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Chapter 5 Strings

The document discusses Java character and string handling. It covers character data types, Unicode format, escape sequences, casting between char and numeric types, comparing characters, the Character class, constructing and manipulating strings, string methods like length(), charAt(), concat(), comparing strings, obtaining and extracting substrings, finding characters in strings, and converting between strings and numbers. It also discusses reading input from the console and formatting output.

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8 views

Chapter 5 Strings

The document discusses Java character and string handling. It covers character data types, Unicode format, escape sequences, casting between char and numeric types, comparing characters, the Character class, constructing and manipulating strings, string methods like length(), charAt(), concat(), comparing strings, obtaining and extracting substrings, finding characters in strings, and converting between strings and numbers. It also discusses reading input from the console and formatting output.

Uploaded by

s.kedrick07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5: Strings

Character Data Type

- Character type represents a single character


- To declare we use ‘char’
- A char literal is enclosed in single quotation marks,
- Example:
 Char letter = ‘A’

Unicode Format

- Java characters use Unicode, a 16-but encoding scheme to support interchange, processing, and
display of written text in world’s diverse languages.
- Unicode takes 2 bytes, preceded by \u, expressed in 4 hex-numbers from ‘\u0000’ to ‘\uFFFF’
- Unicode can represent 65535 + 1 characters.

Escape Sequences for Special Characters


Casting between char and Numeric Types
- int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';
- char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

Comparing and Testing Characters

- Often we need to test whether a character is a number, a letter, an uppercase letter or a


lowercase letter
- eg. Let variable ch as a char data tye

if (ch >= ‘A’ && ch <= ‘Z’)

System.out.println(ch + “ is an uppercase letter”);

else if (ch >= ‘a’ && ch <= ‘z’)

System.out.println(ch + “ is a lowercase letter”);

else if (ch >= ‘0’ && ch <= ‘9’)

System.out.println(ch + “ is a numeric character”);

The Character Class


Reading a character from the Console

- use nextLine() or next() method to read string and then invoke the charAt(0) method.
- For example:

Constructing a String:

- String message = “Welcome to Java”;


String message = new String(“Welcome to Java”);
String s = new String();

Simple methods for String objects

Finding String Length

- Finding a string length using the length() method:


String message = “Welcome to Java”;
System.out.println(“The length of “ + message + “ is “ + message.length());

Getting Characters from a String

- The method charAt(index) is used. The index is between 0 to the string length-1.
- For example, message.charAt (index)

Indices 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

message W e l c o m e t o J a v a

message.charAt(0) message.length() is 15 message.charAt(14)

String Concatenation
- Use concat method:
String s3 = s1.concat(s2); //s1 and s2 into s3
String s3 = s1 + s1; // same effect

- Operator + can also concatenate a non-string with string ( at least one must be string)
- Can also use augmented += operator
- Example:
 int i = 1;
int j = 2;
System.out.println(“i + j is” + i + j);

Reading a String from the Console

- Use next() method on a Scanner object. This method read a string that end with whitespace
character.
- For example:

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);


System.out.print(“Enter three words separated by spaces: “);
String s1 = input.next();
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println(“s1 is “ + s1);
System.out.println(“s2 is “ + s2);
System.out.println(“s3 is “ + s3);

- Use nextLine() method to read entire line of text. This method reads a string that ends with the
Enter key pressed. (line-based input)
- For example
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(“Enter a message: “);
String msg = input.nextLine();
System.out.println(“The message entered is “ + msg);
- Caution (to avoid input error, don’t use line-based input after token-based input)

Reading a Character from the Console


- We can use nextLine() method to read string then invoe the charAt(0) method.
- For example:
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(“Enter a character: “);
String st = input.nextLine();
Char ch = st.charAt(0);
System.out.println(“The character entered is “ + ch);

Comparing Strings

Obtaining Substrings
- You can obtain a substring from a string using the substring method in the String class.

Extracting Substrings
Finding a Character or a Substring in a String
“Welcome to Java”. indexOf(‘W’) returns 0
“Welcome to Java”. indexOf(‘x’) returns -1
- Return the index of the first character in the string that matches the specified character

“Welcome to Java”. indexOf(‘o’ , 5) returns 9


- Returns index of first character ‘o’ in string starting from the index 5

“Welcome to Java”. indexOf(“come”) returns 3


- Returns index of first character of substring

"Welcome to Java".indexOf("Java", 5) returns 11.


"Welcome to Java".indexOf("java", 5) returns -1.
- Returns index of the first character of substring starting from the index 5

“Welcome to Java”. lastIndexOf(‘a’)


- Returns 14

Conversion between Strings and Numbers


- To convert numeric string into a number
 int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
- To convert a string into a double value
 Double doubleValue = Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
- To convert a number into a string
 String s = number + “”;

Formatting Console Output


- General syntax
 System.out.printf(format, item1, item2, …, itemn);
 Format is a string that may consist of substring and format specifiers

- Frequently-Used Specifiers

- Specifying Width and Precision (use – in front to make It left justified)

Common Mathematical Functions


- Java provides many useful method in Math class for performing common mathematical
functions.
- Methods in Math class
 Class constants:
 PI

 Class methods:
 Trigonometric Methods

 Exponent Methods

 Rounding Methods
 Min, max, abs, random method

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