MATH 1

LECTURE 2
1. FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
DEFINITION ( FUNCTION)
The function from the set to a set is a rule that assign to each
element , a unique element denoted by . In this
case the set is called the domain of the function , de-noted by
the symbol , and the set is called the co-domain
Solution :
THE VERTICAL LINE TEST:
EXAMPLE 2
Verify the domain and range of the following functions

Solution
 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
There are a number of important types of functions frequently encountered in calculus. We
identify and briefly summarize them here.
1. LINEAR FUNCTIONS : A function of the form 𝑦 𝑚𝑥 𝑏
2. POWER FUNCTIONS : A function of the form 𝑦 𝑥 , 𝑎 constant
The graph of 𝑦 𝑥 ,𝑛 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
The graph of 𝑦 𝑥 ,𝑛 1, , 2
 POLYNOMIALS
A function 𝑓 𝑥 is a polynomial if 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑥 +…….+𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
where n is a non-negative integer and the numbers 𝑎 , 𝑎 , …, 𝑎 are real constants (called the
coefficients of the polynomial).
All polynomials have domain ∞, ∞ . If the leading coefficient 𝑎 0 and 𝑛 0, then, n is
called the degree of the polynomial.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 Polynomials of degree 2 and are called quadratic functions
2. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐𝑥 𝑑 Polynomials of degree 3 and are called cubic functions
 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
A rational function is a quotient or ratio of two polynomials: 𝑓 𝑥 , where P and Q
are polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the set of all real x for which 𝑄 𝑥 0,
For example, the function 𝑓 𝑥 is a rational function with domain 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥
 ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
An algebraic function is a function constructed from polynomials using algebraic operations
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking roots).
Rational functions are special cases of algebraic functions.
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION :
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The graphs of the sine and cosine functions are shown :

Trigonometric Functions have domain ∞, ∞ and range 𝟏, 𝟏

 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
domain …, , , , , , , … and range ∞, ∞
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
domain …, 𝝅, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝝅 , 𝝅, 𝟐𝝅 , 𝟐𝝅, 𝟑𝝅 , … and range ∞, ∞
For any real numbers and the following identities hold :
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Functions of the form 𝑎 where the base 𝑎 0, is a positive constant and are
called exponential functions. All exponential functions have domain ∞, ∞
and range 𝟎, ∞ .
So an exponential function never assumes the value 0.
The graphs of some exponential functions are shown in the Figure.
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
These are the functions of the form 𝑓 𝑥 log 𝑥 where the base 𝑎 0, is a positive constant.
They are the inverse functions of the exponential functions, and the domain is 𝟎, ∞ and the
range is ∞, ∞

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
These are functions that are not algebraic. They include the trigonometric, inverse trigonometric,
exponential, and logarithmic functions, and many other functions as well (such as the hyperbolic
functions)
 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
DEFINITIONS: Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an interval 𝐼 and let 𝑥 , 𝑥 be any two points in 𝐼.
(i) If 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ) whenever 𝑥 𝑥 , then f is said to be increasing function on 𝐼.
(ii) If 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ) whenever 𝑥 𝑥 , then f is said to be decreasing function on 𝐼.

A function that is increasing or decreasing on I is called monotonic on I.

 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION :
SOLUTION :
 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
Given functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, then 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 is called their composite and is
defined by the equation:
𝒇∘𝒈 𝒙 𝒇𝒈 𝒙
The domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔, is the set of all real numbers 𝑥 n the domain of
𝑔 where 𝑔 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑓: i.e.
𝑫𝒇∘𝒈 𝒙 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒈 , 𝒈 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇

Example: For 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 2𝑥 3. Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 .

Solution:
𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 𝒇𝒈 𝒙 𝒇 𝟐𝒙 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 𝟒
𝑔∘𝑓 𝑥 𝒈𝒇 𝒙 𝒈𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝟓
Note that 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑔∘𝑓
EXERCISES :
4. Determine whether the following functions are even, odd or neither:
1.

2.

3.
4.
 LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS
The concept of a limit is a central idea that distinguishes calculus from algebra and
trigonometry. It is fundamental to finding the tangent to a curve or the velocity of an object.

Let ƒ 𝑥 be defined on an open interval about 𝑥 except possibly at 𝑥 itself. If ƒ 𝑥 gets

arbitrarily close to 𝐿 (as ƒ 𝑥 close to 𝐿 as we like) for all 𝑥 sufficiently close to 𝑥 we say that
ƒ approaches the limit 𝐿 as 𝑥 approaches and we write lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝐿.
→
which is read “the limit of ƒ 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑥 is 𝐿”.
EXAMPLE Behavior of a Function Near a Point
How does the function 𝑓 𝑥 behave near x = 1?

Solution: The given formula defines ƒ for all real numbers 𝑥 except 𝑥 1, (we cannot divide
by zero). For any 𝑥 1, we can simplify the formula by factoring the numerator and
cancelling common factors:
We say that 𝑓 𝑥 approaches
the limit 2 as 𝑥 approaches 1,
and write
EXAMPLE The Limit Value Does Not Depend on How the Function Is Defined at 𝑥 .
EXAMPLE Discuss the behavior of the following functions as

It jumps It grows too large to It oscillates too much to

have a limit have a limit:
 CALCULATING LIMITS USING THE LIMIT LAWS
If L, M, c and k are real numbers and
Example 1: Compute the following limit lim
→
Solution

Example 2: Compute the following limit lim

→
Solution
Example 3: Given the function

Compute the following limits. 1) lim 𝑓 𝑥 , 2 lim 𝑓 𝑥

→ →
Solution
COMPUTING LIMITS
There are three cases to compute lim
→
CASE 1:
Example 1: Evaluate the following limits 1 lim 2 lim
→ →
CASE 2:
𝒈 𝒂 𝟎 and 𝒇 𝒂 𝟎 [Limits that equal infinity]
1. If lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞ and lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞ , then the limit doesn’t exist.
→ →
2. If lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞ and lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞ , then the limit doesn’t exist.
→ →
3. If lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞ and lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞ , then the limit undefined and lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞.
→ → →
4. If lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞ and lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞ , then the limit undefined and lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∞.
→ → →

Example 2: Evaluate lim

→
Example 3: Evaluate lim
→

Example 4: Evaluate lim

→
CASE 3: AND
Example 5: Evaluate lim
→
Solution
 Example 6: Evaluate lim
→
Solution

Example 7: Evaluate the following limits

Solution
 LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:
Theorem: lim 1, lim 1
→ →

Example 1: Evaluate the following limits lim

→
Solution
 Note

Example 2: Evaluate the following limits lim

→
Solution
Example 3: Evaluate the following limits lim
→
Solution

Example 4: Evaluate the following limits lim

→
Solution
 THE SANDWICH THEOREM

It is called the Sandwich Theorem because it refers to a function ƒ whose values are sandwiched
between the values of two other functions g and h that have the same limit L at a point c. Being
trapped between the values of two functions that approach L, the values of ƒ must also approach L
Example 1: Evaluate the following limits lim 𝑥 cos
→
Solution

𝟐
𝟏
⇒ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Example 2: Evaluate the following limits lim 𝑒 cos 2𝑥
→
Solution

We know the following about cosine. 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏

Also , 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝟏

Multiply every thing by 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝑒

The limits of the two outer functions are. lim 𝑒 0 lim 𝑒

→ →

⇒ lim 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 0
→
Example 3: Evaluate the following limits lim 𝑥 sin 𝑥
→
Solution
THE CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION
 Dis continuous

𝑔 3 4 defined
lim 𝑔 𝑥 lim lim lim 𝑥 3 6
→ → → →
𝑔 3 lim 𝑔 𝑥 Dis continuous
→

ℎ 3 6 defined
lim ℎ 𝑥 lim lim lim 𝑥 3 6
→ → → →
ℎ 3 lim ℎ 𝑥 continuous
→
THE END