr
esentt
henumberofhour
stheel
ect
ri
cianwor
ksi
noneday
.Theel
ect
ri
cian'
sear
ningscan
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ber
epr
esent
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
on:

Sol
uti
on
450x-200

Si
mplif
icat
ionofAl
gebr
aicExpr
essi
ons
Note:
Basi
cst
epst
ofol
l
owwhensi
mpl
i
fyanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
on:
 Remov
epar
ent
hesesbymul
ti
ply
ingf
act
ors.
 Useexponentr
ulest
oremov
epar
ent
hesesi
nter
mswi
thexponent
s.
 Combi
nel
i
ket
ermsbyaddi
ngcoef
fi
cient
s.
 Combi
net
heconst
ant
s.

Li
keandunl
i
ket
erms
Li
ketermshavethesamev ari
abl
e/l
ett
ersrai
sedt othesamepoweri .
e.3b+2b=5bora+5a=6aandthey
2 2
canbesimpli
fi
edfurtheri
nto5band6ar especti
vel
y(aa nd3a a r
ealsoli
keter
ms)
.Whi
l
eunl
i
ket
ermshave
dif
fer
entv
ari
ablesi
.e.3b+2cor4b+2xandt heycannotbesi
mpl i
fi
edfurt
her.

Exampl
e

3a+12b+4a-
2b = 7a+10b (col
l
ectt
hel
i
ckt
erms)

2x-5y+3x-7y+3w =5x-12y+3w
Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fy:
2x–6y–4x+5z–y

Sol
uti
on
2x–6y–4x+5z–y=2x–4x–6y–y+5z
=(
2x–4x)–(
6y+y
)+5z
=-2x–7y+5z

Not
e:
-
6y–y=-
(6y+y
)

Exampl
e
1 1 1
Si
mpl
i
fy: a- b+ a
2 3 4

Sol
uti
on
TheL.
C.M of2,
3and4i
s12.

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1 1 1 6a -
4b+3a
Ther
efor
e a- b+ a=
2 3 4 12
6a
+3a-
4b
=
12
9a
-4b
=
12

Ex
ampl
e
a
+b 2a
-b
Si
mpl
i
fy: -
2 3

Sol
uti
on
a
+b 2a-b 3(
a+b)
-2(
2ab)
-
- =
2 3 6
3a
+3b-
4a+2b
6
3a-
4a+3b+2b
6
-a
+5b
=
6

Exampl
e
5x²-2x²=3x²

4a²
bc-2a²
bc=2a²
bc
3 3 3
a²
b–2bc+3a²
b+bc=4a²
b–bc

Not
e:
Capi
tal
let
terandsmal
ll
ett
ersar
enotl
i
ket
erms.

Br
acket
s
Br
acket
sser
vet
hesamepur
poseast
heydoi
nar
it
hmet
ic.

Exampl
e
Remov
ethebr
acket
sandsi
mpl
i
fy:
a.
)3(a+b)–2(
a–b)
b.
)1/
3a+3(
5a+b–c)
c.
)2b+3(
3–2(
a–5)

Sol
uti
on
a.
)3(a+b)–2(
a–b)=3a+3b–2a+2b

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=3a-2a+3b+2b
=a+5b
b.
)1/
3a+3(
5a+b–c)=1/
3a+15a+3b–3c
1
=15 a+3b-3c
3
c.
)2b+a{3–2(
a–5)
}=2b+a{
3–2a+10}
2
=2b+3a–2a +10a
2
=2b+3a+10a-2a
2
=2b+13a-2a
Theprocessofremaini
ngt
hebr
acket
siscal
l
edexpansi
onwhi
l
ether
ever
sepr
ocessofi
nser
ti
ngt
hebr
acket
s
i
scall
edf act
ori
zat
ion.

Exampl
e
Fact
ori
zet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a.
)3m +3n=3(
m +n) (t
hecommont
ermi
s3soweputi
tout
sidet
hebr
acket
)
3 4 5
b.
)ar+a
r+a
r
2 42 3
c.
)4xy+20xy-36xy

Sol
uti
on

3 4 5 3
b.
)ar+a
r+a
r(ri
a scommon)

r( +r)
3 2
a 1+r
2 42 3
c.
)4xy+20xy-36xy
2
4xy(
Iscommon)
2 2
=4xy(1+5xy-9x

Fact
ori
zat
ionbygr
oupi
ng
Whentheter
msofanexpr
essi
onwhichdonothaveacommonfact
orar
etakenpai
rwi
se,
acommonf
act
orcan
bef
ound.Thismet
hodi
sknownasfactor
izat
ionbygr
oupi
ng.

Exampl
e
Fact
ori
ze:
a.
)3ab+2b+3ca+2c
b.
)ab+bx–a-x

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Sol
uti
on
a.
)3ab+2b+3ca+2c=b(3a+2)+c(
3a+2)
=(
3a+2)(
b+c)

b.
)ab+bx–a–x=b(a+x)–1(a+x)
=(
a+x)(
b–1)

Al
gebr
aicf
ract
ions
I
nal
gebr
a,f
ract
ionscanbeaddedandsubt
ract
edbyf
indi
ngt
heL.
C.M oft
hedenomi
nat
ors.

Exampl
es
Ex
presseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngasasi
ngl
efr
act
ion:
x
-1 x+2 x
a.
) + +
2 4 5
a
+b b-a
b.
) -
b a
1 3 5
c.
) + +
3(
a+b) 8(
a+b) 12a
Sol
uti
on

x
- +2 x 10(x
1 x -1)
+5(x+2)
+4x
a
.) + + = (
10x-
10+5x+10+4x)
2 4 5 12a
19x
=
20

a a b(a
+b b- +b)
-a(b-
a)
b.
) - =
b a a
b
2 2
a+b
=
a
b

1 3 5
c
.) + + (
fi
ndt
heL.
C.
M.of3,
8and12whi
chi )
s24,
3(
a+b) 8(
a+b) 12a
(
fi
ndt
heL.
C.
M. nd(a
ofaa +b)i
sa +b))
(a
(
TheL.
C.
M.of3(a
+b),
8(+b)
a and12i +b))
s24a(a

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1 3 5 8a
+9a+10a+10b
+ + =
3(
a+b) 8(
a+b) 12a 24a(a+b)
27a
+10b
=
24a(a+b)

Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionbyf
act
ori
zat
ion
Fact
ori
zat
ioni
susedt
osi
mpl
i
fyexpr
essi
ons

Exampl
es
Si
mpl
i
fy p2–2pq+q2

2p2-
3pq+q2

Sol
uti
on
Numer
atori
ssol
vedf
ir
st.
2 2
p -Pq-pq+q
p(p-
q)-q(
p+q)
2
(
p-q)
Thensol
vet
hedenomi
nat
or
2p2-
2pq-pq-q2
(
2p-
q)(
p-q)
2
(
p-q) p-
q
=
(
2p-q)
(p-
q) 2p-q
2
(
p- p-
q)=( q)
(p-
q)he
ncei
tca
nce
lwi
tht
hede
nomi
nat
or

Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fy

Sol
uti
on
Num.(
4m –3n)(
4m +3n)
Den.4m2–4mn+3mn–3n2
(
4m +3n)(
m –n)
(
4m –3n)(
4m +3n)
(
4m +3n)(m –n)
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4m –3n
m –n

Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
on.

Sol
uti
on
Numer
ator
18x(
y–r
)
Denomi
nat
or
9x(
r–y
)

18x(y–r)
Ther
efor
e
9x(r-
y)
(
y–r )
=
(r-
y)

Exampl
e
2 2
12x+ax-
6a
Si
mpl
i
fy 2 2
9x -
4a
Sol
uti
on

Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
oncompl
etel
y.

ay-
ax
bx-
by

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Sol
uti
on
a(y-
x) a(y-
x ) a -a
= = =
b(x-
y) -
b(x-y) -
b b
Not
e:
x-y=-
(y-
x)

Subst
it
uti
on
Thi
sist
hepr
ocessofgi
vi
ngv
ari
abl
esspeci
fi
cval
uesi
nanexpr
essi
on

Exampl
e
2 2
x+y
Ev
aluat
etheexpr
essi
on i
fx=2andy=1
y+2

Sol
uti
on
2 2 2 2
x+y 2+1 4+1
= =
y+2 1+2 3

5 2
= =1
3 3
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Gi
vent
haty= 2x–z
x+3z expr
essxi
nter
msofyandz
2.Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
on
x–1 -2x+1
x 3x
Hencesol
vet
heequat
ion
x–1 - 2x+1 =2
x 3x 3
3.Fact
orzea2–b2
i
Hencefi
ndtheexactv
alueof25572-25472
4.Si
mpl
i
fy p2–2pq+q2

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P3-pq2+p2q–q3
5.Giventhaty=2x–z,expr
essxinter
msofyandz.
Fourfarmerst
ookt
hei
rgoatst oamarket
.Mohammedhadt womoregoat
sasKoechhad3timesas
manygoatsasMohammed,whereasOdupoyhad10goat
slesst
hanbot
hMohammedandKoech.
(
i) Wr
it
easi
mpl
i
fiedal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onwi
thonev
ari
abl
e,r
epr
esent
ingt
het
otal
numberofgoat
s.
(
ii
) Thr
eebutcher
sboughtal
lthegoatsandshar
edt
hem equal
l
y.I
feachbut
chergot17goat
s,how
manydi
dodupoysellt
othebutchers?
6.Sol
vet
heequat
ion
1=5-7
4x 6x
7.Simpl
i
fy
a + b
2(
a+b) 2(
a-b)

8.Threey
earsago,Jumawast
hreet
imesasol
d.AsAl
iint
woy
ear
sti
me,
thesum oft
hei
rageswi
l
lbe
62.Det
erminet
heirages

CHAPTERELEVEN

RATES
,RATI
O,PROPORTI
ONANDPERCENTAGE
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Def
iner
ates
b.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
ates
c.
)Def
iner
ati
o
d.
)Compar
etwoormor
equant
it
iesusi
ngr
ati
os
e.
)Changequant
it
iesi
nagi
venr
ati
o
f
.) Compar
etwoormor
erat
ios
g.
)Repr
esentandi
nter
pretpr
opor
ti
onal
par
ts
h.
)Recogni
zedi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
i
.) Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngdi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
j
.) Conv
ertf
ract
ionsanddeci
mal
stoper
cent
agesandv
ice-
ver
sa

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k.
)Cal
cul
ateper
cent
agechangei
nagi
venquant
it
y
l
.) Appl
yrat
es,
rat
ios,
per
cent
agest
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ionsandpr
opor
ti
on.

Cont
ent
a.
)Rat
es
b.
)Sol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
ates
c.
)Rat
io
d.
)Compar
ingquant
it
iesusi
ngr
ati
o
e.
)Incr
easeanddecr
easei
nagi
venr
ati
o
f
.) Compar
ingr
ati
os
g.
)Pr
opor
ti
on:
dir
ectandi
nver
se
h.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsondi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
i
.) Fr
act
ionsanddeci
mal
sasper
cent
ages
j
.) Per
cent
agei
ncr
easeanddecr
ease
k.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofr
ates,
rat
ios,
per
cent
agesandpr
opor
ti
ont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Rat
es
Ar
atei
sameasur
eofquant
it
y,andcompar
ingonequant
it
ywi
thanot
herofdi
ff
erentki
nd.

Exampl
e
I
facartakestwohourstotraveladi
stanceof160km.t
henwewi l
lsaythati
tist
ravel
l
ingatanaver
ager
ateof
80km perhour.Ift
wokil
ogr amsofmai zemeali
ssol
dforsh.38.
00,t
henwesayt hatmaizemeali
ssel
l
ingat
ther
ateofsh.
19.00perki
logram.

Exampl
e
Whati
sther
ateofconsumpt
ionperdayi
ftwel
vebagsofbeansar
econsumedi
n120day
s?

Sol
uti
on.
Rat
eofconsumpt
ion=numberofbags/
numberofday
s

12
=
120
=1/
10bagsperday

Exampl
e
Al
abor
er’
swagei
ssh.
240perei
ghthour
swor
kingday
.Whati
sther
ateofpay
mentperhour
?

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Sol
uti
on
Rat
e=amountofmoneypai
d/numberofhour
s

240
=
8
=sh.
30perhour

Rat
io
Arat
ioisawayofcompari
ngt
wosimil
arquant
it
ies.Forex
ampl
e,i
fal
iasi
s10year
soldandhi
sbrot
herbasher
i
s14y ear
sold.Thenal
i
asageis10/
14ofBashir’
sage,andt
hei
ragesaresai
dtobeinther
ati
oof10to14.
Wri
tt
en,10:
14.
Al
i
asage:
Bashi
r’
sage=10:
14
Bashi
r’
sage:
ali
asage=14:
10
I
nstat
ingarat
io,
theunit
smustbethesame.I
fonamap2cm r
ep5km ont
heact
ualgr
ound,
thent
her
ati
oof
mapdist
ancet
omapdi st
ancei
s2cm:5x100000cm,
whi
chis2:
500000.
Ar
ati
oisexpr
essedi
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
ormi
nthesamewayasaf
ract
ion,
E.
g.10/
14=5/
7,hence10:
14=5:
7.
Si
mil
arl
y,2:
500000=1:
250000,
Aproporti
oni
sacompari
sonoft
woormor erati
os.I
f,example,a,bandcar ethr
eenumberssuchthata:b:
c=2:
3:5,
thena,b,
car
esai
dtobepropor
ti
onalt
o2, 3,
5andt herelat
ionshi
pshoul
dbeint
erpr
etedtomeana/2
=b/3=c/5.
Si
mil
arl
y,wecansayt
hata:
b=2:
3,b:
c=3:
5a:
c=2:
5
Ex
ampl
e3
I
fa:
b=3:
4andb:
c=5:
7fi
nda:
c
Sol
uti
on
a:
b=3:
4…………………(
i)
b:
c=5:
7………………….
(i
i)
Consi
dert
her
ighthandsi
de;
Mul
ti
ply(
i)by5and(
ii
)by4t
oget
,a:
b=15:
20andb:
c=20:
28
Thus,
a:b:
c=15:
20:
28anda:
c=15:
28

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I
ncr
easeanddecr
easei
nagi
venr
ati
o
Toincr
easeordecr
easeaquant
it
yinagi
venr
ati
o,weexpr
esst
her
ati
oasaf
ract
ionandmul
ti
plyi
tbyt
he
quant
it
y.

Exampl
e
I
ncr
ease20i
nther
ati
o4:
5

Sol
uti
on
Newv
alue=5/
4x20
=5x5
=25

Exampl
e
Decr
ease45i
nther
ati
o7:
9

Sol
uti
on
Newv
alue =7/
9x45
=7x5
=35

Exampl
e
Thepr
iceofapeni
sadj
ust
edi
nther
ati
o6:
5.I
ftheor
igi
nal
pri
cewassh.
50.Whati
sthenewpr
ice?

Sol
uti
on
Newpr
ice:
oldpr
ice=6:
5
Newpr
ice/
oldpr
ice=6/
5
Newpr
ice =6/
5x50
=sh.60

Not
e:
Whenar at
ioexpr
essesachangei
naquant
it
yani
ncr
easeordecr
ease ,i
tisusual
l
yputi
nthef
orm ofnew
val
ue:
oldvalue

Compar
ingr
ati
os
I
nordert
ocompar
erat
ios,
theyhav
etobeexpr
essedasf
ract
ionsf
ir
st,i
e.,
a:b=a/
b.t
her
esul
tantf
ract
ioncan
t
henbecompar
ed.

Exampl
e
Whi
chr
ati
oisgr
eat
er,
2:3or4:
5?
Sol
uti
on2:
3=2/
3,4:
5=4/
5
2/
3=10/
15,
4/5=12/
15=4/
5>2/
3

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Thus,
4:5>2:
3

Di
str
ibut
ingaquant
it
yinagi
venr
ati
o
I
faquant
it
yist
obedi
vi
dedi
nther
ati
oa:
b:c,
thef
ract
ionoft
hequant
it
yrepr
esent
edby
:

a
(
i) Awi
l
lbe
a
+b+c
a
(
ii
) B wi
l
lbe
a
+b+c
a
(
ii
i) C wi
l
lbe
a
+b+c
Exampl
e
A72-hact
arefar
mist
obeshar
edamongt
hreesonsi
nther
ati
o2:
3:4.Whatwi
l
lbet
hesi
zesi
nhect
aresoft
he
t
hreeshares?

Sol
uti
on
Tot
alnumberofpar
tsi
s2+3+4=9
Thesheshar
esar
e:2/
9x72ha=16ha
3/
9x72ha=24ha
4/
9x72ha=36ha

Di
rectandinversepr
opor
ti
on
Di
rectpropor
tion
Thet
abl
ebel
owshowst
hecostofv
ari
ousnumber
sofcupsatsh.20percup.

No.ofcups 1 2 3 4 5

Cost(
sh.
) 20 40 60 80 100

Therati
oofthenumbersofcupsinthefour
thcolumntothenumberofcupsinthesecondcol
umni s4:
2=2:
1.
Therati
oofthecor
respondi
ngcost
sis80:40=2:
1.Byconsi
deri
ngtherat
ioofcost
sinanytwocolumnsandthe
cor
respondi
ngrat
ioandthenumberofcups,youshoul
dnoti
cethatt
heyarealway
sthesame.
I
ftwoquanti
ti
esar esuchthatwhent
heonei
ncr
eases(
decr
eases)i
npar
ti
cul
arr
ati
o,t
heot
heroneal
so
i
ncr
eases(
decreases)i
ntherat
io,

Exampl
e
Acart
rav
els40km on5l
i
tresofpet
rol
.Howf
ardoesi
ttr
avel
on12l
i
tresofpet
rol
?

Sol
uti
on
Pet
rol
isi
ncr
easedi
nther
ati
o12:
5
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Di
stance=40x12/
5km

Exampl
e
Atrai
ntakes3hourstotravelbet
weentwost
ati
onsatanaver
agespeedof40km perhour
.Atwhatav
erage
speedwouldi
tneedtotr
av elt
ocovert
hesamedi
stancei
n2hour
s?

Sol
uti
on
Ti
meisdecr
easedi
nther
ati
o2:
3Speedmustbei
ncr
easedi
nther
ati
o3:
2av
eragespeedi
s40x3/
2km =60
km/h

Exampl
e
Tenmenworki
ngsi
xhoursadayt
ake12day
stocompl
eteaj
ob.Howl
ongwi
l
litt
akeei
ghtmenwor
king12
hour
sadayt
ocomplet
ethesamej
ob?

Sol
uti
on
Numberofmendecr
easesi
nther
ati
o8:
10
Ther
efor
e,t
henumberofday
stakeni
ncr
easesi
nther
ati
o10:
8.
Numberofhour
sincr
easedi
nther
ati
o12:
6.
Ther
efor
e,numberofday
sdecr
easesi
nther
ati
o6:
12.

10 6
Numberofday
staken=12x x
8 12
=7½day
s

Per
cent
ages
Aper
cent
age(
%)i
saf
ract
ionwhosedenomi
nat
ori
s100.Forexampl
e,27%means27/
100.

Conv
ert
ingf
ract
ionsanddeci
mal
sint
oper
cent
ages
Towr
it
eadeci
mal
orf
ract
ionasa%:
mul
ti
plyby100.
Forexampl
e

0.
125 =0.
125100=12.
5%

2 2 2
= 100 (
i.
e. Of100%)=40%
5 5 5
2
Or =25100=40%
5

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Exampl
e
Change2/
5int
oper
cent
age.

Sol
uti
on
2 x
=
5 100
2
x= x100
5
=40%

Exampl
e
Conv
ert0.
67i
ntoaper
cent
age:
sol
uti
on

67
0.
67=
100
67
Asaper
cent
age,
0.67= x100
100
=67%

Per
cent
agei
ncr
easeanddecr
ease
Aquant
it
ycanbeexpr
essedasaper
cent
ageofanot
herbyf
ir
stwr
it
ingi
tasaf
ract
ionoft
hegi
venquant
it
y.

Exampl
e
Afarmerhar
vest
ed250bagsofmai
zei
naseason.I
fhesol
d200bags,
whatper
cent
ageofhi
scr
opsdoest
his
r
epresent
?
Letxbet
heper
cent
agesol
d.

200
Then,
x/100=
250
200
So,
x == x100
250
=80%

Exampl
e
Amanear
ningsh.4800permont
hwasgi
vena25%payr
ise.Whatwashi
snewsal
ary
?

Sol
uti
on
Newsal
ary=25/
100x4800+4800
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=1200+4800
=sh.6000

Exampl
e
Adr
esswhi
chwascost
ingsh.1200nowgoesf
orsh.960.Whati
stheper
cent
agedecr
ease?

Sol
uti
on
Decr
easei
ncosti
s1200-960=sh.240
Per
cent
agedecr
ease=240/
1200x100
=20%

Exampl
e
Ther at
ioofjohn’
sear
ningstomuse’ searni
ngsis5:3.I
fjohn’
sear
ningsincreaseby12%,hi
snew fi
gur
e
becomessh.5600.Findt hecor
respondi
ngpercent
agechangeinmuse’searningsi
fthesum oft
hei
rnew
earni
ngsissh.
9600

Sol
uti
on
John’
sear
ningsbef
oret
hei
ncr
easei
s100/
112x5600=sh.5000
John’
sear
nings/
muse’
sear
nings=5/
3
Musa’
sear
ningsbef
oret
hei
ncr
ease=3/
5x5000
=sh.3000
Musa’
snewear
nings =9600-5600
=sh.4000
Musa’
schangei
near
nings =4000-
1000
=sh.3000
Per
cent
agechangei
nmuse’
sear
nings=1000/
3000x100
1
=33 %
3

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Akinyiboughtandbeansf rom awhol esal
er.Shethenmi xedt hemai zeandbeansi nt herati
o4:3she
boughtt hemai zeatKshs21perkgandt hebeans42perkg.I fshewast omakeapr ofi
tof30%.What
shouldbet hesell
i
ngpr i
ceof1kgoft hemi xt
ure?
2.Wat erf l
owsf r
om at apatt herateof27cm3 persecondi ntoar ectangularcontaineroflength60cm,
breadt h30cm andhei ght40cm.I fat6.00PM thecont ainerwashal ff
ull,whatwi l
lbet heheightof
wat erat6.04pm?
3.Twobusi nessmenj oint
lyboughtami nibuswhichcoul dferry25pay i
ngpassenger swhenf ull
.Thefare
betweent wotownsAandBwasKshs80perpassengerf oroneway .Themi nibusmadet hreeround
tr
ipsbet weent het wot ownsdai l
y.Thecostoff uelwasKshs1500perday .Thedr i
verandt he
conduct orwerepaiddai l
yallowancesofKshs200andKshs150r espectiv
ely.
Af urtherKshs4000perdaywassetasi deformaintenance,insuranceandl oanrepay ment.
(
a) (
i) Howmuchmoneywascol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hepassenger
sthatday
?
(
ii
) Howmuchwast
henetpr
ofi
t?
(
b) Onanotherday
,themini
buswas80%ful
lont
heaver
agefort
hethr
eer
oundt
ri
ps,
howmuchdi
d
eachbusi
nessmangetift
heday
’spr
ofi
twasshar
edi
ntherat
io2:
3?
4.Wainai
nahastwodair
yfarms,
AandB.Far
m Apr
oducesmi
l
kwi
th3¼per
centf
atandf
arm Bpr
oduces
mil
kwith4¼percentfat
.
(
a) Det er
mine
(
i) Thet
otal
massofmi
l
kfati
n50kgofmi
l
kfr
om f
arm Aand30kgofmi
l
kfr
om f
armB
(
ii
) Theper
cent
ageoff
ati
nami
xtur
eof50kgofmi
l
kAand30kgofmi
l
kfr
om B
(
b) Therangeofval
uesofmassofmil
kfrom f
arm Bt
hatmustbeused i
na50kgmi
xtur
esot
hat
themixt
uremayhaveatl
east4per
centf
at.
5.I
nthey
ear2001,t
hepr
iceofasof
aseti
nashopwasKshs12,000
(
a) Cal cul
atet
heamountofmoneyr
ecei
vedf
rom t
hesal
esof240sof
aset
sthaty
ear
.
(
b) (
i) I
nthey
ear2002t
hepr
iceofeachsof
aseti
ncr
easedby25%whi
l
e
thenumber ofsetssol
ddecreasedby10%.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
agei
ncr
easei
nthe
amountr
ecei
v edf
rom t
hesal
es
(
ii
) I
ftheendofyear2002,t
hepri
ceofeachsofasetchangedi
nther
ati
o16:15,cal
cul
ate
t
hepri
ceofeachsofaseti
ntheyear2003.

(
c) Thenumberofsof
aset
ssol
dint
hey
ear2003wasP%l
esst
hant
henumbersol
dint
hey
ear
2001.
Cal
cul
atet
hev
alueofP,
giv
ent
hatt
heamount
srecei
vedf
rom sal
esi
fthet
woy
ear
swer
eequal
.
6.Asolut
ionwhosevolumeis80li
tresismadeupof40%ofwat
erand60%ofal
cohol
.Whenxl
i
tresof
wat
erisadded,t
hepercent
ageofalcohol
dropst
o40%.
(
a) Fi ndtheval
ueofx
(
b) Thi
rt
yli
tr
esofwat
eri
saddedt
othenew sol
uti
on.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
ageofal
coholi
nthe
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r
esul
ti
ngsol
uti
on
(
c) If5li
tr
esofthesol
uti
oni
n(b)aboveisaddedto2li
tresoftheori
ginalsol
uti
on,
cal
cul
atei
nthe
simpl
estf
orm,ther
ati
oofwatert
othatofal
cohol
intheresult
ingsol
ution.
7.Threebusinesspar t
ners,Asha, Nangil
aandCher opcontr
ibutedKshs60, 000,Kshs85,
000andKshs105,
000r espectiv
ely.Theyagr eedt oput25%oft hepr ofi
tbackintobusinesseachy ear
.Theyalsoagreedto
putaside40%oft heremai ningprof
ittocaterfortaxesandi nsurance.Therestoftheprof
itwouldthen
beshar edamongt hepar tnersinther at
iooft hei
rcont r
ibuti
ons.Att heendoft hefi
rsty ear
,the
businessrealizedagr osspr ofi
tofKshs225, 000.
(a) Cal culat
etheamountofmoneyCher opr eceiv
edmor et hanAshaatt heendofthefi
rstyear.
(
b) Nangi
l
af ur
therinvest
edKshs25,000int
othebusinessatt hebeginni
ngofthesecondyear.
Gi
venthatthegrossprofi
tattheendofthesecondyearincreasedint
herat
io10:
9,cal
culat
e
Nangi
l
a’sshareoftheprof
itatt
heendoft
hesecondyear.

8.Kipket
ercancul
ti
vateapieceoflandi
n7hrswhil
eWanji
kucandothesamewor
kin5hour
s.Fi
ndt
he
ti
met heywoul
dtaketocult
ivat
ethepi
eceofl
andwhenworki
ngt
oget
her.

9.MogakaandOndi
sowor ki
ngtoget
hercandoapieceofworkin6days.Mogakaworki
ngal
one,
takes5
day
slongert
hanOnduso.Howmanyday sdoesi
ttakeOndusotodot
hewor kal
one.

10.Acert
ainamountofmoneywasshar
edamong3chi
l
dreni
nther
ati
o7:
5:3t
hel
argestshar
ewasKshs
91.Fi
ndthe
(a) Tot alamountofmoney
(
b) Di
ff
erencei
nthemoneyr
ecei
vedast
hel
argestshar
eandt
hesmal
l
estshar
e.

CHAPTERTWELVE

LENGTH

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opict
hel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
atet
heunit
sofmeasuri
nglengt
h
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofl
engt
hfr
om onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Expr
essnumber
stor
equi
rednumberofsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
d.
)Fi
ndt
heper
imet
erofapl
anef
igur
eandci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
e.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofl
engt
h(mm,
cm,
m,km)
b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofl
engt
hfr
om onef
ormt
oanot
her

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c.
)Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
d.
)Per
imet
er
e.
)Ci
rcumf
erence(
incl
udel
engt
hofar
cs)

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Lengt
hist
hedi
stancebet
weent
wopoi
nts.TheSIuni
tofl
engt
hismet
res.Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofl
engt
h.

1ki
l
omet
er(
km)=1000met
res
1hect
omet
er(
hm)=100met
res
1decamet
er(
Dm)=10met
res
1deci
met
er(
dm)=1/
10met
res
1cent
imet
er(
cm)=1/
100met
res
1mi
l
li
met
er(
mm)=1/
1000met
res

Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
efi
xesar
eof
tenusedwhenr
efer
ri
ngt
olengt
h:
Mega–1000000
Ki
l
o–1000
Hect
o–100
Deca-
10
Deci
-1/
10
Cent
i-
1/100
Mi
l
li
-1/
1000
Mi
cro-
1/1000000

Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
Theaccuracywit
hwhi chwest ateorwr i
teameasurementmaydependonitsrel
ati
vesize.Itwoul
dbe
unr
eali
sti
ctostatethedist
ancebet weentownsA andBas158. 27km.amorereasonabl
ef i
gur
eis158
km.158.
27km i
sthedist
anceexpressedto5si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esand158km t
o3si
gni
fi
cantfi
gures.

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Exampl
e
Ex
presseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sto5,
4,3,
2,and1si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es:
(
a)906315

(
b)0.
08564

(
c)40.
0089

(
d)156000

Sol
uti
on

number 5s.
f. 4s.
f 3s.
f 2s.
f 1s.
f.

(
a) 906315 906320 906300 906000 910000 900000

(
b) 0.
085641 0.
085641 0.
08564 0.
0856 0.
085 0.
09

(
c) 40.
0089 40.
009 40.
01 40.
0 40 40

(
d) 156000 156000 156000 156000 160000 200000

Theabov
eexampl
eshowhowwewoul
droundof
fameasur
ementt
oagi
vennumberofsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
Zer
omaynotbeasi
gni
fi
cant
.Forexampl
e:
(
i) 0.
085 -zer
oisnotsi
gni
fi
cantt
her
efor
e,0.
085i
sat
wo-si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
e.

(
ii
) 2.
30–zer
oissi
gni
fi
cant
.Ther
efor
e2.
30i
sat
hree-
signi
fi
cantf
igur
e.

(
ii
i) 5000–zer
omayormaynotbesigni
fi
cantfi
gure.Ther
efor
e,5000tothr
eesi
gni
fi
cantfi
gurei
s5
00(zer
oaf
ter5i
ssi
gni
fi
cant
).Toonesigni
fi
cantfi
gureis5000.Zer
oaft
er5i
snotsigni
fi
cant
.

(
iv) 31.
805Or305– zer
oissi
gni
fi
cant
,ther
efor
e31.
805i
sfi
vesi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
e.305i
sthr
ee
si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
e.

Per
imet
er
Theper
imet
erofapl
aneist
het
otall
engt
hofi
tsboundar
ies.Per
imet
eri
sal
engt
handi
sther
efor
eexpr
essed
i
nthesameuni
tsasl
engt
h.

Squar
eshapes
5cm

I
tsper
imet
eri
s5+5+5+5=2(
5+5)
=2(
10)
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=20cm
Hence 5x4=20

Soper
imet
erofasquar
e=Si
desx4

Rect
angul
arshapes
Fi
gur
e12.
2isar
ect
angl
eofl
engt
h5cm andbr
eadt
h3cm.
5cm

3cm

I
tsper
imet
eri
s5+3+5+3=2(
5+3)
cm
=2x8
=16cm
Hence per
imet
erofar
ect
angl
e p=2(
L+W)

Tr
iangul
arshapes
Tof
indt
heper
imet
erofat
ri
angl
eaddal
lthet
hreesi
des.

c
a

b
Per
imet
er=(
a+b+c)uni
ts,
wher
ea,
bandcar
ethel
engt
hsoft
hesi
desoft
het
ri
angl
e.

Theci
rcl
e
Theci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
e=2πrorπD

Exampl
e
(
a)Fi
ndt
heci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
eofar
adi
us7cm.

(
b)Theci
rcumf
erenceofabi
cycl
ewheel
is140cm.f
indi
tsr
adi
us.

Sol
uti
on
(
a)C=πd
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=22/
7x7
=44cm
(
b)C=πd

=2πr
=2x22/
7xr
=140÷44/
7
=22.
27cm

Lengt
hofanar
c
Anarcofacircl
eispar
tofit
sci r
cumference.Fi
gure12.
10(a)showstwoar csAMBandANB.Ar cAMB, which
i
slessthanhalft
hecir
cumferenceofthecircl
e,i
scall
edtheminorarc,
whi l
earcANB,whichi
sgreaterhalfof
thecir
cumfer
enceiscall
edthemaj orar c.Anarcwhichishalfthecircumfer
enceofthecir
cleiscalleda
semici
rcl
e.

Exampl
e
Anarcofaci
rcl
esubt
endsanangl
e60att
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
e.Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hoft
hear
cift
her
adi
usoft
he
ci
rcl
eis42cm.(
π=22/
7).
Sol
uti
on
Thel
engt
h,l
,oft
hear
cisgi
venby
:
L=θ/
360x2πr
.
Θ=60,
r=42cm
Ther
efor
e,l
=60/
360x2x22/
7x42
=44cm

Exampl
e
Thelengthofanarcofaci
rcl
eis62.
8cm.f
indt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eift
hear
csubt
endsanangl
e144att
he
cent
re,(t
akeπ=3.
142).

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Sol
uti
on
L=θ/
360x2πr=62.
8and θ=144
144
Ther
efor
e, x 2x3.
142xr=62.
8
360
360
R=62.
8x x2x3.
142
144
=24.
98cm

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reofaci
rcl
ebyanar
cofl
engt
h11cm i
fther
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eis21cm.

Sol
uti
on
L=θ/
360x2xπr=11cm andr=21m
L=θ/
360x2x22/
7x21=11
Thus,
θ=11x360x7/2x
22x21
0
=30

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
) Twocoi l
swhicharemadebywi ndi
ngcopperwireofdi
ff
erentgaugesandlengt hhavethesamemass.
Thef i
rstcoi
lismadebywi ndi
ng270met r
esofwirewithcrosssecti
onaldiameter2.8mm whil
ethe
secondcoilismadebywi ndingacert
ainlengt
hofwirewithcross-
sect
ionaldiameter2.1mm.Fi
ndthe
lengt
hofwi r
einthesecondcoil.
2. Thefi
gur
ebelowrepr
esentsamodelofahutwi
thHG=GF=10cm andFB=6cm.Thef
oursl
ant
ing
edgesofther
oofar
eeach12cm long.

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Cal
cul
ate
Lengt
hDF.
Angl
eVHF
Thel
engt
hoft
hepr
oject
ionofl
i
neVHont
hepl
aneEFGH.
Thehei
ghtoft
hemodel
hut
.
Thel
engt
hVH.
Theangl
eDFmakeswi
tht
hepl
aneABCD.
3. Asquar
ef l
oorisfi
ttedwi
thr
ect
angul
art
il
esofperi
meters220cm.eachrow(
til
elengt
hwi
se)car
ri
es
20l
essti
lesthaneachcol
umn(t
il
esbr
eadt
hwise)
.Ift
helengt
hofthefl
oori
s9.
6m.
Cal
cul
ate:
a.Thedi
mensi
onsoft
het
il
es
b.Thenumberoft
il
esneeded
c. Thecostoff
it
ti
ngt
het
il
es,
ift
il
esar
esol
dindozensatsh.1500perdozenandt
hel
abourcost
i
ssh.3000
CHAPTERTHI
RTEEN

AREA

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
ateuni
tsofarea
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofar
eaf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaofar
egul
arpl
anef
igur
eincl
udi
ngci
rcl
es
d.
)Est
imat
ethear
eaofi
rr
egul
arpl
anef
igur
esbycount
ingsquar
es
e.
)Cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofar
ea(
cm ,
m,
2 km ,
2Ares,
2ha)
b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofar
ea
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c.
)Ar
eaofr
egul
arpl
anef
igur
es
d.
)Ar
eaofi
rr
egul
arpl
aneshapes
e.
)Sur
facear
eaofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Uni
tsofAr
eas
Thear
eaofapl aneshapei
stheamountoft
hesur
faceencl
osedwithi
nit
sboundar
ies.I
tisnor
mal
l
ymeasur
ed
i
nsquareuni
ts.Forexampl
e,asquar
eofsi
des5cm hasanareaof
5x5=25cm
Asquar
eofsi
des1m hasanar
eaof1m,
whi
l
easquar
eofsi
de1km hasanar
eaof1km
Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofar
ea
1m²=1mx1m
=100cm x100cm
=10000cm²
1km ² =1km x1km
=1000m x1000m
=1000000m²
1ar
e =10m x10m
=100m²
1hect
are(
ha)=100Ar
es
=10000m²

Ar
eaofaregul
arplanef
igur
es
Ar
easofr
ectangl
e

5cm

3cm

Ar
ea,
A=5x3cm
2
=15m
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Hence,
thear
eaoft
her
ect
angl
e,A=LXW squar
euni
ts,
wher
eli
sthel
engt
handbbr
eadt
h.

Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
e

H
Base
Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
e
A=1/
2bhsquar
euni
ts

Ar
eaofpar
all
elogr
am
Ar
ea=1/
2bh+1/
2bh
=bhsquar
euni
ts

Not
e:
Thi
sfor
mul
aei
sal
sousedf
orar
hombus

Ar
eaofat
rapezi
um
Thefigur
ebelowshowsatr
apezi
um inwhi
chthepar
all
elsi
desar
eauni
tsandbuni
ts,
long.Theper
pendi
cul
ar
di
stancebet
weenthetwopar
all
elsi
desishuni
ts.
Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
eABD=1/
2ahsquar
euni
ts
Ar
eaoft
ri
angl
eDBC=½bhsquar
euni
ts
Ther
efor
ear
eaoft
rapezi
um ABCD=1/
2ah+1/
2bh
=1/
2h(
a+b)squar
euni
ts.
Thus,theareaofat rapezi
um i
sgiv
enbyahal
fthesum oft
hel
engt
hofpar
all
elsi
desmul
ti
pli
edbyt
he
perpendi
cul
ardi
stancebetweent
hem.

1
Thati
s,ar
eaoft
r um = (a
apezi +b)
h
2

Ar
eaofaci
rcl
e
2
Thear
eaAofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
usri
sgi
venby
:A=πr
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Thear
eaofasect
or
Asect
ori
sar
egi
onboundedbyt
wor
adi
iandanar
c.
Supposewewantt
ofi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
tint
hef
igur
ebel
ow

Thear
eaoft
hewhol
eci
rcl
eisπr
²
Thewhol
eci
rcl
esubt
ends360ͦatt
hecent
re.
Ther
efor
e,360ͦ cor
respondst
oπr
²
1ͦ cor
respondst
o1/
360ͦxπr
²
60ͦ cor
respondst
o60ͦ/
360ͦ xπr
²
Hence,
thear
eaofasect
orsubt
endi
nganangl
eθatt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
eisgi
venby

θ 2
A= 0 xπr
360
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hesect
orofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us3cm i
ftheangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
rei
s140ͦ(
takeπ=22/
7)

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaAofasect
ori
sgi
venby
θ 2
A= xπr
3600

0
Her
e,r=3cm andθ=140
140 22
Ther
efor
e,A= x x3x3
3600 7

=11cm²

Exampl
e
Theareaofasectorofaci
rcl
eis38.
5cm²
.Fi
ndt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eift
heangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
rei
s
0
90 (Takeπ=22/
7)
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Sol
uti
on
Fr
om t
hef
ormul
aa=θ/
360xπr
²,weget90/
360x22/
7xr
²=38.
5

38.
5x360x7
Ther
efor
e,r
²=
90x22

Thus,
r=7

Exampl
e
Theareaofaci
rcl
eradi
us63cm i
s4158cm²
.Cal
cul
atet
heangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
e.(
Takeπ
=22/
7)
Usi
nga=θ/
360xπr
²,

4158x7x360
Θ=
22x63x63
0
=120

Sur
facear
eaofsol
i
ds
Consideracuboi
dABCDEFGHshowni nthef
igurebel
ow.Ift
hecuboi di
scutt
hroughaplaneparal
l
eltot
he
ends,thecutsur
facehasthesameshapeandsizeastheendfaces.PQRSi
saplane.Theplanei
scall
edt
he
cross-
secti
onofthecuboi
d

Asol
idwit
huni
for
m cr
oss-
sect
ioni
scal
l
edapr
ism.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hepr
isms.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
e
someoft
hepri
sms.

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Thesur
facear
eaofapr
ism i
sgi
venbyt
hesum oft
hear
eaoft
hesur
faces.

Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsacuboi
dofl
engt
hl,
breat
hbandhei
ghth.i
tsar
eai
sgi
venby
;
A=2l
b+2bh+2hl
=2(
lb.+bh+hl
)
Foracubeof
fsi
de2cm;
A=2(
3x2²
)
=24cm²

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofat
ri
angul
arpr
ism shownbel
ow.

Ar
eaoft
het
ri
angul
arsur
faces=½x5x12x2cm²
Novel
s,
Updat
edCPA,CI
FA,
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e,Hi
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chool
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ima
ryNot
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=60cm²
Ar
eaoft
her
ect
angul
arsur
faces=20x13+5x20+12x20
=260+100+240=600cm²
Ther
efor
e,t
het
otal
sur
facear
ea=(
60+600)cm²
=660cm²

Cy
li
nder
Apr
ism wi
thaci
rcul
arcr
oss-
sect
ioni
scal
l
edacy
li
nder
,seet
hef
igur
ebel
ow.

Ify
our ol
lapieceofpaperaroundthecurvedsurf
aceofacy li
nderandopenitout
,youwi
llgetarectangl
e
whosebreathisthecir
cumferenceandlengthistheheightofthecyl
inder
.Theendsar
et wocir
cles.The
sur
faceareaSofacyl
inderwi
thbaseandhei ghthi
sther
eforegi
venby;
S=2πr
h+2πr
²

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofacy
li
nderwhoser
adi
usi
s7.
7cm andhei
ght12cm.
Sol
uti
on
S=2π(
7.7)x12+2π(
7.7)cm²
=2π(
7.7)x12+(
7.7)cm²
=2x7.
7π(
12+7.
7)cm²
=2x7.
7xπ(
19.
7)cm²
=15.
4π(
19.
7)cm²
=953.
48cm²

Ar
eaofi
rr
egul
arshapes
Thear
eaofi
rr
egul
arshapecannotbef
oundaccur
atel
y,buti
tcanbeest
imat
ed.Asf
oll
ows;
(
i) Dr
awagr
idofuni
tsquar
esont
hef
igur
eorcopyt
hef
igur
eonsuchagr
id,
seet
hef
igur
ebel
ow

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(
ii
) Countal
ltheuni
tsquar
esf
ull
yencl
osedwi
thi
nthef
igur
e.

(
ii
i) Countal
lpart
ial
lyencl
oseduni
tsquar
esanddi
vi
det
het
otalbyt
wo,i
.e.
.,t
reateachoneoft
hem as
hal
fofaunitsquar
e.

(
iv) Thesum oft
henumber
sin(
ii
)and(
ii
)gi
vesanest
imat
eoft
hear
easoft
hef
igur
e.

Fr
om t
hef
igur
e,t
henumberoff
ull
squar
esi
s9
Numberofpar
ti
alsquar
es=18
Tot
alnumberofsquar
es=9+18/
2
=18
Appr
oxi
mat
ear
ea=18sq.uni
ts.

Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?
I
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iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
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eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
onbel
ow,
giv
ent
hatACi
sanar
cofaci
rcl
ecent
reB.AB=BC=14cm
eABD=750
CD=8cm andangl (
4mks)

A
14cm

B 750

14cm

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B
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2.
) Thescal
eofamapi
s1:
50000.Al
akeont
hemapi 16cm2.f
s6. indt
heact
ual
areaoft
hel
akei
nhact
ares.
(
3mks)

3.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sar
hombusABCDofsi
des4cm.BDi
sanar
cofci
rcl
ecent
reC.Gi
vent
hatABC=
1380.Fi
ndt
hear
eaofshadedr
egi
on. (
3mks)

4.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owsowst
heshapeofKamau’
sfar
m wi
thdi
mensi
onsshowni
nmet
ers

140

100

20m

80m

Fi
ndt
hear
eaofKamau’
sfar
minhect
ares (
3mks)

5.
) I
nthef
igur
ebel
owABandACar
etangent
stot
heci
rcl
ecent
reOatBandCr
espect
ivel
y,
t eAOC=600
heangl

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Cal
cul
ate
(
a)Thel
engt
hofAC

6.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owshowst
hef
loorofahal
l
.Apar
toft
hisf
loori
sint
heshapeofar
ect
angl
eof l
engt
h
20m andwi
dth16m andt
her
esti
sasegmentofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us12m.Uset
hef
igur
eto f
ind:
-

(
a)Thesi
zeofangl
eCOD (
2mks)

(
b)Thear
eaoff
igur
eDABCO (
4mks)

(
c)Ar
eaofsect
orODC (
2mks)

(
d)Ar
eaoft
hef
looroft
hehouse. (
2mks)

7.
) Theci
rcl
ebel
owwhosear
eai 05cm2ci
s18. rcumscr
ibesat
ri
angl
eABCwher
eAB=6.
3cm,
BC=5.
7cm
andAC=4.
8cm.Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
t

8.
) I
nthefi
gur
ebelow,PQRSi
sar
ect
angl
einwhi
chPS=10kcm andPQ=6kcm.M andNar
emi
dpoi
ntsof
QRandRSrespect
ivel
y

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a) Findt heareoftheshadedr egi

on (4marks)
b) Giv
ent hattheareaofthetri
angleMNR=30cm2.findthedi
mensionsofther
ectangle
(
2mar ks)
c) Calculatethesizesofangles and gi
vi
ngyouranswerto2deci
mal pl
aces
(4mar
ks)
9.
) Thef i
gur
ebelowshowst wocircleseachofradi
us10.
5cm withcent
resAandB.thecir
clestoucheach
otheratT

Gi
vent
hatangl eYBC=1600andl
eXAD=angl i
nesXY,
ATBandDCar
epar
all
el,
cal
cul
atet
hear
eaof
:
d)Themi norsectorAXTD (
2marks)
e) Fi
gureAXYBCD (
6mar
ks)
f) Theshadedregion (
2marks)

10.
) Thef
loorofar
oom i
sint
heshapeofar
ect
angl
e10.
5m l
ongby6m wi
de.Squar
eti
l
esof
l
engt
h30cm ar
etobef
it
tedont
othef
loor
.
(
a)Cal
cul
atet
henumberoft
il
esneededf
ort
hef
loor
.

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(
b)Adeal
erwi
shest
obuyenought
il
esf
orf
if
teensuchr
ooms.Thet
il
esar
epackedi
ncar
tons
eachcont
aini
ng20t
il
es.Thecostofeachcar
toni
sKshs.800.Cal
cul
ate
(
i)t
het
otal
costoft
het
il
es.
(
ii
)Ifi
naddi
ti
on,
thedeal
erspendsKshs.2,
000andKshs.600ont
ranspor
tandsubsi
stence
r
espect
ivel
y,atwhatpr
iceshoul
dhesel
leachcar
toni
nor
dert
omakeapr
ofi
tof12.
5%
(
Giv
eyouranswert
othenear
estKshs.
)

11.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owi
saci
rcl
eofr
adi
us5cm.Poi
ntsA,
BandCar
ethev
ert
icesoft
het
ri
angl
e

ABCi chABC=60oandACB=50owhi
nwhi chi
sint
heci
rcl
e.Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaofABC)
B

60o

50o
A C

12.
) Mr
.Wany
amahasapl
ott
hati
sinat
ri
angul
arf
orm.Thepl
otmeasur
es170m,
190m
and210m,
butt
heal
ti
tudesoft
hepl
otaswel
last
heangl
esar
enotknown.Fi
ndt
hear
ea
oft
hepl
oti
nhect
ares

13.
) Thr
eesi
renswai
lati
nter
val
soft
hir
tymi
nut
es,
fif
tymi
nut
esandt
hir
tyf
ivemi
nut
es.
I
ftheywai
ltoget
herat7.
18a.
m onMonday
,whatt
imeanddaywi
l
ltheynextwai
ltoget
her
?

14.) Af ar
merdeci
dest oputtwo-t
hir
dsofhi
sfar
m undercr
ops.Ofthis,
heputaquar
terundermai
zeand
four
-f
if
thsofther
emainderunderbeans.Ther
esti
spl
antedwit
hcarrots.
I
f0.
9acr
esar
eundercar
rot
s,f
indt
het
otal
areaoft
hef
arm

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CHAPTERFOURTEEN

VOLUMEANDCAPACI
TY
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
ateuni
tsofvolume
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofv
olumef
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Cal
cul
atev
olumeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
d.
)St
ateuni
tsofcapaci
ty
e.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofcapaci
tyf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
f
.) Rel
atev
olumet
ocapaci
ty
g.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngv
olumeandcapaci
ty.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofv
olume
b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofv
olume
c.
)Vol
umeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
d.
)Uni
tsofcapaci
ty
e.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofcapaci
ty
f
.) Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenv
olumeandcapaci
ty
g.
)Sol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngv
olumeandcapaci
ty

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Vol
umei
stheamountofspaceoccupi
edbyasol
i
dobj
ect
.Theuni
tofv
olumei
scubi
cuni
ts.
Acubeofedge1cm hasav
olumeof1cm x1cm x1cm =1cm³
.

Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofv
olume
Acubeofsi
de1m hasav
olumeof1m³
But1m =100cm
1m x1m x1m =100cm x100cm x100cm
Thus,
1m =(
0.01x0.
01x0.
01)m³
=0.
000001m³
=1x10¯
⁶m³

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Acubesi
de1cm hasav
olumeof1cm³
.
But1cm=10mm
1cm x1cm x1cm =10mm x10mm x10mm
Thus,
1cm³
=1000mm³

Vol
umeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
Cube
Acubei
sasol
i
dhav
ingsi
xpl
anesquar
efacesi
nwhi
cht
heangl
ebet
weent
woadj
acentf
acesi
sar
ight
-angl
e.
Vol
umeofacube=ar
eaofbasexhei
ght
=l
²xl
=l
³

Cuboi
d
Acuboi
disasol
i
dwi
thsi
xfaceswhi
char
enotnecessar
il
ysquar
e.
Vol
umeofacuboi
d=l
engt
hxwi
dthxhei
ght
=asq.uni
tsxh
=ahcubi
cuni
ts.

Cy
li
nder
Thi
sisasol
i
dwi
thaci
rcul
arbase.
Vol
umeofacy
li
nder=ar
eaofbasexhei
ght
=πr
²xh
=πr
²hcubi
cuni
ts

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofacuboi
dofl
engt
h5cm,
breadt
h3cm andhei
ght4cm.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofi
tsbase=5x4cm²
Vol
ume =5x4x3cm³
=60cm³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndthev
olumeofasol
i
dwhosecr
oss-
sect
ioni
sar
ight
-angl
edt
ri
angl
eofbase4cm,
hei
ght5cm andl
engt
h
12cm.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofcr
oss-
sect
ion=1/
2x4x5
=10cm²

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Ther
efor
evol
ume =10x12
=120cm³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofacy
li
nderwi
thr
adi
us1.
4m andhei
ght13m.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofcr
oss-
sect
ion=22/
7x1.
4x1.
4
=6.
16m²
Vol
ume=6.
16x13
=80.
08m³
I
ngener
al,
vol
umevofacy
li
nderofr
adi
usrandl
engt
hlgi
venbyv
=πr
²l

Capaci
ty
Capaci
tyi
stheabi
l
ityofacont
ainert
ohol
dfl
uids.TheSIuni
tofcapaci
tyi
sli
tr
e(l
)
Conv
ersi
onofuni
tst
ocapaci
ty
1cent
il
it cl
er( )
=10mi
l
li
li
tr
e(ml
)
1deci
l
itedl
r =10cent
il
it
r cl
e( )
1l
i
tr l
e()=10deci
l
itr dl
es( )
1Decal
i
tr Dl
e( )=10l
i
tr l
es()
1hect
oli
tr
e(Hl
)=10decal
i
tre(Dl
)
1ki
l
oli
tr
e(kl
)=10hect
oli
tr Hl
es( )
1ki
l
oli
tr
e(kl
)=1000l
i
tr l
es()
1l
i
tr l
e()=1000mi
l
li
li
tr ml
es( )

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenv
olumeandcapaci
ty
Acubedofanedge10cm hol
ds1l
i
treofl
i
qui
d.
1l
i
tre=10cm x10cm x10cm
=1000cm³
1m³=10⁶cm³
1m³=10³l
i
tres.

Endoft
opi
c

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standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.)Al
lthewat
eri
spour
edi
ntoacy
li
ndr
ical
cont
ainerofci
rcul
arr
adi
us12cm.I
fthecy
li
nderhashei
ght45cm,
cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaoft
hecy
li
nderwhi
chi
snoti
ncont
actwi
thwat
er.
2.
)TheBr
it
ishgov
ernmenthi
redt
wopl
anest
oai
rl
if
tfoot
bal
lfanst
oSout
hAf
ri
caf
ort
heWor
ldcup
t
our
nament
.Eachpl
anet
ook10½hour
stor
eacht
hedest
inat
ion.

Boeng747hascar
ryi
ngcapaci
tyof300peopl
eandconsumesf
uel
at120l
i
trespermi
nut
e.I
tmakes5
t
ri
psatf
ull
capaci
ty.Boeng740hascar
ryi
ngcapaci
tyof140peopl
eandconsumesf
uel
at200l
i
tresper
mi
nut
e.I
tmakes8t
ri
psatf
ull
capaci
ty.I
fthegov
ernmentsponsor
edt
hef
ansonewayatt
hecostof
800dol
l
arsperf
an,
cal
cul
ate:

(
a)Thet
otal
numberoff
ansai
rl
if
tedt
oSout
hAf
ri
ca. (
2mks)

(
b)Thet
otal
costoff
uel
usedi
fonel
i
trecost
s0.
3dol
l
ars. (
4mks)

(
c)Thet
otal
col
l
ect
ioni
ndol
l
arsmadebyeachpl
ane. (
2mks)

(
d)Thenetpr
ofi
tmadebyeachpl
ane. (
2mks)

3.
)Ar
ect
angul
arwat
ert
ankmeasur
es2.
6m by4.
8m att
hebaseandhaswat
ert
oahei
ght
of3.
2m.Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofwat
eri
nli
tr
est
hati
sint
het
ank
4.
)Thr
eel
i
tresofwat
er(
densi
ty cm3)i
1g/ saddedt
otwel
vel
i
tresofal
cohol
(densi
ty0. cm3.
8g/
Whati
sthedensi
tyoft
hemi
xtur
e?
5.
)Ar
ect
angul
art
ankwhosei
nter
nal
dimensi
onsar
e2.
2m by1.
4m by1.
7m i
sthr
eef
if
thf
ull
ofmi
l
k.
(
a)Cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeofmi
l
kinl
i
tres
(
b)Themil
kispackedi
nsmallpacket
sintheshapeofari
ghtpyrami
dwithanequi
lat
eral
baset r
iangl
e
ofsides10cm.Thever
tical
hei
ghtofeachpacketi
s13.6cm.Ful
lpacket
sobt
ainedar
esoldatshs.30per
packet.Cal
cul
ate:
(
i)Thev
ol ncm3ofeachpackett
umei othenear
estwhol
enumber
(
ii
)Thenumberoff
ull
packet
sofmi
l
k

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(
ii
i)Theamountofmoneyr
eal
i
zedf
rom t
hesal
eofmi
l
k
6.
)An890kgcul ver
tismadeofahol
lowcy
lindri
calmater
ial
wit
houterr
adi
usof76cm andaninnerr
adi
us
of64cm.Itcr
ossesaroadofwi
dth3m,deter
minethedensi
tyoft
hemater
ial
ssusedini
tsconstr
uct
ion
3
i
nKg/ m corr
ectto1deci
malpl
ace.

CHAPTERFI
FTEEN

MAS
SSWEI
GHTANDDENS
ITY

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Def
inemass
b.
)St
ateuni
tsofmass
c.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofmassf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
d.
)Def
inewei
ght
e.
)St
ateuni
tsofwei
ght
f
.) Di
sti
ngui
shmassandwei
ght
g.
)Rel
atev
olume,
massanddensi
ty.

Cont
ent
a.
)Massanduni
tsofmass
b.
)Wei
ghtanduni
tsofwei
ght
c.
)Densi
ty
d.
)Pr
obl
em sol
vi
ngi
nvol
vi
ngr
eal
li
feexper
iencesonmass,
vol
ume,
densi
tyandwei
ght
.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Mass
Themassofanobjecti
st hequantit
yofmat t
erinit
.Massisconstantquanti
ty,wher
evert
heobj
ecti
s,and
matt
eri
sany
thi
ngthatoccupiesspace.Thet
hreestat
esofmatt
eraresoli
d,l
iqui
dandgas.
TheSIuni
tofmassi
stheki
l
ogr
am.Ot
hercommonuni
tsar
etone,
gram andmi
l
li
gram.
Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowsuni
tsofmassandt
hei
requi
val
enti
nki
l
ogr
ams.

Wei
ght
Theweightofanobj ectoneart
histhepul
loftheear t
honi t
.Thewei ghtofanyobjectvar
iesfr
om oneplaceon
theeart
h’ssurfacetot heot
her.Thi
sisbecauset heclosur
et heobjecti
st othecentr
eoft heeart
h,t
hemor e
thegrav
itat
ionalpul
l
, hencet
hemor eit
sweight.Forexample,anobjectweighsmor eatsealevel
thenontopof
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amount
ain.

Uni
tsofwei
ght
TheSIunitofweightisnewton.Thepulloftheearth,sunandthemoononanobj ecti
scalledtheforceof
grav
ityduetotheeart
h,sunandmoonr espect
ivel
y.Thefor
ceofgr av
ityduetotheearthonanobjectofmass
1kgisapproxi
matelyequalt
o9.8N.Thest r
engthoftheeart
h’sgravi
tati
onalpul
l(sy
mbol‘g’)onanobj ecton
thesurf
aceoftheeart
hisabout9.
8N/Kg.
Wei
ghtofanobj
ect=massofanobj
ectxgr
avi
tat
ion
Wei
ghtN=masskgxgN/
kg

Densi
ty
Thedensi
tyofasubst
ancei
sthemassofauni
tcubeoft
hesubst
ance.Abodyofmass(
m)kgandv
olume(
v)
m³has:
(
i) Densi
ty(
d)=mass(
m)/densi
ty(
d)

(
ii
) Mass(
m)=densi
ty(
d)xv
olume(
v)

(
ii
i) Vol
ume(
v)=mass(
m)/densi
ty(
d)

Uni
tsofdensi
ty
TheSIuni
tsofdensi
tyi
skg/
m³.t
heot
hercommonuni
tisg/
cm³
1g/
cm³=1000kg/
m³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hemassofani
cecubeofsi
de6cm,
ift
hedensi
tyoft
hei
cei
s0.
92g/cm³
.

Sol
uti
on
Vol
umeofcube=6x6x6=216cm³
Mass=densi
tyxv
olume
=216x0.
92
=198.
72g

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofcor
kofmass48g.gi
vent
hatdensi
tyofcor
kis0.
24g/
cm³

Sol
uti
on
Vol
ume=mass/
densi
ty
=48/
0.24
=200cm³

Exampl
e
Thedensi
tyofi
roni
s7.
9g/
cm³
.whati
sthi
sdensi
tyi
nkg/
m³
Sol
uti
on
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1g/
cm³=1000kg/
m³
7.
9g/
cm³=7.
9x1000/
1
=7900kg/
m³

Exampl
e
Arect
angul
arsl
abofgl
assmeasur
es8cm by2cm by14cm andhasamassof610g.cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyof
t
heglassi
nkg/m³

Sol
uti
on
Vol
umeoft
hesl
ab=8x2x14
=224cm³
Massoft
hesl
ab=610g
Densi
ty =610/
244
=2.
5x1000kg=25000kg/
m³

Endoft
opi
c

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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Asquar
edbr
asspl
atei
s2mm t
hickandhasamassof1.
05kg.Thedensi
tyofbr
assi
s8.
4g/
cm.Cal
cul
ate
t
hel
engt
hoft
hepl
atei
ncent
imet
ers. (
3mks)

2.
)Aspher
ehasasur
f ea18cm2.Fi
acear ndi
tsdensi
tyi
fthespher
ehasamassof100g.
(3mks)

3.
)Ny
ahur
uruMuni
cipal
Counci
li
stoconst
ructaf
loorofanopenwhol
esal
emar
ketwhosear s800m2.The
eai
f
loori
stobecov
eredwi
thasl
abofuni
for
mthi
cknessof200mm.I
nor
dert
omaket
hesl
ab,
sand,
cementand
bal
l
astar
etobemi
xedsucht
hatt
hei
rmassesar
eint
her
ati
o3:
2:3.The massofdr
ysl
abofv
olume1m3i
s
2000kg.Cal
cul
ate

(
a)(
i)Thev
olumeoft
hesl
ab (
2mks)

(
ii
)Themassoft
hedr
ysl
ab. (
2mks)

(
ii
i)Themassofcementt
obeused. (
2mks)

(
b)I
fonebagoft
hecementi
s50kg,
findt
henumberofbagst
obepur
chased. (
1mk)

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(
c)I
fal
orr
ycar
ri
es10t
onnesofbal
l
ast
,cal
cul
atet
henumberofl
orr
iesofbal
l
astt
obe pur
chased.
(
3mks)

4.
)Aspher
ehasasur
facear 0cm2.Fi
eaof18. ndi
tsdensi
tyi
fthespher
ehasamassof100gr
ammes.

(
3mks)

5.
)Api
eceofmet
alhasav
olumeof20cm3andamassof300g.Cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyoft
hemet
al
i m3.
nkg/
6.
)2.5li
tr
esofwaterdensi
t cm3i
y1g/ saddedt
o8l
i
tresofal
cohol
densi
ty0. cm3.Cal
8g/ cul
atet
hedensi
ty
oft
hemixt
ure

CHAPTERTEN

TI
ME
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Conv
ertuni
tsofti
mef r
om oneformt
oanother
b.
)Rel
atet
he12hourand24hourcl
ocksy
stems
c.
)Readandi
nter
prett
rav
elt
ime-
tabl
es
d.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngt
rav
elt
imet
abl
es.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsoft
ime
b.
)12hourand24hourcl
ocksy
stems
c.
)Tr
avel
time-
tabl
es
d.
)Pr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngt
rav
elt
imet
abl
es

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I
ntr
oduct
ion
Uni
tsoft
ime
1week=7day
s
1day=24hour
s
1hour=60mi
nut
es
1mi
nut
es=60seconds

Exampl
e
Howmanyhour
sar
ether
einoneweek?

Sol
uti
on
1week=7day
s
1day=24hour
s
1week=(
7x24)hour
s
=168hour
s

Exampl
e
Cov
ert3h45mi
nint
omi
nut
es

Sol
uti
on
1h=60mi
n

3h=(
3x60)mi
n

3h45mi
n=(
(60x3)+45)mi
n

=(
180+45)mi
n

=225mi
n

Exampl
e
Ex
press4h15mi
ninsec

Sol
uti
on
1hour=60mi
n

1mi
n=60sec
4h15mi
n=(
4x60+15)mi
n
=240+15mi
n
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=255mi
n
=255x60sec
=15300sec.

The12andt
he24hoursy
stems
I
nthe12hoursyst
em,ti
meiscount
edfr
om midni
ght
.Thet
imef
rom mi
dni
ghtt
omi
ddayi
swr
it
tenasam .
whi
l
ethatf
rom mi
ddayt
omidni
ghti
swri
tt
enaspm.
I
nthe24hoursy
stem,
timei
scount
edf
rom mi
dni
ghtandexpr
essedi
nhour
s.

Tr
avel
timet
abl
e
Tr
avel
timet
abl
esshowst
heexpect
edar
ri
val
anddepar
tur
eti
mef
orv
ehi
cles.Shi
ps,
aer
opl
anes,
trai
ns.

Exampl
e
Thetabl
ebel
owshowsat
imet
abl
eforapubl
i
cser
vicev
ehi
clepl
yi
ngbet
weent
wot
ownsAandDv
iat
ownsB
andC.

Town Ar
ri
val
time Depar
tur
eti
me

A 8.
20A.
M
B 10.
40P.
M 11.
00A.
M
C 2.
30P.
M 2.
50 P.
M
D 4.
00P.
M

(
a)Whatt
imedoest
hev
ehi
clel
eav
etownA?

(
b)Atwhatt
imedoesi
tar
ri
vei
ntownD?

(
c)Howl
ongdoesi
ttaket
otr
avel
from t
ownAt
oD.

(
d)Whatt
imedoest
hev
ehi
clet
akest
otr
avel
from t
ownC t
oD?

Sol
uti
on
(
a)8.
20A.
M

(
b)4.
00P.
M

(
c)Ar
ri
val
timei
ntownDwas4.
00p.
m.i
tdepar
tur
efr
om t
ownAwas8.
20a.
m.

Ti
met
aken=(
12.
00-
8.20+4h)
=3h40mi
n+4h
=7h40mi
n
(
d)Thev
ehi
clear
ri
vedi
ntownDat4.
00p.
m.i
tdepar
tedf
rom t
ownCat2.
50p.
m.

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Ti
met
aken=4.
00-
2.50
=1h10mi
n

Endoft
opi
c

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thi
ng?
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fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
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eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
) Av
ant
rav
ell
edf
rom Ki
tal
etoKi
sumuadi
stanceof160km.Theav
eragespeedoft
hev
anf
ort
hef
ir
st
100km was40km/
handt
her
emai
ningpar
toft
hej
our
neyi
tsav
eragespeedwas30km/
h.Cal
cul
atet
he
av
eragespeedf
ort
hewhol
ejour
ney
. (
3mks)

2.
) Awat chwhi
chloosesahal
f-
minut
eev er
yhourwassett
oreadthecorr
ectt
imeat0545honMonday
.
Det
ermi
net
heti
me,i
nthe12hoursyst
em,thewatchwil
lshowonthef
oll
owingFri
dayat1945h.

3.
) Thet i
metabl
ebelowshowst
hedepar
tur
eandar
ri
val
timef
orabuspl
yi
ngbet
weent
wot
owns M andR,
300km apar
t 0710982617

Town Ar
ri
val Depar
tur
e

M 0830h

N 1000h 1020h

P 1310h 1340h

Q 1510h 1520h

R 1600h

(
a)Howl
ongdoest
hebust
aket
otr
avel
from t
ownM t
oR?

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(
b)Whati
stheav
eragespeedf
ort
hewhol
ejour
ney
?

CHAPTERSEVENTEEN

LI
NEAREQUATI
ONS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)sol
vel
i
nearequat
ionsi
noneunknown
b.
)sol
vesi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ionsbysubst
it
uti
onandel
i
minat
ion
c.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneandt
wounknown.

Cont
ent
a.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneunknown
b.
)Si
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ions
c.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneandt
wounknownsf
rom gi
venr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Linearequat
ionsar
estrai
ghtli
neequat
ionsinvol
vi
ngoneortwounknowns.I
nthi
schapt
er,wewi
l
ldealwi
th
theformati
onandsolv
ingofsuchequat
ionsconsi
dert
hefol
l
owingcases.

Exampl
e
Sol
vef
ort
heunknownsi
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions
3x+4=10

x
–2=4
3
p+5
=5/
4
3
Sol
uti
on
3x+4=10
3x+4–4=10–4 (
tomakext
hesubj
ectsubt
ract4onbot
hsi
des)
3x=6
X=2
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x
–2=4
3
x
–2+2=4+2 (
tomakext
hesubj
ectadd2t
obot
hsi
des)
3
x
=6
3
X=18

p+5 5
=
3 4
p+5 5
3x( )= x3
3 4

5
P+5= x3
4

5
4(
p+5)= x4
4
4p+20=15
4p=-
5

-
5
P=
4
=-1¼

Sol
vi
nganequat
ionwit
hfract
ionsordeci
mal
s,t
hereisanopt
ionofcl
ear
ingt
hef
ract
ionsordeci
mal
sinor
der
tocr
eat
easimpl
erequati
oninvol
vi
ngwholenumbers.
1.Tocl
earf
ract
ions,
mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion(
dist
ri
but
ingt
oal
lter
ms)byt
heLCDofal
lthe
f
ract
ions.
2.Tocl
eardeci
mal
s,mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion(
dist
ri
but
ingt
oal
lter
ms)byt
hel
owestpowerof
10t
hatwi
l
lmakeal
ldeci
mal
swhol
enumber
s.

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St
epsf
orSol
vi
ngaLi
nearEquat
ioni
nOneVar
iabl
e:
1.Si
mpl
i
fybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion.
2.Uset
headdi
ti
onorsubt
ract
ionpr
oper
ti
esofequal
i
tyt
ocol
l
ectt
hev
ari
abl
eter
msononesi
deoft
he
equat
ionandt
heconst
antt
ermsont
heot
her
.
3.Uset
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ionordi
vi
sionpr
oper
ti
esofequal
i
tyt
omaket
hecoef
fi
cientoft
hev
ari
abl
eter
m
equal
to1.
4.Checkyouranswerbysubst
it
uti
ngy
oursol
uti
oni
ntot
heor
igi
nal
equat
ion.
Not
e:
Al
lot
herl
i
nearequat
ionswhi
chhav
eonl
yonesol
uti
onar
ecal
l
edcondi
ti
onal
.

Exampl
e
Sol
vef
ort
heunknowni
neachi
noft
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions

x+1 x-
1
a
.) - =1/
8
2 3
3y 14y-3 y-
1
b.
) - =
2 5 4

c
.
2 ()
)1-y-2 y-
2
3
=0

Sol
ution
a.
)( ) ()
x
+1
2
x
24-
x
-
3
1
x24=1/8x24(mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbyt
heL.
C.M of2,
3and8)

12(
x+1)
−8(
x–2)=3

12x+12−8x–16=3
4x+28=3
4x=-
25
1
x= -6
4

b.
)
3y
2
x20-
(
14y-
5
3)
x20=
y-
1
4 ()
x
20(
mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbyt
heL.
C.M of25and4)

30y
-4(
14y-
3)=5(
y–4)
-
26+12=5y-
20
31y=32

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32 1
y= =1
31 31

c
.)(
y
( )()
1x2)- x2 -2
2
y-
3
2
x2=0x2

2-y-2(
y-3)=0

2-y-2y+6=0
8-3y=0

8 2
3y= =2
3 3

Pr
obl
emsl
eadi
ngt
oLi
nearequat
ions
Equati
onsar ev er
yusefuli
nsolv
ingpr obl
ems.Thebasictechni
queistodeterminewhatquant
it
yiti
sthatwe
aretry
ingtofindandmaket hattheunknown.Wet hentr
anslat
etheproblem i
ntoanequati
onandsol
veit.You
shouldalwayst rytominimizet
henumberofunknowns.Forexampl e,ifwear etol
dthatapieceofrope8
metreslongiscuti ntwoandonepi eceisxmetres,t
henwecanwr itetheremaini
ngpieceas(8–x)met res,
rat
herthanintroduci
ngasecondunknown.

Wor
dpr
obl
ems
Equationsariseineverydayli
fe.ForexampleMaryboughtanumberofor angesfr
om Anit
a’ski
osk.Shethen
wentt oMar kskioskandboughtt hesamenumberofor anges.Markthem gavehert
hreemoreoranges.The
orangesfrom thet wokioskswer ewrappedindif
fer
entpaperbags.Onreachi
ngherhouse,shefoundthata
quarterofthef i
rstLotorangesandaf if
thofthesecondwerebad.Ifint
otalsi
xorangeswerebad,fi
ndhow
manyor angessheboughtf rom Anit
a’ski
osk.

Sol
uti
on
Lett
henumberofor
angesboughtatAni
ta’
ski
oskbex.
Then,
thenumberofor
angesobt
ainedf
rom Mar
kski
oskwi
l
lbex+3.

x
+3
NumberofBador
angesf
rom Mar
kski
oskwas .
5
x x
+3
Tot
alnumberofBador
angesi
sequal
to= +
4 5
x x
+3
= +
Thus, =6
4 5
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Mul
ti
plyeacht
erm oft
heequat
ionby20(
L.C.
M of4and5)t
ogetr
idoft
hedenomi
nat
or.

x
=20x +20
4 ( )
x
+3
5
=6x20

5x+4(
x+3)=120
5x+4x+12=120(
Remov
ingbr
acket
s)
Subt
ract
ing12f
rom bot
hsi
des.
9x=108
X=12
Thus,
thenumberofor
angesboughtf
rom Ani
ta’
ski
oskwas12.

Not
e:
I
fanyoper
ati
oni
sper
for
medononesi
deofanequat
ion,
i
tmustal
sobeper
for
medont
heot
hersi
de.

Exampl
e
x
+3 x
-4
Sol
vef
orxi
ntheequat
ion: - =4
2 3

Sol
uti
on
El
i
minat
ethef
ract
ionsbymul
ti
ply
ingeacht
erm by6(
L.C.
M,of2and3)
.
x+3 x
-4
6x( )-6( )=4x
6
2 3
3(
x+3)–2(
x–4)=24
3x+9-2x+8=24(
not
ethechangei
nsi
ghwhent
hebr
acketar
eremov
ed)
x+17=24
x=7

Li
nearEquat
ionsi
nTwoUnknowns
Manypr obl
emsi nv
olv
ef i
ndi
ngv al
uesoftwoormor eunknowns.Thesear
eoft
enli
nkedviaanumberofli
near
equati
ons.Forexample,
ifIt
elly
out hatt
hesum oftwonumbersis89andthei
rdi
ff
erenceis33,wecanl
etthe
l
argernumberbexandt hesmalleroneyandwri
tethegiveni
nformati
onasapai
rofequati
ons:
x+y=89(
1)
x–Y=33.(
2)
Thesear ecal
ledsimultaneousequati
onssi nceweseekvaluesofxandyt hatmakesbot
hequati
onstrue
simult
aneousl
y.Inthiscase,i
fweaddt heequationsweobt
ain2x=122,sox=61.Wecanthensubst
it
utet
his
valuebacki
ntoeitherequati
on,sayt
hef i
rst
,then61+y=89gi v
ingy=28.

Exampl
e
Thecostoft
woskirt
sandthr
eeblousesi
ssh600.
Ift
hecostofoneski
rtandt
wobl
ousesoft
hesamequal
i
ty
sh350,
fi
ndthecostofeachi
tem.

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ls,
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e,Hi
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chool
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Sol
uti
on
Lett
hecostofoneski
rtbexshi
l
li
ngsandt
hatofonebl
ousebeyshi
l
li
ngs.Thecostoft
woski
rt
sandt
hree
bl
ousesi
s2x+3yshi l
l
ings.
Thecostofoneski
rtandt
wobl
ousesi
sx+2yshi
l
li
ngs.
So,
2x+3y=600……………….
.(I
)
X+2y=350……………………….
.(I
I)
Mul
ti
ply
ingequat
ion(
II
)by2t
ogetequat
ion(
II
I)
.
2x+4y=700………………(
II
I)
.
2x+3y=600…………………(
I)
Subt
ract
ingequat
ion(
I)f
rom (
II
),y=100.
Fr
om equat
ion(
II
),
X+2y=350buty=100
X+200=350
X=150
Thust
hecostofoneski
rti
s150shi
l
li
ngsandt
hatofabl
ousei
s100shi
l
li
ngs.
Insolvi
ngt heprobl
em above,wereducedtheequat
ionsfrom t
wounknownstoasi
ngl
eunknowni
nyby
eli
minat
ing.Thi
sistheel
iminat
ionmethodofsol
vi
ngsimult
aneousequat
ions.

Exampl
es
a.
)a+b=7
a-
b=5
b.
)3a+5b=20
6a-5b=12
c.
)3x+4y=18
5x+6y=28

Sol
uti
ons
a.
)
a+b=7-
--
--
--
(i
)
a-b=5-
--
--
--
(i
i)
Addi
ngIt
oII
2a=12→a=6
Subt
ract
ingI
Ifr
om I;
2b=2

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b=1
b.
)3a+5b=20-
--
--
--
(i
)
6a-5b=12-
--
--
--
(i
i)
Toe
limi
nat
eb,
wes
impl
yaddt
het
woe
qua
tions
.
9a=32
32
a=
9
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofb

c.
)3x+4y=18-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
)
5x+6y=28-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
i)
He
rei
tisnote
asyt
oknowt
heobvi
ousunknownt
obee
limi
nat
ed
Toel
i
minat
e(I
)by5and(
II
)by3t
oget(
II
I)and(
IV)r
espect
ivel
yandsubt
ract
ing(
IV)f
rom (
II
I)
;
d.
)15x+20y=90-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
ii
)
15x+18y=84-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
v)
2y=6
Ther
efor
ey=3
Subst
it
uti
ngy=3i
n(I
);
3x+12=18
Ther
efor
ex=2
Not
ethatt
heL.
C.M of3and5i
s15.
Toel
i
minat
ey;
Mul
ti
ply
ing(
I)by3,
(II
)by2t
oget(
V)and(
VI)andSubt
ract
ing(
V)f
rom (
VI)
;
9x+12y=54-
--
--
--
--
--
(v)
10x+12y=56-
--
--
--
--
--
(vi
)
Subt
ract
ingx=2i
n(i
i
);
10+6y=28
6y=18
Ther
efor
ey=3.

Not
e;
 I
tisadv
isabl
etost
udyt
heequat
ionanddeci
dewhi
chv
ari
abl
eiseasi
ert
oel
i
minat
e.

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 I
tisnecessar
ytochecky
oursol
uti
onbysubst
it
uti
ngi
ntot
heor
igi
nal
equat
ions.

Sol
uti
onbysubst
it
uti
on
2x+3y=600-
--
--
--
-(
-)
i
x+2y=350-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
i)
Taki
ngequat
ion(
II
)al
one;
x+2y=350
Subt
ract
ing2yf
rom bot
hsi
des;
x=350-2y-
--
--
--
--
-(i
ii
)
Subst
it
uti
ngt
hisv
alueofxi
nequat
ion(
i);
2(
350–2y
)+3y=600
700–4y+3y=600
Y=100
Subst
it
uti
ngt
hisv
alueofyi
nequat
ion(
ii
i)
;
x=350-2y
=350-200
x=150

Thi
smet
hodofsol
vi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ionsi
scal
l
edt
hesubst
it
uti
onmet
hod

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Aclothdeal
ersol
d3shirt
sand2t r
ouser
sforKshs840and4shi
rt
sand5t
rouser
sforKshs1680
fi
ndthecostof1shir
tandthecostof1t
rouser
2.Solv
et hesi
mult
aneousequat
ions
2x–y=3
x2–xy=-
4

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3.Thecostof5ski r
tsandbl ousesi sKshs1750.Mueni boughtthreeoft heski
rtsandoneoft he
blousesf orKshs850.Fi ndthecostofeachitem.
4.Aki nyiboughtthr eecupsandf ourspoonsforKshs324.Wanj iruboughtf i
vecupsandFat uma
boughtt wospoonsoft hesamet ypeast
hoseboughtbyAki nyi,WanjikupaidKshs228mor ethan
Fatuma.Fi ndthepr iceofeachcupandeachspoon.
5.Mar yhas21coi nswhoset otalv
alueisKshs.72.Therearetwiceasmanyf iveshil
l
ingscoinsas
therear etenshill
ingcoins.Ther estoneshil
l
ingscoins.Fi
ndthenumberoft enshill
ingscoinsthat
Mar yhas. (4mks)
6.Themassof6si mil
arar tbooksand4si mil
arbiol
ogybooksi s7. 2kg.Themassof2suchar tbooks
and3suchbi ologybooksi s3.4kg.Findthemassofonear tbookandt hemassofonebi ology
book
7.Kar ani bought4penci lsand6bi ros–pensf orKshs66andTachor abought2penci lsand5bi ro
pensf orKshs51.
(a) Fi ndt hepri
ceofeachi t
em
(
b) MusomaspentKshs.228t
obuythesametypeofpencil
sandbir
o–pensifthenumberofbir
o
pensheboughtwer
e4mor et
hanthenumberofpenci
ls,f
indt
henumberofpenci
lsbought
.
8.Sol
vet
hesi
mul
taneousequat
ionsbel
ow
2x–3y=5
-
x+2y=-
3
9.Thel engthofar oom i
s4metreslongerthani
tswidt
h.Findt
helengt
hofther
oom ifi
tsar
eais32m2
10.HadijaandKagendoboughtthesamet ypesofpensandexerci
sebooksf
rom t
hesamet y
pesof
pensandexercisebooksfr
om thesameshop.Hadi j
abought2pensand3exerci
sebooksforKshs
78.Kagendobought3pensand4exer ci
sebooksforKshs108.
Calculat
ethecostofeachi
tem
11.Infourteeny earst ime,amot herwil
lbetwi
ceasoldasherson.Foury earsago,t
hesum ofthei
r
ageswas30y ear s.Findhowol dthemotherwas,whent hesonwasbor n.
12.Threey earsagoJumawast hreetimesasoldasAli.Intwoyear
stimethesum ofthei
rageswillbe
62.Det erminet heirages.
13.Twopai r
soft rouser sandthreeshirt
scost
sat ot
al ofKshs390.Fi
vesuchpairsoftr
ousersandtwo
shirt
scostat otal ofKshs810.Findthepri
ceofapai roftr
ousersandashirt
.
14.Ashopkeepersel lstwo-typesofpangastypexandt y
pey.Twelvexpangasandf i
vetypeypangas
costKshs1260, whi l
eninetypexpangasandf i
ft
eent ypeypangascost1620.Mugalabought
eighteentypeypangas.Howmuchdi dhepayforthem?

CHAPTEREI
GHTEEN

COMMERCI
ALARI
THMETI
C

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opict
helear
nershoul
dbeablet
o:
a.)St
atet
hecurr
enci
esofdif
fer
entcount
ri
es
b.
)Conv
ertcur
rencyf
rom onef
ormi
ntoanot
hergi
vent
heexchanger
ates
c.
)Cal
cul
atepr
ofi
tandl
oss
d.
)Expr
esspr
ofi
tandl
ossasper
cent
ages

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e.
)Cal
cul
atedi
scountandcommi
ssi
on
f
.)Expr
essdi
scountandcommi
ssi
onasper
cent
age.

Cont
ent
a.
)Cur
rency
b.
)Cur
rentcur
rencyexchanger
ates
c.
)Cur
rencyconv
ersi
on
d.
)Pr
ofi
tandl
oss
e.
)Per
cent
agepr
ofi
tandl
oss
f
.)Di
scount
sandcommi
ssi
ons
g.
)Per
cent
agedi
scount
sandcommi
ssi
ons

I
ntr
oduct
ion
In commer ci
alarit
hmeti
cwedealwi th cal
cul
ati
onsi nv
olv
ing busi
nesst r
ansact
ion.Themedium ofany
businesstransact
ionsi
susuall
ycall
edthecurrency.TheKenyacur rencyconsi
stofabasicunitcal
l
eda
shi
lli
ng.100centsareequi
val
enttooneKenyanshil
li
ngs,whi
leaKeny anpoundisequival
entt
otwent
yKenya
shi
lli
ngs.

Cur
rencyExchangeRat
es
TheKeny ancur
rencycannotbeusedforbusinesstr
ansacti
onsinot
hercountr
ies.Tofaci
l
itat
eint
ernat
ional
trade,manycur
renci
eshav ebeengi
vendiff
erentval
uesr el
ati
vetoanot
her.Theseareknownasexchange
rates.
Thet abl
ebelow showst heexchangerat
esofmajori
nter
nati
onalcurr
enci
esatthecl
oseofbusinessona
certai
ndayinthey ear2015.
Thebuy i
ngandsel
l
ingcol
umnr epr
esentsther
atesatwhi
chbanksbuyandsel
l
thesecurr
enci
es.

Not
e
Theratesarenotal
way sfi
xedandt heykeeponchar gi
ng.WhenchangingtheKenyancur
rencytof
orei
gn
cur
rency,t
hebanksel
lstoyou.Therefor
e,weuset hesel
li
ngcol
umnrate.Conver
sel
ywhenchangingf
orei
gn
cur
rencytoKeny
anCurrency
,thebankbuysfrom y
ou,soweusethebuyi
ngcolumnrate.
Cur
rency Buy
ing Sel
l
ing
DOLLAR 102.
1472 102.
3324
STGPOUND 154.
0278 154.
3617
EURO 109.
6072 109.
8522
SARAND 7.
3332 7.
3486
KES/USHS 33.
0785 33.
2363
KES/TSHS 20.
9123 21.
0481
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Upda
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KES/RWF 7.
2313 7.
3423
AEDI
RHAM 27.
8073 27.
8653
CAN$ 77.
6018 77.
7661
JAPNESEYEN 84.
0234 84.
1964
SAUDIRI
YAL 27.
2284 27.
2959
CHI
NESEYUAN 16.
0778 16.
1082
AUSTRALI
AN$ 71.
8606 72.
0420

Exampl
e
Conv
erteachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcur
renci
est
oit
sst
atedequi
val
ent
a.
)Us$305t
oKsh
b.
)530Di
rham t
oeur
o

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thebankbuy
sUs1atKsh 102.
1472
Ther
efor
eUS$305=Ksh(
102.
1472x305)
=Ksh31,
154.
896
=Ksh31,
154.
00(
Tot
henear
estshi
l
li
ngs)
Thebankbuy
s1Di
rham atKsh27.
8073
Ther
efor
e530Di
rham =Ksh(
21.
8073x530)
=Ksh11,
557.
00 (
Tot
henear
estshi
l
li
ngs)
Thebanksel
l
s1Eur
oat109.
8522
Ther
efor
e530Di
rham =11,
557/
109.
8522
=105.
170Eur
os

Exampl
e
Dur
ingacer
tai
nmont
h,t
heexchanger
atesi
nabankwer
easf
oll
ows;

Buy
ing(
Ksh.
) Sel
l
ing(
Ksh.
)

1US$ 91.
65 91.
80

1Eur
o 103.
75 103.
93

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ls,
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ima
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Atour
istl
eftKenyatot
heUnitedStat
eswi t
hKsh.1000,
000.
Ontheai
rpor
theexchangedallt
hemoneyt o
dol
l
arsandspent190doll
arsonai
rt i
cket
.Whilei
nUShespent4500doll
arsforupkeepandproceededto
Eur
ope.Whi
leinEur
opehespentat
otalof2000Eur
os.HowmanyEur
osdidheremai
nwi t
h? (
3mar ks)

Sol
uti
on

Pr
ofi
tandLoss
Thedi ff
erencebetweenthecostpr
iceandt
hesell
i
ngpr
icei
seitherprof
itorl
oss.Ift
hesel
li
ngpri
cei
sgr eat
er
thant hecostprice,thedif
fer
enceisaprofi
tandift
hesell
i
ngpr iceislessthanthetot
alcostpr
ice,the
diff
erenceisaloss.

Not
e
Sel
l
ingpr
ice-costpr
ice=pr
ofi
t

Prof
it
Per
cent
agepr
ofi
t= x100
Costpri
ce
Costpr
ice-sel
l
ingpr
ice=l
oss

Prof
it
Per
cent
agel
oss= x100
Costpri
ce
Exampl
e
Ol
l
ieboughtacowatsh18000andsol
ditatsh21000.
Whatper
cent
agepr
ofi
tdi
dhemake?

Sol
uti
on
Sel
l
ingpr
ice=sh21000
Costpr
ice=sh18000
Pr
ofi
t=sh(
21000-
18,
000)
=sh3000

3000
Per
cent
agepr
ofi
t= x100
18000
2
=16 %
3
Exampl
e
Johnnyboughtadr
essat3500andl
atersol
ditatsh.
2800.
whatper
cent
agel
ossdi
dhei
ncur
s?
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ls,
Upda
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Costpr
ice=sh3500
Sel
l
ingpr
ice=sh2800
Loss=sh(
3500-2800)
=Sh700

700
Per
cent
agel
oss= x100=20%
3500

Di
scount
Ashopkeepermaydeci
detosel
lanarti
cleatreducedprice.Thedi
ff
erencebetweent
hemarkedpr
iceandthe
reducedpr
icei
sref
err
edtoasthediscount.Thediscountisusual
l
yexpr essedasaper
cent
ageoftheact
ual
pri
ce.

Exampl
e
Thepri
ceofanarti
clei
smar
kedatsh120.
Adi
scounti
sal
l
owedandt
hear
ti
clesol
datsh96.
Cal
cul
atet
he
per
cent
agedi
scount.

Sol
uti
on
Act
ual
pri
ce=sh120.
00
Reducedpr
ice=sh96.
00
Di
scount=sh(
120.
00–96.
00)
=sh24
Per
cent
agedi
scount=24/
120x100
=sh20%

Commi
ssi
on
Acommi
ssi
oni
sanagr
eedr
ateofpay
ment
,usual
l
yexpr
essedasaper
cent
age,
toanagentf
orhi
sser
vices.

Exampl
e
Mr.Neasa,asal
esmani
nasoapi ndust
ry,sol
d250pi
ecesoftoi
l
etsoapatsh45.00and215packet
sof
det
ermini
ngatsh75.
00perpacket
.Ifhegota5%commi ssi
ononthesal
es,howmuchmoneydi
dhegetas
commissi
on?

Sol
uti
on
Sal
esf
ort
het
oil
etsoapwas250x45=sh11250
Sal
esf
ort
hedet
ergentwas215x75=sh16125

5
Commi
ssi
on= (11250+16125)
100
5
x27375=s
h1368
100
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Upda
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ah@g
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Exampl
e
Asalesmanear nsabasicsal
aryofsh.9,
000permont
h.I
naddit
ionheisalsopaidacommi ssi
onof5%f or
sal
esabov esh.15,
000.I
nacertai
nmonthhesol
dgoodswort
hsh.120,
000atadiscountof2½%.Cal
cul
atehis
tot
alear
ningsthatmonth. {3marks}

Sol
uti
on
s
ale
ssh.
120,
000

97.5
ne
taf
terdi
scount ×120,
000=17,
000
100

s
ale
saboves
h.15,
000=117,
000-15,
000

=ks
hs.
102,
000
5
c
ommi
si
ion ×102,
000=5,
100
100

t
otl
ear
ning
s=9,
000+5,
100
=ks
hs14,
100

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Thecashprizeofat el
evi
sionsetisKshs25000.Acustomerpaidadeposi
tofKshs3750.Her epai
d
theamountowi ngin24equalmont hlyi
nstal
l
ments.Ifhewaschargedsi
mpleint
erestatt
her at
eof
40%p. ahowmuchwaseachi nstal
lment?
2.MrNgenybor rowedKshs560, 000from abanktobuyapieceofland.Hewasrequir
edtorepaythe
l
oanwi t
hsi
mpl eint
erestf
oraper iodof48mont hs.Therepay
mentamountedtoKshs21, 000per
mont h.
Calculat
e
(
a)Thei
nter
estpai
dtot
hebank
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ls,
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(
b)Ther
ateperannum oft
hesi
mpl
eint
erest
3.Acardealerchar ges5%commissi
onforsel
l
ingacar.Hereceiv
edacommi ssionofKshs17,500f
or
sell
i
ngcar .Howmuchmoneydi dt
heownerrecei
vefr
om t
hesal eofhi
scar?
4.Acompanysal esladysol
dgoodswort
hKshs240,000fr
om t hi
ssalesheearneda commi ssi
onof
Kshs4,000
(a)Cal
culatether at
eofcommissi
on
(
b)I
fshesol
dgoodwhoset
otal
mar
kedpr
icewasKshs360,
000andal
l
owed
adi
scountof2%cal
cul
atet
heamountofcommi
ssi
onsher
ecei
ved.
5.Abusi nesswomanboughtt wobagsofmai zeatt hesamepr iceperbag.Shedi scoveredt hatone
bagwasofhi ghqual i
tyandt heot herofl owqual i
t y
.Ont hehighqual i
tybagshemadeapr ofi
tby
sell
ingatKshs1, 040,whereasont helowqual it
ybagshemadeal ossbysel l
i
ngatKshs880.I fthe
profitwast hreet imestheloss, cal
culatethebuy ingpriceperbag.
6.A sal esmanget sacommi ssionof2.4% onsal esupt oKshs100, 000.Heget sanaddi t
ional
commi ssionof1. 5%onsal esabov ethis.Calculatethecommi ssi
onheget sonsal eswor thKshs
280,000.
7.Threepeopl eKor is,WangareandHassancont ri
butedmoneyt ostartabusiness.Kori
rcont r
ibuteda
quarteroft het otalamountandWangar etwof if
thsoft heremainder.
Hassan’ scont ributi
onwasoneandahal ft i
mest hatofKor i
s.Theybor r
owedt herestoft hemoney
from t hebankwhi chwasKshs60, 000l esst hanHassan’ scont r
ibuti
on.Findthet otalamount
requiredt ostartthebusiness.
8.AKenyantour
istl
eftGermanyforKenyathr
oughSwi
tzer
land.Whi
l
einSwi
tzer
landheboughta
wat
chwort
h52deut scheMar
ks.Fi
ndtheval
ueoft
hewatchin:
(a) Swi ssFrancs.
(
b) Keny
aShi
l
li
ngs
Uset
heexchanger
tesbel
ow:
1Swi
ssFr
anc=1.
28Deut
scheMar
ks.
1Swi
ssFr
anc=45.
21Keny
aShi
l
li
ngs
9. Asal
esmanearnsabasi
csal
aryofKshs.9000permont
h
I
naddit
ionhei
salsopai
dacommi ssi
onof5%forsal
esabov
eKshs15000
Inacert
ainmonthhesol
dgoodswor
thKshs.120,
000atadi
scountof2½%.Cal
cul
atehi
stot
al
ear
ningsthatmont
h
10.I
nthi
squesti
on,mathemat
icalt
ableshoul
dnotbeused
AKenyanbankbuy
sandsel l
sforei
gncurr
enci
esasshownbel
ow
Buy
ing Sel
l
ing
(
InKeny
ashi
l
li
ngs) I
nKeny
aShi
l
li
ngs
1HongKongdol
l
ar 9.
74 9.
77
1Sout
hAf
ri
canr
and 12.
03 12.
11
At our
ist
sarriv
edi nKenyawith105000HongKongdol lar
sandchangedt hewhol eamountt o
Kenyanshil
li
ngs.Whil
einKenya,shepentKshs403897andchangedt
hebalancetoSout hAfr
ican
randbefor
eleavingf
orSouthAfr
ica.Cal
cul
atet
heamount
,inSout
hAfri
canr
andt hatsherecei
ved.

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11.AKeny anbusinessmanboughtgoodsfr
om Japanwor
th2,950000Japanesey
en.Onar
ri
vali
n
Kenyacust
om dut yof20%waschar
gedontheval
ueoft
hegoods.
I
ftheexchanger at
eswer
easfoll
ows
1USdol
l
ar=118JapaneseYen
1USdol
l
ar=76Keny
ashi
l
li
ngs
Cal
cul
atet
hedut
ypai
dinKeny
ashi
l
li
ngs

12.Twobusi nessmenjoi
ntlyboughtaminibuswhichcouldferr
y25pay i
ngpassengerswhenfull
.The
farebetweentwotownsAandBwasKshs.80perpassengerf oroneway.Themi ni
busmadet hr
ee
roundtri
psbetweent hetwotownsdaily.Thecostoff uelwasKshs1500perday .Thedr
iverand
theconductorwerepaiddai
lyall
owancesofKshs200andKshs150r espect
ivel
y.
Af ur
therKshs4000perdaywassetasi deformai
ntenance.
(
a)Onedayt
hemi
nibuswasf
ull
onev
eryt
ri
p.
(
i) Howmuchmoneywascol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hepassenger
sthatday
?
(
ii
) Howmuchwast
henetpr
ofi
t?
(
b)Onanotherday
,themini
buswas80%ont heaver
agefort
het
hreeround
t
ri
ps.Howmuchdi deachbusi
nessgeti
fthedayspr
ofi
twasshar
edinther
ati
o2:
3?

13.At r
avel
erhadster
li
ngpounds918wi thwhi
chheboughtKeny ashil
l
ingsatt
herateofKshs84per
ster
li
ngpound.Hedidnotspendt hemoneyasint
ended.Lat
er,heusedtheKeny
anshil
li
ngstobuy
ster
li
ngpoundattherateofKshs.85perst
erl
i
ngpound.Calculat
etheamountofmoneyinster
li
ng
poundslosti
nthewholetr
ansacti
on.

14.Acommer
cialbankbuy
sandsel
l
sJapaneseYeni
nKeny
ashi
l
li
ngsatt
her
atesshownbel
ow
Buy
ing 0. 5024
Sel
l
ing 0.
5446
AJapanesetouri
statt
heendofhi
st ourofKeny
awaslef
twithKshs.30000whi
chheconv
ert
edt
o
JapaneseYenthr
oughthecommer
cialbank.HowmanyJapaneseYendidheget
?

15.I
nt hemonthofJanuar
y,aninsurancesal
esmanear
nedKshs.6750whi
chwascommi
ssi
onof4.
5%
ofthepremiumspaidt
othecompany .
(a)Cal
culat
ethepremi
um paidtothecompany.
(
b)I
nFebr
uar
yther
ateofcommi
ssi educedby662/
onwasr 3%andt
he
premiumsr
educedby10% cal
cul
atet
heamountear
nedbyt
hesal
esmani
nthemont
hof
Februar
y

16.Akinyi
,Bundi,Cura and Di
ba i
nvest
ed some moneyi n a busi
ness i
nthe rati
o of7:9:
10:14
respect
ivel
y.Thebusinessr
eal
i
zedapr of
itofKshs46800.Theyshared12% oftheprof
itequall
y

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ls,
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tedCPA,
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e,Hi
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chool
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ah@g
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com
andt
heremai
nderi
nther
ati
ooft
hei
rcont
ri
but
ions.Cal
cul
atet
het
otalamountofmoneyr
ecei
ved
byDi
ba.

17.Atelephonebillincl
udesKshs4320f oral ocalcal
lsKshs3260fort
rankcall
sandr
ent
alchar
ge
Kshs2080.Av alueaddedtax(V.A.T)i
sthenchargedat15%,Fi
ndt
hetotal
bil
l
.
18.Duri
ngacer t
ainper i
od.Theexchangerat
eswer easfol
lows
1sterl
ingpound=Kshs102. 0
1st
erl
i
ngpound=1.
7usdol
l
ar
1U.
Sdol
l
ar=Kshs60.
6
Aschoolmanagementi ntendedt oimportt
extbooksworthKshs500,
000from UK.Itchangedthe
moneytost er
li
ngpounds.Latert hemanagementf oundoutt
hatthebooksthester
li
ngpoundst o
dol
l
ars.Unfort
unat
elyafinancialcri
sisar
oseandt hemoneyhadtobeconvert
edtoKeny ashi
ll
i
ngs.
Cal
cul
atethetotal
amountofmoneyt hemanagementendedupwith.

19.Afrui
ter
erbought144pineapplesatKshs100f orev erysi
xpineappl
es.Shesol
dsomeoft hem at
Kshs72forever
ythreeandther estatKshs60foreverytwo.
I
fshemadea65%pr ofi
t,cal
cul
at ethenumberofpineappl
essoldatKshs72forever
ythr
ee.

CHAPTERTEN

COORDI
NATESANDGRAPHS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opict
helear
nershoul
dbeableto:
a.)Dr
awandl
abelt
hecomplet
eCartesi
anpl
ane
b.
)Locat
eandpl
otpoi
ntsont
heCar
tesi
anpl
ane
c.
)Chooseanduseappr
opr
iat
escal
eforagi
vendat
a
d.
)Makeat
abl
eofv
aluesf
oragi
venl
i
nearr
elat
ion
e.
)Usev
aluest
odr
awal
i
neargr
aph
f
.)Sol
vesi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ionsgr
aphi
cal
l
y
g.
)Dr
aw,
readandi
nter
pretgr
aphs.

Cont
ent
a.
)Car
tesi
anpl
ane
b.
)Car
tesi
anco-
ordi
nat
e
c.
)Poi
ntsont
heCar
tesi
anpl
ane
d.
)Choi
ceofappr
opr
iat
escal
e
e.
)Tabl
eofv
aluesf
oragi
venl
i
nearr
elat
ion

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ls,
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f
.)Li
neargr
aphs
g.
)Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ions
h.
)Int
erpr
etat
ionofgr
aphs.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Theposit
ionofapointinaplanislocatedusinganorder
edpairofnumber
scalledco-ordi
nat
esandwr i
tt
enin
thefor
m( x,y
).Thef
irstnumberrepresentsthedist
ancealongthexaxi
sandiscal l
edthexco-or
dinat
es.The
secondnumberrepr
esentsdi
stancealongt heyaxisandi
t’
scall
edtheycoordi
nates.
Thexandycoor dinat
esi
nter
sectsat(
0,0)apointcal
l
edt
heor
igi
n.Thesy
stem ofl
ocat
ingpoi
ntsusi
ngt
wo
axesatr
ightangl
esiscal
l
edCartesi
anpl
ansyst
em.
TolocateapointontheCartesi
anpl
ane,mov ealongthex-axi
stothenumberi
ndi
cat hex-
edbyt coor
dinat
eand
thenalongthey -axi
st othenumberindicatedbyt hey -
coordi
nat
e.Forexample,tol
ocat
et hepointwi
th
coordi
nates(
1, 2)
,mov e1unitt
otheri
ghtoftheor i
ginandthen2unit
sup

TheCar
tesi
anpl
an
The Graph
ofast
rai
ght
l
ine
Considert heLinear
equation y= 2x+
1.Some
corresponding
values ofx and y
are gi ven i n the
table below.I fwe
plott he pointswe
noticethatt heyall
l
ieinast r
aightl
ine.

Sol
uti
on
St
ep1wri
tet
her
ule
y=2x+1
St
ep2Dr
awat
abl
eandchoosesi
mpl
exv
alues
St
ep3Uset
her
ulet
ofi
ndeachyv
alueandent
ert
heni
nthet
abl
e.
E.
g.whenx=-
2,y
=2x-
2+1=-
3.
whenx=-
1,y
=2x-
1+1=-
1
st
ep4Dr
awaCar
tesi
anpl
anandpl
ott
hepoi
nts.
St
ep5Joi
nthepoi
ntst
ofor
m ast
rai
ghtl
i
neandl
abel
thegr
aph

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Not
e:
 Twopoi
ntsar
esuf
fi
cientt
odet
ermi
neast
rai
ghtl
i
ne,
butweuset
het
hir
dpoi
ntasacheck.
 I
tisadv
isabl
etochoosepoi
ntswhi
chcanbepl
ott
edeasi
l
y.

Gr
aphi
ngsol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ion
Thegraphsofthef
orm ax+by=crepresentsastr
aightli
ne.Whent woli
nearequati
onsarerepr
esent
edont he
sameCar t
esianpl
an,thei
rgraphsmayormaynoti ntersect.Forexample,insolvi
ng thesimul
taneous
equat
ionsx+3y=5and5x+7y=9gr aphical
ly
,thegraphsoft hetwoequat
ionaredrawn.

Thet
wol
i
nesi
nter
sectatp(
-1,
2).
Thesol
uti
ont
othesi
mul
taneousequat
ionsi
s,t
her
efor
e,x=-1andy=2.

Gener
algr
aphs
Graphsar
eappl
i
edwi del
yinsci
enceandmanyotherf
iel
ds.Thegr
aphsshoul
dtheir
foebedrawni
nawayt hat
conveyi
nfor
mat
ioneasil
yandaccur
atel
y.Themostofimport
antt
echni
queofdrawi
nggraphsist
hechoi
ceof

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ls,
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appr
opr
iat
escal
e.
Agoodscalei
sonewhi
chusesmostoft
hegr
aphpageandenabl
esust
opl
otpoi
ntsandr
eadof
fval
ueseasi
l
y
andaccur
atel
y.
Av
oidscal
eswhi
ch:
 Gi
vet
inygr
aphs.
 Cannotaccommodat
eal
lthedat
aint
het
abl
e.
I
tisgoodpr
act
icet
o:
 Label
theaxescl
ear
ly.
 Gi
vet
het
it
leoft
hegr
aph.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

Rev
isi
onQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Copyandcompl
etet
het
abl
eandhencedr
awt
hecor
respondi
nggr
aph.
Y=4x+3

x -
2 -
1 0 1 2

2.
)Dr
awt
hegr
aphoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a.
)Y+2x=5
b.
)y/
2+2x=5

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ls,
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CHAPTERTWENTY

ANGLESANDPLANEFI
GURES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthel
earnershouldbeabl
eto:
a.)Nameandi
denti
fyt
ypesofangles
b.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
c.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esatapoi
nt
d.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esonat
ransv
ersal
cut
ti
ngpar
all
ell
i
nes
e.
)St
ateangl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
f
.)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
g.
)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofangl
epr
oper
ti
est
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ty
pesofangl
es
b.
)Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
c.
)Angl
esatapoi
nt
d.
)Angl
esonat
ransv
ersal
(cor
respondi
ng,
alt
ernat
eandal
l
iedangl
es)
e.
)Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
f
.)Appl
i
cat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Af
latsur
facesuchast
het
opofat
abl
eiscal
l
edapl
ane.Thei
nter
sect
ionofanyt
wost
rai
ghtl
i
nesi
sapoi
nt.

Repr
esent
ati
onofpoi
ntsandl
i
nesonapl
ane
Apointi
srepr
esentedonaplanebyamar
klabel
l
edbyacapi
tal
let
ter
.Thr
oughanyt
wogi
venpoi
ntsonapl
ane,
onl
yonestrai
ghtl
inecanbedrawn.

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ls,
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l.
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Thel
i
nepassest
hroughpoi
ntsAandBandhencecanbel
abel
l
edl
i
neAB.

Ty
pesofAngl
es
Whentwol i
nesmeet
,theyform anangl
eatapoi
nt.Thepoi
ntwher
etheangl
eisf
ormedi
scal
l
edt
hev
ert
exof
t
heangle.Thesy
mbol<i susedtodenot
eanangl
e.

Acut
eangl
e. Ref
lexangl
e.

Obt
useangl
e Ri
ghtangl
e

Toobt
ainthesi
zeofarefl
exanglewhi chcannotbereaddi
rect
lyfr
om aprot
ract
or,
thecor
respondi
ngacut
eor
0
obt
useanglei
ssubt
ract
edfrom 360.IfanytwoanglesXandYar esucht
hat:
0
i
.) AngleX+angl
eY=90, theangl
esar
esai
dtobecompl
ement
aryangl
es.Eachangl
eist
hensai
dto
bethecompl
ementoft
heother.
0
i
i
.) AngleX+angleY=180,t
heanglesar
esai
dtobesuppl
ement
aryangl
es.Eachangl
eist
hensai
dto
bethesuppl
ementoft
heother
.

I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow<POQand<ROQar
eapai
rofcompl
ement
aryangl
es.

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I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow<DOFand<FOEar
eapai
rofsuppl
ement
aryangl
es.

Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
Thebel
owshowsanumberofangl
eswi
thacommonv
ert
ex0.
AOEi
sast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.

Twoangl
esonei
thersi
deofast
rai
ghtl
i
neandhav
ingacommonv
ert
exar
eref
err
edt
oasadj
acentangl
es.
I
nthef
igur
eabov
e:
<AOBi
sadj
acentt
o<BOC
<BOCi
sadj
acentt
o<COD
<CODi
sadj
acentt
o<DOE
0
Angl
esonastr
aightl
i
neaddupt
o180.
Angl
esatapoi
nt
Twoint
ersect
ingstr
aightl
inesf
ormfourangl
eshavi
ngacommonv ert
ex.Theangl
eswhi
char
eonopposi
te
si
desofthevert
exarecall
edver
ti
cal
l
yopposit
eangl
es.Consi
dert
hef
oll
owing:

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I
nthefi
gur
eabov
e<COBand<AOCar
eadj
acentangl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Wecannow show t
hata=cas
f
oll
ows:
0
a+b=180(
Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne)
0
c+d=180(
Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne)
0 0 0
So,
a+b+c+d=180+180 =360
0
Thi
sshowst
hatangl
esatapoi
ntaddupt
o360

Angl
esonat
ransv
ersal
At
ransv
ersal
isal
i
net
hatcut
sacr
osst
wopar
all
ell
i
nes.

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I
ntheabov
efi
gur
ePQandSTar
epar
all
ell
i
nesandRUcut
sthr
ought
hem.
RUi
sat
ransv
ersal
.
Name:
i
.) Cor
respondi
ngangl
esar
eAngl
esbande,
candh,
aandf
,dandg.
i
i
.) Al
ter
nat
eangl
esaandc,
fandh,
bandd,
eandg.
i
i
i.
) Co-
int
eri
ororal
l
iedangl
esar
efandd,
cande.

Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
Apol
ygoni
sapl
anf
igur
ebor
der
edbyt
hreeoror
est
rai
ghtl
i
nes

Tr
iangl
es
0
At r
iangl
eisathr
eesi
dedplanefi
gure.Thesum oft
het
hreeangl
esofat
ri
angl
eaddupt
o180.
tr
iangl
esar
e
cl
assif
iedont
hebasi
sofei
therangl
essides.
0
i
.) At
ri
angl
einwhi
choneoft
heangl
esi
s90 i
scal
l
edar
ightangl
edt
ri
angl
e.
i
i
.) Ascal
enet
ri
angl
eisonei
nwhi
chal
lthesi
desandangl
esar
enotequal
.
i
i
i.
) Anisoscel
estr
iangl
eisonei
nwhi
cht
wosi
desar
eequalandt
heequalsi
desmakeequalangl
es
wi
ththethi
rdsi
de.
i
v.
) Anequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
eisonei
nwhi
chal
lthesi
dear
eequal
andal
ltheangl
esar
eequal

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Ext
eri
orpr
oper
ti
esofat
ri
angl
e

Angl
eDAB=p+q.
Si
mil
arl
y,Angl
eEBC=r+qandangl
eFCA=r+p.
0
Butp+q+r=180
0
Butp+q+r=180
Ther
efor
eangl
eDAB+angl
eEBC+angl
eFCA=2p+2q+2r
=2(
p+q+r
)
0
=2x180
0
=360
0
I
ngener
alt
hesum ofal
ltheext
eri
orangl
esofat
ri
angl
eis360.

Quadr
il
ater
als
0
Aquadri
l
ater
alisafour–si
dedplanfi
gure.Theint
eri
orangl
esofaquadr
il
ater
aladdput360.
Quadr
il
ater
als
ar
ealsocl
assi
fi
edinter
msofsidesandangles.

PROPERTIESOFQUADRI LATERALS
Proper
ti
esofPar
all
elogr
ams
I
napar
all
elogr
am,

1.Theparal
l
elsidesareparal
lel bydef i
nit
ion.
2.Theopposit
esidesarecongr uent .
3.Theopposit
eanglesarecongr uent.
4.Thedi
agonalsbisecteachother .
5.Anypai
rofconsecutiveanglesar esuppl ement
ary
.

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Pr
oper
ti
esofRect
angl
es
I
nar
ect
angl
e,

1.All
thepropert
iesofapar al
lel
ogr
am appl
ybydef
ini
ti
on.
2.All
anglesarerightangl
es.
3.Thediagonal
sar econgruent.

Pr
oper
ti
esofaki
te
1.Two di
sjoi
nt pai
rs of consecut
ive si
des ar
e congr
uent by
def
ini
tion.
2.Thediagonalsareperpendi
cular.
3.Onediagonal i
stheperpendicul
arbi
sectoroftheot
her
.
4.Oneoft hediagonalsbi
sectsapairofopposit
eangl
es.
5.Onepai rofopposit
eanglesarecongruent
.
Pr
oper
ti
esofRhombuses
I
nar
hombus,

1.All
theproper
ti
esofapar all
elogram applybydefini
ti
on.
2.Twoconsecutiv
esi desar econgr uentbydefi
nit
ion.
3.All
sidesarecongruent.
4.Thediagonal
sbisecttheangl es.
5.Thediagonal
sareper pendicularbisector
sofeachot her.
6.Thediagonalsdivi
det her hombusi ntofourcongr uentri
ght
t
ri
angl
es.
Pr
oper
ti
esofSquar
es
I
nasquar
e,

1.All
theproper
tiesofarectangl
eappl
ybydefi
niti
on.
2.All
theproper
tiesofarhombusapplybydefi
nit
ion.
3.Thediagonal
sf or
mfourisoscel
esri
ghtt
ri
angles.

Pr
oper
ti
esofI
soscel
esTr
apezoi
ds
I
nani
soscel
est
rapezoi
d,

1.Thel
egsarecongr uentbydefi
nit
ion.
2.Thebasesareparall
elbydefi
nit
ion.
3.Thel
owerbaseangl esarecongruent.
4.Theupperbaseanglesarecongruent.
5.Thedi
agonalsarecongruent.
6.Anyl
owerbaseangl eissuppl
ement ar
ytoanyupperbaseangl
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saPar
all
elogr
am
Anyoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodsmi
ghtbeusedt
opr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
sapar
all
elogr
am.

1.I
fbot
hpai
rsofopposi
tesi
desofaquadr
il
ater
alar
eparal
l
el,theniti
sapar
all
elogr
am (def
ini
ti
on)
.
2.I
fbot
hpai
rsofopposi
tesi
desofaquadr
il
ater
alar
econgruent,t
heniti
sapar
allel
ogr
am.
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3.I
fonepairofopposi
tesi
desofaquadr i
lat
eralarebothparall
elandcongruent
,theniti
sapar
all
elogr
am.
4.I
fthedi
agonalsofaquadri
l
ateral
bisecteachot her
,thentheiti
saparall
elogr
am.
5.I
fbothpair
sofopposit
eanglesofaquadril
ateralarecongruent
,theni
tisaparall
elogr
am.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saRect
angl
e
Onecanprov
ethataquadr
il
ater
ali
sarect
angl
ebyf
ir
stshowi
ngt
hati
tisapar
all
elogr
am andt
henusi
ngei
ther
oft
hefol
lowi
ngmethodstocomplet
ethepr
oof
.

1.I
faparal
lel
ogr
am cont
ainsatleastoner
ightangl
e, t
heniti
sarect
angl
e(def
ini
ti
on)
.
2.I
fthedi
agonal
sofaparall
elogram ar
econgruent
,theniti
sarect
angl
e.
Onecanal
soshowt
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
sar
ect
angl
ewi
thoutf
ir
stshowi
ngt
hati
tisapar
all
elogr
am.

3.I
fal
lfourangl
esofaquadr
il
ater
alar
eri
ghtangl
es,
theni
tisar
ect
angl
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saKi
te
Topr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
saki
te,
eit
heroft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodscanbeused.

1.I
ftwodi
sjoi
ntpair
sofconsecut
ivesi
desofaquadr
il
ater
alarecongr
uent
,theni
tisakit
e(def
init
ion)
.
2.I
foneofthediagonal
sofaquadril
ater
ali
stheper
pendi
cularbi
sect
oroftheotherdi
agonal
,theniti
sa
ki
te.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saRhombus
Toprovet
hataquadri
l
ater
ali
sar
hombus,
onemayshowt
hati
tisapar
all
elogr
am andt
henappl
yei
theroft
he
fol
l
owingmethods.

1.I
fapar
all
elogr
am cont
ainsapai
rofconsecut
ivesi
dest
hatar
econgr
uent
,theni
tisar
hombus
(defi
nit
ion).
2.Ifeitherdiagonalofaparal
l
elogr
am bi
sect
stwoangl
esoft heparal
l
elogr
am, t
henitisar
hombus.
Onecanalsopr ovethataquadr
il
ater
ali
sarhombuswit
houtfi
rstshowingthati
tisaparal
lel
ogr
am.

3.I
fthedi
agonal
sofaquadr
il
ater
alar
eper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsofeachot
her
,theni
tisar
hombus.
Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saSquar
e
Thef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodcanbeusedt
opr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
sasquar
e:
I
faquadr
il
ater
ali
sbot
har
ect
angl
eandar
hombus,
theni
tisasquar
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataTr
apezoi
disanI
soscel
esTr
apezoi
d
Anyoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodscanbeusedt
opr
ovet
hatat
rapezoi
disi
soscel
es.

1.I
fthenonpar
all
elsi
desofatrapezoi
darecongr uent,
theniti
sisoscel
es(defi
nit
ion)
.
2.I
fthel
owerorupperbaseanglesofatrapezoidarecongruent
,theniti
sisoscel
es.
3.I
fthedi
agonalsofatr
apezoi
dar econgruent
,thenitisi
soscel
es.

Not
e:
 I
fapol
ygonhasnsi
des,
thent
hesum ofi
nter
iorangl
es(
2n-
4)r
ightangl
es.
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0
 Thesum ofext
eri
orangl
esofanypol
ygoni
s360.
 At
ri
angl
eissai
dtober
egul
ari
fal
li
tssi
desandal
li
tsi
nter
iorangl
esar
eequal
.

Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sahexagonwi
thi
nter
iorangl
esg,
h,I,
kandIandext
eri
orangl
esa,
b,c,
d,e,
andf
.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
li
nesABandLM ar
epar
all
el.

A B
y z

830
x
L 1300 M

Fi
ndt
hev
aluesoft
heangl
esmar
kedx,
yandz (
3mks)

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CHAPTERONE
GEOMETRI
CCONS
TRUCTI
ONS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het opi
cthel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Usear
ulerandcompassesonlyto:
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofal
i
ne
 const
ructanangl
ebi
sect
or
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
art
oal
i
nef
rom agi
venapoi
nt
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
art
oal
i
net
hroughagi
venpoi
ntont
hel
i
ne
 const
ructangl
eswhosev
aluesar
emul
ti
plesof7½°
 const
ructpar
all
ell
i
nes
 di
vi
deal
i
nepr
opor
ti
onal
l
y
b.
)Usear ulerandasetsquar
etoconst
ructpar
all
ell
i
nes,di
vi
deal
i
nepr
opor
ti
onal
l
y,andt
oconst
ruct
per
pendicularl
i
nes
c.
)Const
ructar
egul
arpol
ygonusi
ngr
ulerandcompassesonl
y,andr
uler
,compassesandpr
otr
act
or
d.
)Const
ructi
rr
egul
arpol
ygonsusi
ngar
uler
,compassesandpr
otr
act
or.

Cont
ent
a.
)Const
ruct
ionofl
i
nesandangl
esusi
ngar
ulerandcompassesonl
y
b.
)Const
ruct
ionofper
pendi
cul
arandpar
all
ell
i
nesusi
ngar
ulerandasetsquar
eonl
y
c.
)Pr
opor
ti
onal
div
isi
onofal
i
ne
d.
)Const
ruct
ionofr
egul
arpol
ygons(
upt
oahex
agon)
e.
)Const
ruct
ionofi
rr
egul
arpol
ygons(
upt
oahexagon)
.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Const
ruct
ionI
nst
rument
s
Thef
oll
owi
ngmi
nimum setofi
nst
rument
sisr
equi
redi
nor
dert
oconst
ructgoodqual
i
tydr
awi
ngs:

o Twosetsquar
es.
o Apr
otr
act
or.
o A 15cm or150mm r
uler
o Compass
o Pr
otr
act
or
o Di
vi
der
o Aner
aser
/rubber
o Twopenci
l
s-a2HandanHB,
toget
herwi
thsomeshar
peni
ngdev
ice–Razorbl
adeorshaper
.
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Constructi
onofPerpendi
cul
arLi
nes
Perpendicul
arl
ines
Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsPQasaper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofagi
venl
i
neAB.

Toobt
aint
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orPQ
 Wi
thAandBascent
re,
andusi
ngt
hesamer
adi
us,
drawar
csonei
thersi
deofAB t
oint
ersectatPand
Q.
 Joi
nPt
oQ.

Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsPE,
aper
pendi
cul
arf
rom apoi
ntPt
oagi
venl
i
neAB.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom apoi
nt
 Todr
opaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom poi
ntPt
oAB.

 Sett
hecompasspoi
ntatPandst
ri
keanar
cint
ersect
ingABatCandD.

 Wi
thCandDascent
resandanyr
adi
usl
argert
hanone-
hal
fofCD,
Nove
ls,
Upda
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 St
ri
kear
csi
nter
sect
ingatE.

 Al
i
nef
rom Pt
hroughEi
sper
pendi
cul
art
oAB.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom apoi
nt
 Usi
ngPascent
reandanyconv
eni
entr
adi
us,
drawar
cst
oint
ersectt
hel
i
nesatAandB.
 Usi
ngAascent
reandar
adi
uswhosemeasur
eisgr
eat
ert
hanAP,
drawanar
cabov
ethel
i
ne.
 Usi
ngBast
hecent
reandt
hesamer
adi
us,
drawanar
ctoi
nter
actt
heonei
n(i
i
)atpoi
ntQ.
 Usi
ngar
uler,
drawPQ.

FI
GUR21.
4
Const
ruct
ionofper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nesusi
ngasetsquar
e.
Twoedgesofasetsquar
eareperpendicul
ar.Theycanbeusedtodrawperpendi
cul
arli
nes.Whenoneoft
he
edgesi
sputal
ongali
ne,al
inedr
awnal ongtheotheronei
sperpendi
cul
art
othegivenl
ine.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom apoi
ntpt
oal
i
ne
 Pl
acear
uleral
ongt
hel
i
ne.
 Pl
aceoneoft
heedgesofasetsquar
ewhi
chf
orm ar
ightangl
eal
ongt
her
uler
.
 Sl
i
det
hesetsquar
eal
ongt
her
ulerunt
ilt
heot
heredger
eachesp.
 Hol
dthesetsquar
efi
rml
yanddr
awt
hel
i
net
hroughPt
omeett
hel
i
neper
pendi
cul
arl
y.

Const
ruct
ionofAngl
esusi
ngaRul
erandapai
rofcompassonl
y
0 0 0
Thebasi
cangl
efr
om whi
chal
ltheot
her
scanbeder
ivedf
rom i
sthe60,
45 a
nd90

0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof60
 LetAbet
heapexoft
heangl
e
 Wi
thcent
reAdr
awanar
cBCusi
ngasui
tabl
eradi
us.
 Wi
thbast
hecent
redr
awanot
herar
ctoi
nter
sectar
cBCatD.

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l.
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0
 Dr
awal
i
neAEt
hroughD.Theangl
eEACi
s60
0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof90
 LetAbet
heapexoft
heangl
e.
 Wi
thcent
reAdr
awanar
cBCofl
arger
adi
us.
 Dr
awanar
conBCusi
ngasui
tabl
eradi
usandmar
kitD.

 Usi
ngt
hesamer
adi
usandpoi
ntDast
hecent
redr
awanar
cE.
 BDandDEar
eoft
hesamer
adi
us.
 Wi
thcent
reDdr
awanyar
cF.
 Wi
thcent
reEdr
awanar
cequal
inr
adi
ust
oDF.
0
 Joi
nAFwi
thast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Angl
eBAFi
s90

0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof45
0
Dr
awABandACatr
ightangl
es45 t
oeachot
her
.Wi
thcent
reAand wi
thl
arger
adi
us,
drawanar
ctocutABat

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D andandACatE.
Wit
hcent
resEandDdr
awar
csofequalr
adi
ust
oint
ersectatDr
awast
rai
ghtl
i
nef
rom A
0
t
hroughAngl
eBAFi
s45

10 0 0
Const
ruct
ionofangl
esofmul
ti
pleof7 3015..
2
0 0 0
Thebisect
ionof 60 angl
eproduces30 andt
hesuccessi
vebi
sect
ionoft
hisangl
epr
oduces15 whi
chi
s
0
1
bi
sect
edt oproduce7 asshownbelow.
2
0
 Dr
awABandACat60 t
oeachot
herasshownabov
e.
 Wi
thcent
reA,
andal
arger
adi
us,
drawanar
ctocutABatEandACatD.
 Wi
thcent
resEandDdr
awar
csofequal
radi
ust
oint
ersectatF.
 Dr
awal
i
nef
rom At
hroughF.
0 0
 Angl
eCAFi
s30 hal
f60.
0
01
Toconst
ruct15 7
2
0
 Dr
awACandAFat30 t
oeachot
herasdescr
ibedabov
e.
 Wi
thcent
resGandDdr
awar
csofequal
radi
ust
oint
ersectatH
 Dr
awal
i
nef
rom At
hroughH
0
 Angl
eCAHi
s15.

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0
1
 Wi
thcent
resJandDaf
urt
herbi
sect
ioncanbemadet
ogi
ve7
2

Const
ruct
ionofpar
all
ell
i
nes
Toconstr
uctali
nethr
oughagivenpoi
ntandpar
all
elt
oagi
venl
i
ne,
wemayusear
ulerandapai
rofcompass
onl
y,orarul
erandasetsquar
e.

Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassonl
y
Par
all
elogr
am met
hod
Thel
i
neEPpar
all
elt
oACi
sconst
ruct
edasf
oll
ows:

 Wi
thXast
hecent
reandr
adi
usPQ,
drawanar
c.
 Wi
thQast
hecent
reandr
adi
usPX,
drawanot
herar
ctocutt
hef
ir
star
catR.
 Joi
nXt
oR.

Pr
opor
ti
onal
Div
isi
onofl
i
nes
Li
nescanbepr
opor
ti
onat
elydi
vi
dedi
ntoagi
vennumberofequal
par
tsbyuseofpar
all
ell
i
nes.

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Todi
vi
del
i
neAB
 Di
vi
del
i
neABi
ntot
enequal
par
ts.
 Thr
oughb,
drawal
i
neCBofanyconv
eni
entl
engt
hatasui
tabl
eangl
ewi
thAB.
 Usi
ngapai
rofcompasses,
mar
kof
f,
al
ongBC,
tenequal
int
erv
alsasshownabov
e.
 Joi
nCt
oA.
Byusi
ngasetsquar
eandar
uler
,dr
awl
i
nespar
all
elt
oCA.
 Thel
i
nei
sther
efor
edi
vi
dedt
enequal
par
tsori
nter
val
s.

Const
ruct
ionofRegul
arPol
ygons
Apol
ygoni
sregul
ari
fal
li
tssi
desandangl
esar
eequal
,ot
her
wisei
tisi
rr
egul
ar.

Not
e:
Forapolygonofnsi
des,t
hesum ofinteri
orangl
esi
s(2n-
4)r
ightangl
es.
Thesi
zeofeachi
nter
iorangl
eoft
he
2n-4 0
regul
arpoly
gonist
heref
oreequalt
o( )90.
n

0
Thesum ofext
eri
orangl
esofanypol
ygoni
s360.
Eachext
eri
orangl
eofar
egul
arpol
ygoni
sther
efor
eequal
0
360
to .
n

Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arTr
iangl
e

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Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arQuadr
il
ater
al

Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arpent
agon.

Toconst
ructar
egul
arpent
agonABCDofsi
des4cm.

(10-
4) 0
Eachoft
hei
nter
iorangl
es= ri
ghta
ngl
es= 108
5
 Dr
awal
i
neAB=4cm l
ong.
0
 Dr
awangl
eABC=108andBC=4cm
 Uset
hesamemet
hodt
olocat
epoi
ntsDand

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Not
e;
Uset
hesamepr
ocedur
etoconst
ructot
herpoi
nts.

Const
ruct
ionofi
rr
egul
arpol
ygons
Const
ruct
ionoft
ri
angl
es
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
egi
vent
hel
engt
hofi
tssi
des
 Dr
awal
i
neandmar
kapoi
ntAoni
t.
 Ont
hel
i
nemar
kof
fwi
thapai
rofcompassapoi
ntB,
3cm f
rom A.
 Wi
thBast
hecent
reandr
adi
us5cm,
drawanar
c
 Wit
hAast
hecent
reandr
adi
us7cm,
drawanot
herar
ctoi
nter
sectt
hear
cin(
ii
i)atC.
Joi
nAt
oCandB
t
oC.
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
e,gi
vent
hesi
zoft
woangl
esandl
engt
hofonesi
de.
0 0
Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
ch<BAC=60,
<ABC==50 andBC=4cm.
Thesket
chi
sshownbel
ow.
 Dr
awal
i
neandmar
kapoi
ntBoni
t.
 Mar
kof
fapoi
ntCont
hel
i
ne,
4cm f
rom B.
0 0
 Usi
ngapr
otr
act
or,
measur
eanangl
eof=50 and=70 atBandCr
espect
ivel
y.
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
egi
vent
wosi
desandoneangl
e.
Gi
vent
hel
engthsoft
wosi
desandt
hesizeoft
heincl
udedangl
e.Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABC,
inwhi
chAB=4
0
cm,
BC=5cm and<ABC=60.Dr
aw asket
chasshownbelow.
 Dr
awal
i
neBC=5cm al
ong
0
 Measur
eanangl
eof=60 atBandmar
kof
fapoi
ntA,
4cm f
rom B.
 Joi
nAt
oC.

Toconst
ructat
rapezi
um.
0
Theconst
ruct
ionofat
rapezi
um ABCDwi
thAB=8cm ,
BC=5cm ,
CD=4cm andangl
eABC=60 andAB=8
cm

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 Dr
awal
i
neAB=8cm.
0
 Const
ructanAngl
eof=60 atB.
 Usi
ngBast
hecent
reandr
adi
usof5cm,
mar
kanar
ctoi
nsectt
hel
i
nei
n(i
i
)atC.
 Thr
oughC,
drawal
i
nepar
all
elt
oAB
 Usi
ngCast
hecent
reandr
adi
usof4cm,
Mar
kanar
ctoi
nter
sectt
hel
i
nei
n(i
v)atD.
 Joi
nDt
oAt
ofor
mthet
rapezi
um.

Endoft
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,
a) Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=9cm, eBAC=37½0
AC=6cm andangl
a)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom Ct
omeetABatD.Measur
eCDandhencef
indt
hear
eaoft
het
ri
angl
e
ABC
b)Poi
ntEdi
vi
desBCi
nther
ati
o2:
3.Usi
ngar
ulerandSetSquar
eonl
y,det
ermi
nepoi
ntE.Measur
eAE.
2.
X
B
A

Ont
hedi
agr
am,
const
ructaci
rcl
etot
ouchl
i
neABatXandpassest
hrought
hepoi
ntC.
(
3mks)
3. Usi
ngr
ulerandpai
rofcompassesonl
yforconst
ruct
ionsi
nthi
squest
ion.
(
a)Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCsucht
hatAB=AC=5. eABC=300.Measur
4cm andangl eBC
(
4mks)
(
b)Ont
hedi
agr
am abov
e,apoi
ntPi
sal
way
sont
hesamesi
deofBCasA.Dr
awt
he
l
ocusofPsucht
hatangl
eBACi
stwi
ceangl
eBPC (
2mks)
(
c)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom At
omeetBCatD.Measur
eAD (
2mks)

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(
d)Det
ermi
net
hel
ocusQont
hesamesi
deofBCasAsucht
hatt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
e
4cm2
BQC=9. (
2mks)
4. (
a)Wi
thoutusi
ngapr
otr
act
ororsetsquar
e,const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=4cm, BC=
6cm andABC=67½0.TakeABast
hebase. (
3mks)
Measur
eAC.
(
b)Dr
awat
ri eA1BC1whi
angl chi
sindi
rect
lycongr
uentt
otr
iangl
eABC. (
3mks)

5. Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=4.
4cm,
BC=6.
4cm andAC=7.
4cm.Const
ructanescr
ibedci
rcl
e
opposi
teangl
eACB (
5mks)
(
a)Measur
ether
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
e (
1mk)
(
b)Measur
etheacut
eangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
ebyAB (
1mk)
(
c)Apoi
ntPmov
essucht
hati
tisal
way
sout
sidet
heci
rcl
ebutwi
thi
ntr
iangl
eAOB,
wher
eOi
sthe
cent
reoft
heescr
ibedci
rcl
e.Showbyshadi
ngt
her
egi
onwi
thi
nwhi
chPl
i
es.
(
3mks)
6. (
a)Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,const
ructapar
all
elogr
am PQRSi
nwhi
chPQ=8cm,
QR
=6cm and PQR=1500 (
3mks)
(
b)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom St
omeetPQatB.Measur
eSBandhencecal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
he
par
all
elogr
am. (
5mks)
(
c)Mar
kapoi
ntAonBSpr
oducedsucht
hatt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eAPQi
sequal
tot
hreequar
ter
sthear
ea
oft
hepar
all
elogr
am (
1mk)
(
d)Det
ermi
net
hehei
ghtoft
het
ri
angl
e. (
1mk)
7. Usingarul
erandapairofcompassesonly
,constr
uctt
ri
angl
eABCinwhichAB=6cm,BC=8cm and
angleABC=45o.Dropaperpendi
cularf
rom A t
oBCatM.MeasureAM andAC
(4mks)
8. a)Usingarul
erandapairofcompassesonlyt
oconstr
uctatr
apezi
um ABCD

sucht
hat , , and (
5mks)
b)
From t
hepoi
ntDdr
opaper
pendi
cul
art
othel
i
neABt
omeett
hel
i
neatE.measur
eDEhence
cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
het
rapezi
um (
5mks)
9. Usingapairofcompassesandr uleronl
y;
(a)Const
ructtr
iangleABCsucht hatAB=8cm, BC=6cm andangleABC=300. (
3mar ks)
(b)MeasurethelengthofAC (
1mark)
(c)Drawacircl
ethattouchest hev er
ti
cesA,BandC. (
2mar ks)
(d)Measuretheradiusoftheci r
cle (
1mar k)
(e)Henceorotherwise,cal
culatetheareaoftheci
rcl
eoutsidet
hetr
iangle. (
3marks)
10. Usingarul
erandapai rofcompassesonl y
,constr
uctthel
ocusofapointPsuchthatangleAPB=600
ont
hel
i
neAB=5cm. (
4mks)

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A B
11. Usi
ngasetsquar
e,r
ulerandpai
rofcompasesdi
vi
det
hegi
venl
i
nei
nto5equal
por
ti
ons.
(3mks)

12. Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,dr
awapar
all
elogr
am ABCD,
sucht eDAB=750.
hatangl
Lengt
hAB=6.
0cm andBC=4.
0cm f
rom poi
ntD,
dropaper
pendi
cul
art
omeetl
i
neABatN
a)Measur
elengt
hDN
b)Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hepar
all
elogr
am (
10mks)

13. Usi ngar

ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,dr
awaparall
elogr
am ABCDinwhichAB=6cm,BC=4cm
eBAD=60o.Byconst
andangl r
uct
ion,
deter
minetheper
pendi
cul
ardistancebet
weent
heli
nesABandCD

14. Wit
houtusi
ngapr
otr
act
or,
drawat
ri
angl eCAB=30o,
eABCwher AC=3.
5cm and
AB=6cm.measureBC

15. (a)Usi
ngarulerandapai rofcompassonl
y,constr
uctatri
angleABCinwhi
ch
angl
eABC=37. 5o, BC=7cm andBA=14cm
(b)Dropaperpendicularfrom AtoBCproducedandmeasur eit
sheight
(c)Useyourheightin(b)tof i
ndthear
eaofthetri
angleABC
(
d)Useconstructi
ont of i
ndtheradi
usofaninscri
bedcir
cleoftr
iangl
eABC

16. Int
hisquesti
onuseapairofcompassesandarul
eronl
y
a)Const
ructtri
angl
ePQRsucht hatPQ=6cm, QR=8cm and<PQR=135°
b)Const
ructthehei
ghtoftr
iangl
ePQRin(a)abov
e,t
aki
ngQRast hebase

17. Ont
heli
neACshownbel
ow, poi
ntBl
i
esabovetheli
nesucht 5oand]
hatBAC=52.
AB=4.
2cm. ( Usear
ulerandapai
rofcompassesfort
hisquest
ion)

A C
(
a)Const
ructBACandmarkpoi
ntB
(b)Dr
opaperpendi
cul
arf
rom Bt
omeett
hel
i
neACatpoi
ntF.Measur
eBF

CHAPTERTWENTYTW0

S
CALEDRAWI
NG

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)I
nter
pretagiv
enscal
e
b.
)Chooseanduseanappr
opr
iat
escal
e
c.
)Dr
awsui
tabl
esket
chesf
rom gi
veni
nfor
mat
ion
d.
)St
atet
hebear
ingofonepoi
ntf
rom anot
her
e.
)Locat
eapoi
ntusi
ngbear
inganddi
stance
f
.) Det
ermi
neangl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on
g.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngbear
ingsel
evat
ionsandscal
edr
awi
ng
h.
)Appl
yscal
edr
awi
ngi
nsi
mpl
esur
vey
ing.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ty
pesofscal
es
b.
)Choi
ceofscal
es
c.
)Sket
chi
ngf
rom gi
veni
nfor
mat
ionandscal
edr
awi
ng
d.
)Bear
ings
e.
)Bear
ings,
dist
anceandl
ocat
ingpoi
nts
f
.)Angl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on
g.
)Pr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngbear
ings,
scal
edr
awi
ng,
angl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on
h.
)Si
mpl
esur
vey
ingt
echni
ques.

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I
ntr
oducti
on
Thescal
e
Therat
ioofthedi
stanceonamapt otheactualdi
stanceont
hegroundiscall
edthescal
eofthemap.Therat
io
canbeinstat
ementform e.
g.50cm r
epresents50,
000cm orasarepr
esentat
ivefracti
on(
R.F),
1:5,
000,
000is
1
wr
it
tenas .
5,
000,
000
Exampl
e
Thescal
eofamapi
sgi
veni
nast
atementas1cm r
epr
esent
s4km.conv
ertt
hist
oar
epr
esent
ati
vef
ract
ion
(R.
F).

Sol
uti
on
Onecm r
epr
esent
s4x100,
000cm.1cm r
epr
esent
s400,
000

1
Ther
efor
e,t
her
ati
ois1:
400,
000andt
heR.
Fis
400,
000
Exampl
e
Thescal
eofamapi
sgi
venas1:
250,
000.
Wri
tet
hisasast
atement
.

Sol
uti
on
1:
250,
000means1cm ont
hemapr
epr
esent
s250,
000cm ont
hegr
ound.Ther
efor
e,1cm r
epr
esent
s
250,
000
km.
100,
000
I
.e.1cm r
epr
esent
s2.
5km.

Scal
eDi
agr
am
Whenduringusi
ngscale,oneshoul
dbecar
efuli
nchoosi
ngt
her
ightscal
e,sot
hatt
hedr
awi
ngf
it
sont
he
paperwi
thoutmuchdet
ail
sbeingl
eft
.

Bear
ingandDi
stances
Di
rect
ioni
sal
way
sfoundusi
ngacompasspoi
nt.

Acompasshaseightpoi
ntsasshowabove.Thef
ourmainpointsoft
hecompassar eNort
h,South,East
,and
West.Theot
herpoint
saresecondar
ypoi
ntsandtheyi
ncludeNorthEast(NE)
,SouthEast(SE),SouthWest
0
(
SW)andNor t
hWest( NW).
Eachangl
efor
medatthecent
reoft hecompassis45 theangl
ebetweenNandE
0
i
s90.

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CompassBear
ing
Whenthedi
rect
ionofapl acefr
om anot
heri
sgiveni
ndegreesandi
ntermsoffourmai
npoi
ntsofacompass.
0
E.
g.N45 W,thent hedi
recti
onissaidt
obegivenincompassbeari
ng.Compassbear
ingi
smeasuredei
ther
cl
ockwi
seoranti
clockwi
sef r
om Nort
horsout
handtheanglei
sacut
e.

Tr
uebear
ing
0 0
Nor
thEastdir
ecti
on,wri
tt
enasN45 Ecanbegi
veninthreef
igur
esas045 measur
edcl
ockwi
sef
rom Tr
ue
Nor
th.Thi
sthr
ee-fi
gur
ebeari
ngi
scal
ledt
hetr
uebear
ing.
0 0 0
Thet
ruebear
ingsduenor
thi
sgi
venas000 .
Duesout
hEastas135 anddueNor
thWestas315.

Exampl
e
Fr
om t
ownP,at ownQi s60km awayonabear i
ngSouth80ºeast.At hi
rdtownRis100km f
rom Ponthe
beari
ngSouth40ºwest.Acy cl
istt
rav
ell
i
ngat20km/hleavesPforQ.Hest ay
satQforonehourand
thencont
inuest
oR.Hest aysatRfor1½hrs.andt
henret
urnsdi
rectl
ytoP.
(
a) Cal
cul
atet
hedi
stanceofQf
rom R.

P²=100²+60²-2(
100)(
60)Cos120
P²=13600–12000Cos120
P²=19600
P =140km

(
b) Cal
cul
atet
hebear
ingofRf
rom Q.

M1

M1

=38.
2° A1
Bear
ing270–38.
2=241.
8 B1

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(
c) Whati
sthet
imet
akenf
ort
hewhol
eroundt
ri
p?

Ti
mef
rom Pt
oR

B1foral
lthr
ee
Ti
mef
rom Qt
oR cor
rect

Fr
om Rt
oP

Takent
rav
ell
i
ng=3+7+5 M1
=15hr
s

Exampl
e
Apor tBisonabear ng080of
i r
om apor tAandadi stanceof95km.ASubmar ineisstati
onedatapor tD,which
o
i
sonabear ingof200 f r
om A,andadi st
anceof124km f rom B.A shipl eav
esB andmov esdirectl
y
SouthwardstoanI sl
andP,whichisonabear ngof140of
i r
om A.TheSubmar ineatDonr eali
zi
ngthattheship
washeadi ngtotheIsl
andP,decidestoheadstrai
ghtf ort
heI sl
andtoint
ercepttheship.Usingascaleof1cm
torepresent10km, makeascaledrawingshowingther el
ati
veposit
ionsofA,B,DandP. {
4mar ks}

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Hencef
ind:
b) Thedi
stancef
rom At
oD. {
2mar
ks}
4.
6±0.
1×10=46KM ±1KM
c) Thebear
ingot
heSubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwhent
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B. {
1mar
k}

240°±1°ORS60°W ±2°
d) Thebear
ingoft
heI
slandPf
rom D. {
1mar
k}
122°±ORS58°E±1°
e) Thedi
stancet
heSubmar
inehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
heI
sland P127±0.
1×10=127±1
KM {2mar
ks}

Angl
eofEl
evat
ionandDepr
essi
on

Angl
eofEl
evat
ion:
Theangl
eabovethehor
izont
althatanobser
vermustl
ookt
oseean obj
ect
thati
shi
ghert
hantheobserv
er.Exampl
e,amanlooki
ngatabi
rd.

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Angl
eofDepr
essi
on:
Theanglebel
ow hor
izont
althatanobservermustlooktoseean obj
ect
thati
slowert
hantheobserv
er .Exampl
e,abir
dlookingdownata bug.

Angl
esofdepressi
onandel
evat
ioncanbemeasur
edusi
ngan
i
nstr
umentcal
l
edcli
nomet
er
Tof
indt
hehei
ght
sort
hel
engt
hswecanusescal
edr
awi
ng.

Si
mpl
esur
veymet
hods
Thi
sinvol
vest
aki
ngfieldmeasur
ementsoft
hear
easot
hatamapoft
hear
eacanbedr
awnt
oscal
e.Pi
ecesof
l
andareusual
l
ysurv
ey edi
norderto:
 Fi
xboundar
ies
 Fort
ownpl
anni
ng
 Roadconst
ruct
ion
 Wat
ersuppl
i
es
 Mi
ner
aldev
elopment

Ar
easofi
rr
egul
arshapes
Areasofir
regul
arshapecanbef
oundbysubdi
vi
dingt
hem i
ntoconv
eni
entgeomet
ri
calshapese.
g.t
ri
angl
es,
rect
angl
esortrapezi
a.

Exampl
e
Thear
eai
nhect
aresoft
hef
iel
dcanbef
oundbyt
hehel
pofabasel
i
neandof
fset
sasshown.

Fi
g22.
26
XYi
sthebasel
i
ne360m.
SM,
RP andQNar
etheof
fset
s.
Taki
ngXast
hest
art
ingpoi
ntoft
hesur
vey
,thei
nfor
mat
ioncanbeent
redi
naf
iel
dbookasf
oll
ows.

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Thesket
chi
sasf
oll
ows:
Usi
ngasui
tabl
escal
e.

Thear
eaoft
hesepar
atepar
tsi
sfoundt
hencombi
ned.
Ar
eaof
:
2
Tr
iangl
eXPRi
s½x180x90=8100m
2
Tr
iangl
ePRYi
s½x180x90=8100m
2
Tr
iangl
eXSM i
s½x120x60=3600m
2
Tr
iangl
eQNYi
s½x120x180=10800m
2
Tr
apezi
um SQNM =½(
QN+SM)xSQm
2
½(
180+60)x120m
2
=14400m
2
Tot
alar
ea=8100+8100+3600+10800+14400=45000m

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Endoft
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.ApointBisonabear ngof0800f
i r
om aportAandatadistanceof95km.Asubmar inei
sstati
onedata
0
portD,whichisonabeari
ngof200 fr
om AM andadist
anceof124km f rom B.
AshipleavesBandmov esdi
rect
lysout
hwardstoanisl
andP, whichi
sonabear i
ngof140from A.The
submarineatDonreali
zi
ngthatt
heshipwasheadingfr
otheislandP,decidest
oheadstr
aightf
orthe
i
slandtointer
ceptt
heship
Usi
ngascal
e0f1cm t
orepr
esent10km,
makeascal
edr
awi
ngshowi
ngt
her
elat
iveposi
ti
onsofA,
B,D,
P.
Hencef
ind
(
i)Thedi
stancef
rom At
oD
(
ii
)Thebear
ingoft
hesubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B
(
ii
i)Thebear
ingoft
hei
slandPf
rom D
(
iv)Thedi
stancet
hesubmar
inehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
hei
slandP
2.Fourt
ownsR, T,KandGaresuchthatT i
s84km dir
ectl
ytothenort
hR, andKisonabear
ingof2950
fr
om Ratadistanceof60km.Gisonabearngof3400f
i r
om Kandadi st
anceof30km.Usi
ngascaleof1
cm torepr
esent10km,makeanaccurat
escaledr
awingtoshow therel
ati
veposi
ti
onsoft
hetown.
Find

(
a)Thedi
stanceandt
hebear
ingofT f
rom K

(
b)Thedi
stanceandt
hebear
ingGf
rom T

(
c)Thebear
ingofRf
rom G

3. Twoaer
oplanes,
SandTleaveairpor
tsAatthesamet
ime.Sf
li
esonabear
ingof060at750km/
h
0
whi
leTfl
i
esonabearingof210 at900km/h.

(
a) Usi
ngasui
tabl
escal
e,dr
awadi
agr
am t
oshowt
heposi
ti
onsoft
heaer
opl
aneaf
tert
wohour
s.

(
b) Usey
ourdi
agr
am t
odet
ermi
ne

(
i)Theact
ual
dist
ancebet
weent
het
woaer
opl
anes

(
ii
)Thebear
ingofTf
rom S

(
ii
i)Thebear
ingofSf
rom T
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4. ApointAisdirect
lybelowawindow.AnotherpointBis15m f rom Aandatt
hesamehori
zontall
evel
.
From Bangleofelevat
ionoft
hetopofthebottom ofthewi ndowis300andtheangl
eofel
evati
onof
thetopofthewindowis350.Calcul
atet
hev ert
icaldi
stance.
(
a) Fr
om Atothebot
tom oft
hewi ndow
(
b) Fr
om t
hebot t
om t
otopofthewi ndow
4. Fi
ndbycal
cul
ati
onthesum ofal
ltheint
eri
orangl
esi
nthef
igur
eABCDEFGHIbel
ow

6. Shoppi
ngcent
er sX,YandZaresuchthatYi
s12km sout
hofXandZi
s15km f
rom X.Zi
sona
0
bear
ingof330 from Y.Fi
ndt
hebear
ingofZfrom X.
7. Anelectri
cpy l
onis30m hi
gh.ApointSonthet opofthepy
loni
svert
ical
l
yabov eanot
herpointRonthe
ground.PointsAandBar eonthesamehorizontal
groundasR.Poi
ntAduesout hofthepyl
onandthe
angleofelevati
onofSfr s260.Poi
om Ai ntBisduewestofthepyl
onandt heangl
eofelevat
ionofS
fr
om Bi s320
Fi
ndt
he
(
a) Di
stancef
rom AandB
(
b) Bear
ingofBf
rom A
8. Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sapol
ygoni
nwhi
chAB=CD=FA=12cm BC=EF=4cm
andBAF=-CDE=1200.ADi
sal
i
neofsy
mmet
ry.

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Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hepol
ygon.
9. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsat
ri
angl
eABC

a) Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompasses,
det
ermi
neapoi
ntDont
hel
i
neBC
sucht
hatBD:
DC=1:
2.

b) Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eABD,
giv
ent
hatAB=AC.

10. Aboatatpoi
ntxi
s200m t
othesout
hofpoi
ntY.Theboatsai
l
sXt
oanot
her
poi
ntZ.Poi
ntZi
s200m onabear
ingof3100f
rom X,
YandZar
eont
hesamehor
izont
alpl
ane.
(
a)Cal
culatethebear
ingandt
hedist
anceofZfr
om Y
(
b)W i
st hepointont
hepathoft
heboatnear
estt
oY.
Calculat
ethedist
anceWY
(c)Av er
tical
towerstandsatpoi
ntY.TheangleofpointXf
rom t
hetopoft
het s60cal
oweri cul
atet
he
angleofelevat
ionofthetopofthetowerf
rom W.
11. Thefigurebelowshowsaquadr i
lat
eral
ABCDi nwhichAB=8cm, DC=12cm,BAD=450,CBD=
900andBCD=300.

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Fi
nd:
(
a)Thel
engthofBD
(
b)Thesi
zeoftheangl
eADB
12. Inthefi
gurebel
ow,ABCDEi
sar
egul
arpent
agonandABFi
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
e

Fi
ndt
hesi
zeof

a)ADE
b)AEF
c) DAF
13. I
nthi
squest
ionuseapai
rofcompassesandar
uleronl
y

(
a)const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCsucht BC=8cm andABC1350
hatAB=6cm,
(
2marks)
(
b)Const
ructt
hehei
ghtoft
ri
angl
eABC i
na)abov
etaki
ngBCast
hebase
(
1mark)
s3x0whi 0
14. Thesi
zeofani nt
eri
orangl
eofaregul
arpolygoni lei
tsext
eri
orangl
eis(
x-20).Fi
ndt
he
numberofsidesofthepol
ygon
Novels
,UpdatedCPA,
CIFA,
KAS
NEB,I
CT,Coll
ege
,Hi
ghSc
hool&Pri
maryNote
s0714497530
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15. Point
sLandM areequi
dist
antf
rom anot
herpoi
ntK.Thebear
ingofLf
r s3300.Thebear
om Ki ingofM
fr
om Kis2200.
Cal
cul
atet
hebear
ingofM f
rom L
16. Fourpoi
ntsB,
C,QandDli
eont hesamepl
anepointBisthe42km duesout
h-westoft
ownQ.Poi
ntCi
s
0
50km onabeari
ngof560 fr
om Q.Poi
ntD isequidi
stantf
rom B,
QandC.
(
a) Usi
ngt
hescal
e1cm r
epr
esent
s10km,
const
ructadi
agr
am showi
ngt
heposi
ti
onofB,
C,Qand
D
(
b) Det
ermi
net
he
(
i) Di
stancebet
weenBandC
(
ii
) Bear
ingDf
rom B

17. Twoaeropl
anesPandQ, l
eav
eanai
rpor
tatt
hesamet
imef
li
esonabear
ingof2400at900km/
hrwhi
l
e
Qfl
iesdueEastat750km/hr
(
a) Usi
ngascal
eof1vcm dr
awi
ngt
oshowt
heposi
ti
onsoft
heaer
opl
anesaf
ter40mi
nut
es.
(
b) Uset
hescal
edr
awi
ngt
ofi
ndt
hedi
stancebet
weent
het
woaer
opl
aneaf
ter40mi
nut
es
(
c) Det
ermi
net
hebear
ingof
(
i) Pf
rom Qans2540
(
ii
) Qf
rom Pans740

18. Apor
tBi
snoabear
ingof080fr
om aportAandatadi
stanceof95km.Asubmar
inei
sst
ati
onedpor
t
Dwhi
chi
sonabear
ingof2000f
rom A,
andadist
anceof124km fr
om B.
Ashipl
eavesBandmov esdir
ect
lysout
hwar
dstoanisl
andP,
whi chi
sonabearngof1400f
i r
om A.The
submar
ineatDonreal
izi
ngthatt
heshipwasheadi
ngfort
hei
slandPdeci
destoheadst
rai
ghtfort
he
i
slandt
ointer
ceptt
heship.
Usi
ngascal
eof1cm t
orepr
esent10km,
makeascal
edr
awi
ngshowi
ngt
her
elat
iveposi
ti
onofA,
BD
andP.
Hencef
ind:
(
i) Thedi
stancef
rom AandD
(
ii
) Thebear
ingoft
hesubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwhent
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B
(
ii
i) Thebar
ingoft
hei
slandPf
rom D
(
iv) Thedi
stancet
hesubmar
inehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
hei
sland

19. Fourt
ownsR, T,KandGaresuchthatTi
s84km dir
ectl
ytot
henorthRandKisonabearingof2950
fr
om Ratadistanceof60km.Gisonabearngof3400f
i r
om Kandadist
anceof30km.Usingascale
of1cm t
orepresent10km,makeanacutescal
edr
awingtoshowtherel
ati
veposi
ti
onsofthet
owns.
Fi
nd
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(
a)Thedi
stanceandbear
ingofTf
rom K
(
b)Thebear
ingofRf
rom G

20. I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
ABCDEi
sar
egul
arpent
agonandM i
sthemi
dpoi
ntofAB.DM i
nter
sect
sEBatN.
(
T7)

Fi
ndt
hesi
zeof

(
a)BAE

(
b)BED

(
c)BNM
21. Usearul
erandcompassesi
nthisquesti
on.Drawaparall
elogr
am ABCDinwhi
chAB=8cm,BC=6cm
andBAD=75.Byconstr
ucti
on,
determinetheperpendi
cul
ardist
ancebet
weenABandCD.

22. Thei
nter
iorangl
esoft e2x0,
hehexagonar ½x0,
x+400,
1100,
1300and1600.Fi
ndt
hev
alueoft
he
smal
l
estangle.

23. Thesi
zeofani
nter
iorangl
eofar
egul
arpol
y s1560.Fi
goni ndt
henumberofsi
desoft
hepol
ygon.

CHAPTERTWENTYTHREE
COMMONS
OLI
DS

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
yandsketchcommonsol
ids
b.
)Ident
if
yver
ti
ces,
edgesandf
acesofcommonsol
i
ds
c.
)St
atet
hegeomet
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds
d.
)Dr
awnet
sofsol
i
dsaccur
atel
y
e.
)Makemodel
sofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s
f
.)Cal
cul
atesur
facear
eaofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s

Cont
ent
a.
)Commonsol
i
ds(
cubes,
cuboi
ds,
pyr
ami
ds,
pri
sms,
cones,
spher
es,
cyl
i
nder
set
c)
b.
)Ver
ti
ces,
edgesandf
acesofcommonsol
i
ds.
c.
)Geomet
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds.
d.
)Net
sofsol
i
ds.
e.
)Model
sofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s.
f
.) Sur
facear
eaofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s(i
ncl
udecubes,
cuboi
ds,
cones,
pyr
ami
dspr
isms)

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Asol
i
disanobj
ectwhi
choccupi
esspaceandhasadef
ini
teorf
ixedshape.Sol
i
dsar
eei
therr
egul
arori
rr
egul
ar.

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Not
e:
 I
nter
sect
ionsoff
acesar
ecal
l
ededges.
 Thepoi
ntwherethr
eeormor
e edges
meeti
scal
ledaver
tex.

Sket
chi
ngsol
i
ds
Todr
awar
easonabl
esket
chofasol
i
donapl
anpaper
,t
hef
oll
owi
ngi
deasar
ehepf
ul:

Useofi
somet
ri
cpr
oject
ions
I
nthi
smet
hodt
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntsshoul
dbeobt
ained:
 Eachedgeshoul
dbedr
awnt
othecor
rectl
engt
h.
 Al
lrect
angul
arf
acesmustbedr
awnaspar
all
elogr
ams.
 Hor
izontal
andvert
ical
edgesmustbedrawnaccurat
elyt
oscale.
Novel
s,
Updat
edCPA,CI
FA,
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lege,
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ryNot
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0
 Thebaseedgesar
edr
awnatanangl
e30wi
tht
hehor
izont
all
i
nes.
 Par
all
ell
i
nesar
edr
awnpar
all
el.

Exampl
es
a.) Cubenet

b.
) Cuboi
dnet

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c.
) Tr
iangul
arpr
ism net

d.
) Pent
agonal
pri
sm

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e.
) Squar
ebasepy
rami
d

f
.) Cy
li
ndernet

g.
) Conenet
Teacher
Co

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Conenet
h.
) Hexagonal
pri
sm

i
.) Tet
rahedr
on

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j
.) Oct
ahedr
on

k.
) Dodecagon

Exampl
e
Anantmov
edf
rom Yt
oXt
hemi
dpoi
ntofRSt
hroughPi
nther
ightpy
rami
dbel
ow

Y
15cm

P S
8cm O X
QO
R
Dr
awt
henetoft
hepy
rami
dshowi
ngt
hepat
hoft
heanthencef
indt
hedi
stancei
tmov
ed.

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Sol
uti
on

Di
stance=15+

=27.
649cm

Exampl
e
Dr
awt
henetoft
hesol
i
dbel
ow.

H 1c
G
H G
B1 Scal
edr
awi
ng
J E
F C

5cm
G H C B J G

2.
I
B1 Cor
rect D
l
abel
ing 3cm
A

F E H A I F
I
Corr
ect
E F B1
measur
ement
ofGJandFI

Sol
uti
on

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Endoft
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsanetofapr
ism whosecr
oss–sect
ioni
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
e.

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a) Sket
cht
hepr
ism
b)St
atet
henumberofpl
anesofsy
mmet
ryoft
hepr
ism.
2.Thef
igur
ebel
owr
epr
esent
sasquar
ebasedsol
i
dwi
thapat
hmar
kedoni
t.

Sket
chandl
abel
thenetoft
hesol
i
d.
3.Thefi
gur
ebel
owr
epr
esentsbel
owr
epr
esent
sapr
ism ofl
engt
h7cm
AB=AE=CD=2cm andBC–ED=1cm

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Dr
awt
henetoft
hepr
ism (3mar
ks)
4.Thedi
agr
am bel
owr
epr
esent
sar
ightpy
rami
donasquar
ebaseofsi
de3cm.Thesl
antoft
hepy
rami
dis4
cm.

(
a)Dr
awanetoft
hepy
rami
d (2mar
ks)
(
b) Ont
henetdr
awn,
measur
ethehei
ghtofat
ri
angul
arf
acef
rom t
het
opof
t
hePy
rami
d (1mar
k)
5. (
a) Dr
awar egularpent
agonofside4cm (1mar k)
(
b) Onthediagr
am drawn,const
ructaci
rcl
ewhi
cht
ouchesal
lthesi
desoft
hepent
agon
(2marks)

6.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsasol
i
dregul
art
etr
apackofsi
des6cm

(
a) Dr
awanetoft
hesol
i
d
(
b) Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d

7.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsasol
i
dmadebypast
ingt
woequal
regul
art
etr
ahedr
al

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(
a) Dr
awanetoft
hesol
i
d
(
b) I
feachf
acei
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
eofsi
de5cm,
findt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d.

8(
a)Sket
cht
henetoft
hepr
ism shownbel
ow

(
b)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d

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