RESEARCH METHODOLOGY &

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS
Course Code: 21RMI56
 Module-1
Introduction: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Engineering
Research, and Motivation in Engineering Research, Types of
Engineering Research, Finding and Solving a Worthwhile
Problem. Ethics in Engineering Research, Ethics in Engineering
Research Practice, Types of Research Misconduct, Ethical
Issues Related to Authorship
Meaning of Research
Definition of research:

Research refers to a careful, well-defined (or redefined), objective, and

systematic method of search for knowledge, or formulation of a theory
that is driven by inquisitiveness for that which is unknown and useful
on a particular aspect so as to make an original contribution to expand
the existing knowledge base.
Example:
Problem: A bridge architect is trying to build a new earthquake-proof
bridge.
Assumption:
The engineer thinks that the new bridge using steel and concrete will
be more earthquake resistant than the existing bridge.
Example:
Problem: A bridge architect is trying to build a new earthquake-proof
bridge.
Assumption:
Data Collection:
Engineers collect data on earthquake performance of different bridge
designs.
Experts also conducted tests to measure the strength and durability
of the new bridge.
Example:
Problem: A bridge architect is trying to build a new earthquake-proof
bridge.
Assumption:
Data Collection:
Data Analysis:
Designers analyze data to see if it supports the hypothesis.
Engineers also use data to identify design flaws.
Example:
Problem: A bridge architect is trying to build a new earthquake-proof
bridge.
Assumption:
Data Collection:
Data Analysis:
Inferences:
Engineers make inferences from data and theory.
Experts may conclude that the newly built bridge is more earthquake
resistant than the existing bridge, but may also conclude that there
are some flaws in the design standards that need to be addressed.
Example:
Problem: A bridge architect is trying to build a new earthquake-proof
bridge.
Assumption:
Data Collection:
Data Analysis:
Inferences:
Conclusion:
Engineers concluded that the new bridge construction is a promising
solution to the bridge's seismic resistance problem.
But the experts also agreed that more research is needed to measure
and evaluate fitness.
Research Cycle
Research begins with practical problems: it should be clear what the
problem you are trying to solve is and why it is important.
• This question raises a research question that most people would get
lost in large volumes of data.
• The question will help to focus on the data and then explain research,
which is a study or study in the result or answer, which will help
solving a real problem begin with research.
Research Cycle
Research questions?
A research question is one that the researcher tries to answer through
research.
It is important to formulate questions clearly and precisely before
conducting any research as this will help guide the research process
and ensure the accuracy and importance of the research.
Example: How does the addition of graphene nanolayers
to a polymer matrix affect the properties of the
composite?
• This research question is unique because it focuses on the effect of
graphene nanolayers on the electrical properties of the polymer
matrix.
• Here was also intrigued for asking the difference regarding the
addition of graphene nanosheets.
• These questions can also be answered as experiments can be
conducted to evaluate the properties of composites with and without
graphene nanolayers.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Research aimed at contributing to knowledge.
Research questions should be relevant to the world we live in and
should be answered with appropriate time and resources.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Research aimed at contributing to knowledge.
The investigation must be systematic and precise.
The purpose of research is to understand something or solve a
problem.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Research aimed at contributing to knowledge.
The investigation must be systematic and precise.
Qualitative research questions change throughout the project and can
be modified as needed.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Research aimed at contributing to knowledge.
Research questions should be relevant to the world we live in and
should be answered with appropriate time and resources.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Research aimed at contributing to knowledge.
The investigation must be systematic and precise.
The purpose of research is to understand something or solve a
problem.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Research aimed at contributing to knowledge.
The investigation must be systematic and precise.
Qualitative research questions change throughout the project and can
be modified as needed.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Research aimed at contributing to knowledge.
The investigation must be systematic and precise.
Qualitative research questions change throughout the project and can
be modified as needed.
Research should be used to create new knowledge that can be
written or recorded in some way.
Research is not just about following steps.
It's about being able to ask new questions, look at things in a new light,
and come up with new solutions.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Research aimed at contributing to knowledge.
The investigation must be systematic and precise.
Qualitative research questions change throughout the project and can
be modified as needed.
Research should be used to create new knowledge that can be written
or recorded in some way.
Critical thinking and creativity are important aspects of research work.
Through research, one seeks to create or create new information about
the world around us that can be written or recorded in some way and
accessed by writing or recording.
What is the importance of research and how
is it done well?
Through research, one seeks to create or create new information about
the world around us that can be written or recorded in some way and
accessed by writing or recording.
What are the ways in which intelligence is
created and acquired?
(i) Observation
Observation is the easiest way to get information from places, and
observation itself is important if what we are trying to observe is
unusual or happy or difficult to observe.
Observations lead to everything from measurement to analysis of a
group of subjects to how long the firmware will take.
Survey data usually needs to be completed in some form; this leads to
a second piece of information, namely the model.
What are the ways in which intelligence is
created and acquired?
For example:
1. A mechanical engineer can observe how a new product behaves
under different loads. This analysis could lead to the creation of
new models of energy products.
2. Observe the wear of the bearings to determine the cause of the
failure.
3. Monitor the performance of the new engine to determine fuel
efficiency.
What are the ways in which intelligence is
created and acquired?
(ii) Formulas
Formulas are approximate and often simple ways of describing
sometimes very complex relationships between numbers, shapes, or
equations.
For example, the equation of the relationship between different
objects or tools in abstract form allows us to understand the
phenomenon.
What are the ways in which intelligence is
created and acquired?
(ii) Formulas
For example:
1. An engineer might develop a mathematical model of airflow around
the wing of an airplane. The model can be used to predict the lift
and drag characteristics of wind turbines.
2. Construct a stress distribution model in the beam under load. The
model can be used to estimate beam deflections and damage loads.
3. Construct a model of the water flow in the pump. The model can be
used to predict the performance of the pump and head.
What are the ways in which intelligence is
created and acquired?
(iii) The last category is the way things are prepared or processed by
processes, procedures, methods, plans or designs to meet certain
needs.
What are the ways in which intelligence is
created and acquired?
For example:
1. An engineer may develop a method for making a new type of
turbine blade. This technique can be used to create better and
more durable teeth.
2. Develop a process for casting metal parts.
The process can be used to produce products with high precision and
repeatability.
3. Improved steel plate welding process. This technique can be used to
create strong and durable connections.
What are the different stages of engineering
research?
Engineering studies usually begin with a broad field of study, such as
management.
The work is then narrowed down to one specific topic, such as
microbial oil control.
Finally, the topic narrows down to a specific question the study is trying
to answer, such as the management of single-compartment microbial
fuel cells.
Sometimes this can be reversed. Also, solving the problem effectively is
doing more than half the work done. Because a good problem is
difficult but successful and has the potential to benefit the region.
What are the different stages of engineering
research?
Definition of engineering research:
Engineering research is the process of developing ideas and seeking
improvements in knowledge and skills in order to be able to analyze,
plan, design and conduct various types of research related to
engineering and technology research and development.
 Objectives of Engineering Research
The objective of engineering research is to solve new and important problems, the results
of the research should be new, but the results are not known when the research starts.
Therefore, it can be argued that getting started is difficult on its own. The answer is that
people make predictable decisions based on "quasi-evidence", intuition, and imagination.
The prediction gives a target to strive for and after the first attempt the result will prove
the prediction wrong.
However, this work may suggest new avenues or goals that may rely on some changes in
the original goals or require new ideas or have negative consequences that make the
original goal or some goals impossible to achieve.
Aim of Research
The main purpose of research is to use the research method to find
answers to open questions, although each research is appropriate in
some way.
What are different types of research studies?
Give example
Research or Scientific Research:
This type of research is often used to understand a problem or
problem.
For example, an engineer might do scientific research to better
understand why machines fail.
What are different types of research studies?
Give example
Scientific Research:
This type of research is used to describe current events.
For example, an engineer might make a statement to determine the
average lifespan of a species.
What are different types of research studies?
Give example
Diagnostic Study:
This type of study is used to determine the cause of the problem.
For example, an engineer may conduct an investigation to determine
why some engines are not performing as expected.
What are different types of research studies?
Give example
Hypothesis Testing Research:
This type of research is used to test a hypothesis.
For example, an engineer may conduct a hypothesis test to determine
whether a new wind turbine design will make it work.
Motivation in Engineering Research
Intrinsic Motivation:
This is the desire to do something for one's own good without any
external reward. Intrinsically motivated engineers are driven by a
passion for learning, solving problems, and changing the world.
Extrinsic Motivation: The desire to do something for reward or
recognition. Extrinsically motivated engineers may be motivated by
money, fame, awards, or career advancement opportunities.
Social Motivation: The desire to do something to meet the needs of
others or to fit into the group.
Motivation in Engineering Research
Extrinsic Motivation:
The desire to do something for reward or recognition. Extrinsically
motivated engineers may be motivated by money, fame, awards, or
career advancement opportunities.
Motivation in Engineering Research
Social Motivation:
The desire to do something to meet the needs of others or to fit into
the group.
A social worker may be motivated by a desire to please a colleague,
please a mentor, or meet the expectations of a parent or teacher.
Motivation in Engineering Research
Engineers are motivated by thinking in addition to these three main
motivations:
Solving unsolvable problems:
Engineers are often motivated by thinking to find solutions to problems
in the world's most difficult problems.
Motivation in Engineering Research
Engineers are motivated by thinking in addition to these three main
motivations:
Solving unsolvable problems:
Improving the Latest Technology:
Engineers are constantly looking for ways to improve existing
technologies and create new ones.
Motivation in Engineering Research
Engineers are motivated by thinking in addition to these three main
motivations:
Solving unsolvable problems:
Improving the Latest Technology:
Contributing to the Improvement of Society: Engineers want to use
their knowledge and skills to make the world a better place.
Finally, the motivation for engineering research is as diverse as the
engineers themselves. But all engineers want to change the world.
Types of Engineering Research
There are three main types of research:
1. Descriptive Research,
2. Applied Research, and
3. Basic Research.
Types of Engineering Research
Descriptive Research :
Scientific explanation of current events. It doesn't try to explain why
things are the way they are, but can be used to identify patterns and
trends.
Example:
A description might look at the average lifespan of a lighting type.
Types of Engineering Research
Applied research to solve specific problems.
• It is often used to create new products or services or improve existing
products.
• For example:
• Applied research will look at how the efficiency of the manufacturing
process can be increased.
• Do simple research to better understand the world. It is not aimed at
solving specific problems, but can lead to the development of new
processes and thoughts. For example: Basic science will look at the
origin of the universe.
Types of Engineering Research
Simple research to better understand the world.
• It is not aimed at solving specific problems, but can lead to the
development of new processes and thoughts.
For example:
Basic science will look at the origin of the universe.
Types of Engineering Research
• Research can also be classified as quantitative and qualitative.
• Quantitative research uses numerical data to answer questions. It is
often used in research where the purpose is to evaluate the effects of
certain interventions.
• For example: how many people clicked on the ad after seeing it.
Types of Engineering Research
• Research can also be classified as quantitative and qualitative.
• Qualitative research uses non-mathematical data such as text,
images, and video to answer questions.
• It is often used in basic research where the goal is to understand the
root cause of the phenomenon.
• For example: People's knowledge of new products or services.
Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem
Qualifying research questions may contain one or more features.
Something the social sciences hope for from time to time may lead to a lack of
understanding/idea even for a person familiar with the work, the simplicity of the
method's importance, a new topic or a new phenomenon to initiate an answer.
Giving a new method or developing a method of knowledge that is in good use or is
the result of being unable to continue in a region.
The researcher must ensure that the problem is appropriate before starting work
on it, as best effort is made when work is appropriate and the problem and/or
solution will be accepted by the scientific community.
Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem
Unresolved issues raised by the research director or raised by others.
It may involve a rethinking of key assumptions or may need to be developed
or compiled from information provided by the supervisor in the report.
The task facing scientific researchers is to find the right problem to begin
their research.
The skills needed to complete these tasks from the start.
Once the problem is clearly identified, the research and reading process is
done to clarify the value of the problem.
Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem
George Pólya (1887-1985) proposed four steps for solving mathematical problems.
Suggested steps in solving a research question are:
1. Understand the question, modify it to suit you, visualize the problem, and
decide if there is more detail.
2. Follow the plan to see if it works, if not, start over with another method.
3. After researching a problem and coming back many times, people may
experience a sudden revelation or come up with a new idea to solve the
problem.
4. Looking back and thinking helps to understand and assimilate ideas and is an
investment in the future.
Ethics in Engineering Research
• Ethics is generally concerned with the processes or skills that
distinguish bad behavior from wrong.
• Everyone knows some moral principles, but there are differences in
their interpretation and application.
• Moral development proceeds through various stages of development.
• Ethics can be used to evaluate, recommend or interpret policy.
• Morality is not law, but laws usually follow morality because morality
is our common virtue.
Ethics in Engineering Research
• International codes of ethics have emerged since the Nuremberg Law
was passed in 1947. Issues related to research scores date back to the
17th century, from the founding of the British Royal Society (BRS) to
refine scientific credit methods and modern scientific practice.
• Rather than trying to identify who made the first discovery, BRS
focuses on who first submitted research results to publication.
Ethics in Engineering Research
Whitbeck [4] tackles the thorny issue of authorship in science by asking two
simple but important questions:
1. who should be listed as the author; and
2. the appropriate registration order.
• Government agencies and universities around the world have adopted
specific policies regarding research practices.
• Research ethics and responsible research are often used interchangeably.
• Research ethics examines the appropriate use of research results, while
research responsibility is about performance.
Ethics in Engineering Research Practice
• Engineering researchers must make ethical decisions and be
responsible for the impact of their research. Information used in
engineering research is important because it affects people.
• Some practices may be acceptable to some people in some
circumstances, and the reasons for their acceptance may not be
entirely valid.
• Today we have unprecedented access to data, unprecedented options
for data analysis, and the emergence of engineering studies involving
data. Engineering ethics provides us with a rulebook; teach us how to
decide what is allowed and what is not.
Ethics in Engineering Research Practice
Scientists make various choices regarding ethics and the impact of
technology in various ways:
1. By setting ethical standards up front, engineering scientists can influence
the full benefits of advancing technology.
2. Researchers can also tap into the power of design—the process of
transforming needs into designs designed to meet those needs.
3. Ethical decisions should be made to determine the importance and
importance of the requirements while creating the process.
4. Third, engineering scientists must choose different options to complete
similar tasks.
Ethics in Engineering Research Practice
• Research findings often have negative side effects.
• It is the primary responsibility of scientists to ensure that the
hazards/risks associated with the technology they develop are
minimized and to evaluate safer alternatives.
• The design should have a centralized security where possible, or have
security features and a variety of independent security measures to
avoid danger, or, if Yes, a control system in case the main system fails.
Types of research Misconduct
Research ethics involves treating others fairly, being honest about
methods and results, repeating results as much as possible to avoid
mistakes, protecting the health of research, ensuring safety in the
laboratory, etc. includes.
Types of research Misconduct
To avoid inaccuracies, the research should be peer-reviewed before it is
published.
Research fraud described in Section Documents may include:
1. Fabrication:
Fabrication is the creation of documents or a test of knowledge in the
belief that the person understands the results of the analysis. or the
test is OK but will not be able to wait for results due to time pressure
from the supervisor or user.
Types of research Misconduct
2. Falsification (falsification of information):
• Falsification refers to the misrepresentation or misinterpretation of an
information or test, or the making, respectively, of illegal changes to
support a hypothesis, even if actual data from experimental data
suggest otherwise.
• Fraud and fabrication of information and results undermines
engineering research, introduces false information into the database,
undermines the trust of stakeholders, undermines cost increases,
hinders scientific progress, and causes real and avoidable delays in
technological development.
Types of research Misconduct
2. Falsification (falsification of information):
• Data errors can also occur due to poor testing or inaccurate
measurements.
• The image of engineering scientists as objective seekers of truth is
often tarnished by the discovery of information about fraud.
• While researchers want to continue working on published data that
could become part of research papers, they can avoid this bad
practice by always trying to reproduce results.
Types of research Misconduct
3. Plagiarism (excluding the use of someone else's work):
• Plagiarism is manifest when a person uses or reuses another work
(including parts) (text, document, table, picture, diagram or content)
as it appears in his work.
• Copying or reusing one's own published work is called self-plagiarism,
which is bad practice in the scientific literature. Although the increase
in search terms on the Internet seems to encourage plagiarism in
some cases, it can also be detected by software packages.
Types of research Misconduct
4. Other types of research bias:
• Significant deviations from accepted behavior can be interpreted as research bias.
• In cases where deception and harm are in question, fraud is considered to have
taken place. Sooner or later moral violations will occur.
• Submitting an article to two different journals at the same time is also a violation
of the copyright.
• Another problem is that when there are errors in the text or published content,
these errors are usually not made public for public access unless a competent
researcher presses them to create the error and provide a good resemblance to
the correct version, which is not always available.
Ethical Issues Related to Authorship

• Research scores in published research are achieved through three main methods:
writing, rewriting, and written verification.
• Authorship creates responsibility and builds credibility. An individual is listed as
an author only if they have made significant contributions to the design,
interpretation, or writing of the data.
• Such "guests" or "awards" (given to authors who have contributed little or no
contribution to the work) will make contributions from genuine employees, have
a negative impact on enrollees' seniority, and morality is important.
Ethical Issues Related to Authorship
• Red flags of false research.
• In some cases, the authors of the study made a collaborative effort, called writing
support activities, to increase the chances of employment or promotion of
university teachers or students. Section takes advantage of the "relationship"
with administrators, and administrators benefit from the article without having to
take any action on it.
• Sometimes participants give consent because there is no conflict of interest in the
organization. Some co-authorships may be called ghost co-authoring.
Ethical Issues Related to Authorship
• It is important to disclose all people involved in the research so that the
assessment can be based on research results and whether there are conflicting
issues.
• In another form of ambiguous writing, some scholars write alone, collaboratively,
as a co-author, with no real collaboration other than less reading and editing, and
no real review of previous work. This effort is only through recognition. So
readers cannot explain the lack of "write" confirmation.
• Double posting is an important ethical issue regarding posting and joining two
forums at the same time. The motivation is to increase the ability to advertise
and reduce the time spent on advertising. Prestigious journals are expected to
publish originals, i.e. material that has not been published elsewhere and that
negatively impacts submissions.