CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 Systems CoSc 6016 Real-Time and Embedded Systems Dagmawi Lemma (PhD) Assistant Professor Department of Computer Seience, AAU courses. [email protected] hitp://sites. google.com /site/dagmawi2012 Course Coverage + Introduction + The Embedded Platform — Embedded Systems and their ~ Architecture Applications = Microcontolies and ~ Characteristics jcroprooessers = Fmbeded Systems Component = Sensor au Actustors — Embedded Software + Embedded Systems: Development Overview Programming + Real-Time Operating Systems. Development Process = OS reviewed = System Engineering Process ~ Schedul = Software Engineering Process = Teske Scheduling in Embedded i faeatPace oe = Safety Engineering Process — Hard and Soft Real-time ney i ne Pro Systems Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 1CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 Systems Readings + Jiacuni¥ang Real-Time Embedded Systems. Hoboken, NJ, US, Wiley; 2017 + Tammy Noergaard Embedded Systems Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide for Engineers and Programmers. Oxford: Elsevier; 2009 + Steve Heath Embedded Systems Design, 2nd ed. Oxford: Newnes; 2003 + ESRP, is Embedded System development Process Reference guide produced by Software Engincering Center, Technolo; Headquarters, Information-technology Promotion Ag; htips://www2ipa go ip-files/000028853.pdr \ey, Japan, 1. Introduction CoSc 6016 Real-Time and Embedded Systems Dagiawi Lemma (PAD) Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science, AAU es material zd ntpisites google, comnsite/dapmasi2012 Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 2CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded Systems What Makes a System “Embedded”? + An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints — Constraints and requirements + Massive computational resources + Small in size + Light in Weight + Very low power consumption Embedded Systems are everywhere — Ubiquitous, invisible Hidden (computer inside) = Dedicated purpose 1 Microprocessor © Intel: 4004, 8080. x86 Freescale: 6800, .. 0812, Powerbc Embedded 9st © ARM, DEC, SPARC, MIPS, ——— PowerPC, Nall Semi _ ye ls] senetcd, || Microcontroller roreefSs] ar,’ 4 Processor+Memory+ = ES orca VO Pors interfaces) BOM PDR} Anion oh on s Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 Systems HW + SW + An application specific electronic sub-system which is completely encapsulated by the main system it belongs to. — Designed for some specific tasks — Subjected to real time performance constraints that must be met —Feature tightly integrated combinations of hardware and software Application Area + Any embedded system often appear as subsystem of a main system that is application specific electronic and, completely encapsulated by the stem it belongs to * The main systems can range from personal belongings to industrial — houschold appliances, home automation, consumer electronics, ATMs, network routers, automobiles, airerafts, ete, Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded systems Application ... Consumer electronics: ~ Washing ahi, Exerc guipmen, Rem cntos, Clocks and watches Games anos, AatosiEsenoes eens camera See eon eh le ‘Communication systems = Arsen aches, Telephones, Fax machines, Ros, Cellar phones pages Automotive systems: ‘= Automatic taking. Noise cancelition. Locks Eleni gnion. Power windows and sas ‘ue couzol Clicion woudans lite conga msn corto, aumentaticn Millar hardware ‘Sma weapon Misi guidance ystems, Gta ostioning stems, Surveillance sytem Business applications. ~ Castregiers, Vending machines, ATM machines, Tac cmos, Intl oes, Bar fcc esis and wets, Aston spies, Eleva conolles: REID sens LE snes systems Medical devices: ~ Mouters, Dog delivery systems, Caner tetmes Pacemakers, Prosi devices, Diss ug livery andmore Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded Systems Real-Time Embedded System Characteristics + System Structure + Real-Time Response * Highly Constrained Environments * Concurrency * Predictability * Safety and Reliability ... Characteristics (Continued) + System Structure ~ Areal-time embedded system interacts with ts environment tinuously and timely — Sensors are used to control or monitor the environment — most of the data from physical environment isin the form of analog signals + Analog signals need obo converte to digital to manipulate the dats using a Introprovessor + Noe to be converted to digital signals an analogto-diit converter (ADC) is needed inbetween a sensor ad a mieroprocestr — Controller isthe brain of embedded system + Contiller= one or more microprocessors + memory + some pespherals +a rreabtine sofware application Reta + The controller acs through actiators hence at o-naog comerin (DAC) needs ‘ebepeiomedt oder aye mlteprocest apa a acer Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded systems ... Characteristics (Continued) ask |[teac2 | [Tas ep Tare! system Characteristics (Continued) + Real-Time Response — has to finish certain tasks within specified time boundaries — Real-time systems are expected to execute all tasks by their deadlines * Deadlines of real-time tasks are typically derived from the required responsiveness of the sensors, actuators, and the dynamies of the target that the embedded system controls Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 Systems . Characteristics (Continued) + Highly Constrained Environments — constrained in terms of processor speed, memory capacity, and user interface + inthe alm of loT power constants inelnded — Real-time embedded systems are often run in highly resouree- constrained environments, which make the system design and performance optimization quite challenging "OR equipped with Sit processors "Baas tne eaten deus nisowne cotter wd ~ Therefore, embedded systems must be optimized in terms of Size and weight — eat tomount { Relibilitydeedines and erties + Performance service on-lime but not necessarily fast * ficient use of limited + Cost alfdabilty + Power consumption - emote deployment need Characteristics (Continued) * Concurrency — Concurrency refers to a property of systems in which several computations (tasks) are executing simultaneously and potentially interacting with each other — Almost all tasks have strict constraints on the response time — deadline + All deadlines should be met Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 8CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded 5/31/2019 Systems Characteristics (Continued) * Predictability — A real-time system must behave in a way that can be predicted in terms of all timing requirements + must be mathematically predictable ifa specific task can be completed before a given deadline — Factors to prediction + workload, + processor speed + runtime operating system support + process and thread priorities + scheduling algorithm, + communicati infrastructure, and so on Characteristics (Continued) + Safety and Reliability — safety-critical real-time embedded systems must have high reliability + Eg. cardiac pacemakers, flight control systems, elevator, etc, — Safety: + “freedom from accidents ot losses” + usually concerned with safety in the absence of faults as wel as in the presence of single-point faults = Reliability: + refers to the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions fora specified ume + measured in failures per million operating hours. For example, the requirement or atypia automotive mierocontole i 0.12 lures per million operating hours, Ficus Wang 2017 Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 9CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded Systems Typical Embedded System cael adil PR eTeeerer ae ern ieKes) pS Elee\ ec reemtlesi testes Cnc Niet) Pum Erementar User Interface INPUTS ovrPuTs Source: ‘est igh Panes Ent Sy Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019 10CoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded Broad Classification Stand alone embedded system — The software is embedded in the hardware system but not necessary over the platform of RTOS Networked appliances ~ Specific purpose multiple (more than one) hardware those are hosting and meant for a specific purpose might need to communicate with one another, hence such appliances might need fo communicate to one another over a certain network + Eg br Real-time embedded Whar the svar is embeded in the ardvar sytem running over the OS pam Mobile devices = Our mobiles are tuning to be one The Building Blocks Note that a system refers to a set of inerasting elements working together 48 parts of mechanism oran interconnecting network: With the purpose of mecting a certain predefined goal Therefore, any system has elements which are building blocks ofits existence Elements of Embedded System mostly comprise — Processor = Microprocesae = Mieroconller = ADC and DAC = DsPand ~ asocited peripherals 2 Cinna eae Daves More will be covered in the architecture up savworfiis. com Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019 qtCoSc 6016 - Real Time and Embedded systems The Development Process ‘+ Similar o SDLC but unlike the conventional SDLC we might be concerned on carly selection of specie technology atleast impiety. ttn SDL din sass ware tn ad mae won inl The Development Process + The *ESRP guidebook has used four frameworks to group the various types of work deemed necessary in embedded software development: — System Engineering Process; ~ Software Engineering Process, — Safety Engineering Process; and — Support Process ESRE is nbd Sten development Process Refoce pie potee by Sows Engincoring Cento, Technology Headquarter, lftmaton echnalogy Promotion ABCs, Sapa, hie: /wawrina go pes 000028853 pat - BS development process comparison with SDLC/SPM Dagmawi Lemma - AAU 2018 5/31/2019 12