READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on
Reading Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3.

Traditional Māori Medicine

The Māori are the indigenous people of the islands of New Zealand. Their traditional
medicine, which is believed to date back as far as the 13th century, was a system of
healing that was passed down through the generations orally. It comprised diverse
practices and placed an emphasis on the spiritual dimension of health. Its practices
included remedies made from herbs, and physical therapies such as massage to
relieve discomfort in the muscles and bones.
Māori systems for treating illness were well developed before Europeans arrived in
New Zealand in the late 1700s: they had quite detailed knowledge of anatomy and
recognition of the healing properties of various plants. When Europeans first visited
New Zealand. the average age of death for Māori adults was around 30. However,
apart from this, the people were fit and healthy, and troubled by few diseases.
Illness was often seen as spiritually based. Māori saw themselves as guardians of
the earth, and the focus of their existence was to remain at one with the natural and
supernatural world. Rather than a medical problem, sickness was often viewed as a
symptom of disharmony with nature.
In Māori culture, illnesses were divided into diseases of the gods (mate atua) and
physical diseases (mate tangata). Diseases sent by the gods were often attributed to
attacks by evil spirits, because the person had broken a religious rule. For instance,
for Māori, places where people had died, or places where their ancestors were
buried were sacred, so if someone took food from a river where someone had died,
or took a stick frost a tree that had held their ancestor’s bones and placed it on a
cooking fire, it was believed that the gods could punish them for their disrespectful
acts by making them sick.
More than 200 plants were used medicinally by Māori. The leaves of the flax plant
were used to treat skin infections and food poisoning, and the hard part of the leaf
was also used as a splint or brace for broken bones and injured backs. Flax fibres
were used along with a sharpened stick to sew up bad cuts. The bark and leaves of
the pepper tree were used to heal cuts. wounds and stomach pains. People who had
toothache were instructed to chew the leaves of this same tree, and this was found
to be of considerable benefit The pepper tree was also used in vapour baths to treat
people with painful joints.
Colonisation by Europeans in the 1800s had a significant effect on traditional Māori
healing. Europeans brought many new diseases with them which Māori healers had
limited ability to combat. Though Western medicine was also relatively ineffectual at
the time, this failure still strongly affected Māori confidence in their healers. Some
western missionaries attributed the spread of disease to the fact that Māori did not
believe in Christianity, and as Māori healers appeared powerless, many Māori
accepted this explanation and turned to Christianity. Over time the schools of higher
learning which had trained healers started to close and the tradition of the Māori
healer declined.
From the late 20th century, there was renewed Maori interest in their traditional
medicine. This was due to several factors. There was a resurgence of all aspects of
Māori culture in New Zealand. Furthermore, people started to be less trusting of
Western medicine – statistics from the 1970s came out revealing that Māori health
continued to be poorer than that of other New Zealanders. There were also problems
with access to health care for Māori. Additionally, there was and still is today a
perceived lack of a spiritual dimension in Western health services.
Although Māori today largely accept Western concepts of health and illness, and use
the mainstream health system, there is significant demand for traditional medicine.
This is true for unusual illnesses, or those that fail to respond to standard medical
treatment, but also for common ailments such as the cold and influenza.
Today’s healers differ significantly from those of old times. Training is highly variable,
usually informal, and often less tribally bound than the rigorous education of the
traditional houses of higher learning. Many modern healers work in urban clinics,
some alongside mainstream health professionals. They experiment, incorporating
knowledge from Western and other medical systems. As a result, their modern day
work has no standard system of diagnosis or widespread agreement about
treatments. Despite this, many healers are recognised as having knowledge and
ability that has been passed down from their ancestors. The Māori language is also
seen as important by many of those receiving treatment.
Questions 1 – 6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Early Māori healers learned their skills through studying written texts.
2 The first Europeans in New Zealand were surprised by how long the Māori
lived.
3 Diseases of the gods were believed to be more serious than physical
diseases.
4 The leaves of the pepper tree were used to treat toothache.
5 Western religion was one reason why traditional Maori medicine became less
popular.
6 Modern day Maori healers often reach the same conclusion about the type of
treatment which is best.
Questions 7 – 13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet

A short history of Māori healing

Pre-European arrival
• Māori were using plant-based remedies, as well as treatments including
massage
• diseases sent from the gods were thought to be caused by disobeying a
spiritual 7 ……………
• sickness could be attributed to eating food from a sacred 8 …………….. or
burning sacred wood

After European arrival

1800s
• the inability of Māori healers to cure new diseases meant the Māori people
lost 9 ……………. in them
• eventually the 10 …………….. for Māori healing began shutting down
1970s
• published 11 …………….. showed that Māori were not as healthy as
Europeans
2000s
• Māori healers can be seen working with Western doctors in 12 …………….. in
cities
• many patients appreciate the fact that the Māori 13 ……………… is used by
healers
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26, which are based on
Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7.

Keeping the water away

New approaches to flood control
A. Recently, winter floods on the rivers of central Europe have been among the
worst for 600 to 700 years, and dams and dykes (protective sea walls) have
failed to solve the problem. Traditionally, river engineers have tried to get rid
of the water quickly, draining it off the land and down to the sea in rivers re-
engineered as high-performance drains. But however high they build the
artificial riverbanks, the floods keep coming back. And when they come, they
seem to be worse than ever.
B. Engineers are now turning to a different plan: to sap the water's destructive
strength by dispersing it into fields, forgotten lakes and flood plains. They are
reviving river bends and marshes to curb the flow, and even plugging city
drains to encourage floodwater to use other means to go underground. Back
in the days when rivers took a winding path to sea, floodwaters lost force and
volume while meandering across flood plains and island deltas, but today the
water tends to have a direct passage to the sea. This means that, when it
rains in the uplands, the water comes down all at once.
C. Worse, when the flood plains are closed off, the river's flow downstream
becomes more violent and uncontrollable; by turning complex river systems
into the simple mechanics of a water pipe, engineers have often created
danger where they promised safety. The Rhine, Europe's most engineered
river, is a good example. For a long time engineers have erased its
backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain. The aim was partly to improve
navigation, and partly to speed floodwaters out of the Alps and down to the
North Sea. Now, when it rains hard in the Alps, the peak flows from several
branches of the Rhine coincide where once they arrived separately, and with
four-fifths of the Lower Rhine's flood plain barricaded off, the waters rise. The
result is more frequent flooding and greater damage. The same thing has
happened in the Us on the Mississippi river, which drains the world's second
largest river catchment into the Guli of Mexico. Despite some $7 billion spent
over the last century on levees (embankments), the situation is growing
worse.
D. Special in water control now say that a new approach is needed-one which
takes the whole landscape into consideration. To help keep London's feet dry,
the UK Environment Agency is reflooding 10 square kilometres of the ancient
flood plain of the River Thames outside Oxford. Nearer to London, it has
spent £100 million creating new wetlands and a relief channel across 16
kilometres of flood plain. Similar ideas are being tested in Austria, in one of
Europe's largest river restorations to date. The engineers calculate that the
restored flood plain of the Drava River can now store up to 10 million cublic
 metres of floodwater, and slow down storm surges coming out of the Alps by
more than an hour, protecting towns not only in Austria, but as far
downstream as Slovenia and Croatia.
E. The Dutch, for whom preventing floods is a matter of survival, have gone
furthest. This nation, built largely on drained marshes and seabed, has had
several severe shocks in the last two decades, when very large numbers of
people have had to be evacuated. Since that time, the Dutch have broken one
of their most enduring national stereotypes by allowing engineers to punch
holes in dykes. They plan to return up to a sixth of the country to its former
waterlogged state in order to better protect the rest.
F. Water use in cities also needs to change. At the moment, cities seem
designed to create floods; they are concreted and paved so that rains flow
quickly into rivers. A new breed of 'soft engineers' wants cities to become
porous. Berlin is one place where this is being done. Tough new rules for new
developments mean that drains will be prevented from becoming overloaded
after heavy rains. Architects of new urban buildings are diverting rainwater
from the roof for use in toilets and the irrigation of roof gardens, while water
falling onto the ground os collected in ponds, or passes underground through
porous paving. One high-tech urban development can store a sixth of its
annual rainfall, and reuse most of the rest.
G. Could this be expanded to protect a whole city? The test case could be Los
Angeles. With non-porous surfaces covering 70% of the city, drainage is a
huge challenge. Billions of dollars have been spent digging huge drains and
concreting riverbeds, but many communities still flood regularly. Meanwhile
this desert city ships water from hundreds of kilometres away to fill its taps
and swimming pools. Los Angeles has recently launched a new scheme to
utilise floodwater in the Sun Valley section of the city. The plan is to catch the
rain that falls on thousands of driveways, parking lots and rooftops in the
valley. Trees will soak up water from parking lots; houses and public buildings
will capture roof water to irrigate garden and parks, and road drains will empty
into old gravel pits to recharge the city’s underground water reserves. Result:
less flooding and more water for the city. It may sound expensive, until we
realise how much is spent trying to drain cities and protect areas from
flooding, and how little this method achieves.
Questions 14 - 19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

14 how legislation has forced building designers to improve water use

15 two reasons why one river was isolated from its flood plain
16 how natural water courses in the past assisted flood control
17 an example of flood control on one river, affecting three countries
18 a country which has partly destroyed one of its most typical features in order to
control water
19 the writer's comment on the comparative cost effectiveness of traditional flood
control and newer methods

Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
According to the article, which TWO of these statements are true of the new approach to
flood control?

A It aims to slow the movement of water to the sea.

B It aims to channel water more directly into rivers.
C It will cost more than twice as much as former measures.
D It will involve the loss of some areas of land.
E It has been tested only in The Netherlands.
Questions 22 - 26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
22 Some of the most severe floods for many centuries have recently occurred in
parts of ………………
23 The Rhine and the ……………… rivers have experienced similar problems with
water control.
24 An area near Oxford will be flooded to protect the city of ………………...
25 Planners who wish to allow water to pass more freely through city surfaces are
called ………………
26 A proposal for part of the city of ………………. could show whether small-scale
water projects could apply on a large scale.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.

The Robbers Cave Study

A review of a famous study into group behaviour
Group self-centredness seems to occur seemed to develop different group
the minute people are divided into norms, one group being more ‘tough’
groups. It doesn’t matter what the group than the other, from which two boys
is, or on what basis it was formed, we went home early, as they were
perceive the group we belong to as homesick. The groups were given a set
being superior to other groups and we of caps and t-shirts, and gave
develop an ‘in-group’ bias. themselves names: the ‘Eagles’ and the
‘Rattlers’ (the latter being the tougher
Probably one of the most famous
group).
pieces of research looking at group
behaviour was a field study conducted At the end of the first week, they
by Sherif in 1956. This study involved 22 became aware of each other’s existence
boys aged between 11 and 12, who by finding litter left by the other group or
were divided into two groups. The overhearing voices. Sherif noticed that
groups were roughly matched in terms already the groups had started to refer
of sporting ability, camping experience to the other group as ‘them’ and their
and general popularity among their group as ‘us’. This marked the beginning
peers. Their parents were told that they of phase two of the experiment.
were going to a three-week summer
The groups were told that they were
camp to see how well they would work
going to take part in a ‘Grand
alongside other boys when put into
Tournament’, which involved 10 different
different teams. The parents were also
sporting events, and they were shown
told that the boys would not be allowed
the prizes for winning. The tournament
to be visited during that time, but would
was also to include in the final scores
be able to go home if they wanted to. It
points which would be awarded for other
was intended that the data for the study
activities, such as how tidy the cabins
would be collected by participant
were kept. These scores were displayed
observers.
on big scoreboards in what now became
At first, neither set of boys knew of a joint hall where the two groups ate
the existence of the other set. They were their meals together. This was
taken to their respective campsites, necessary so the two groups would think
which were located on a 200-acre, they were on almost equal scores in the
densely wooded area in Robbers Cave time leading up to the final event, which
State Park, Oklahoma. The first week would increase the sense of competition.
was spent doing a variety of activities, Needless to say, these scores were
such as pitching tents and cooking. manipulated by the experimenters.
During this week, the two groups
 In order to check how high the levels resulted in food fights; the films were
of group self-centredness were in the enjoyed by both groups sitting totally
groups at this time, a number of tasks apart from each other.
were set up which involved the groups
The other situations, where the
rating their own members and members
groups had to work for common goals,
of the other group. Each time group
had a much better outcome. These
members rated the boys in their own
included raising money to go and see a
group much better at the tasks than the
film and solving problems, such as one
other boys, even though there was no
with the water supply. The final common
real difference between them. They
goal was a visit by truck to Cedar Lake
were also asked to rate all others in
to camp there before the end of the
terms of how desirable they were as
holiday. In this situation, although both
friends, and 93 per cent of friendship
groups travelled in separate trucks,
preferences were in-group preferences.
another problem-solving situation arose
When the tournament started, the first when one of the trucks became stuck.
game was basketball. The group that All the boys joined in, using one of the
was thought to be less tough lost the tug-of-war ropes to help move it. At this
game and claimed that they had lost point the group boundaries were
only because the other group were beginning to disappear. On the final day,
bigger and older than they were. The when they were due to return home, the
Eagles won the next ball game and then boys themselves suggested that they
were said to be cheating in the tug-of- travel in one bus and sat in friendship
war. This resulted in visits by both groups rather than as Eagles and
groups to each other’s cabins over the Rattlers.
course of the next 24 hours, where they
ripped the mosquito nets, turned over
the beds and generally made a mess.
The Eagles devised a new weapon in
the conflict which consisted of ‘rocks in
socks’ – and so it went on. Eventually,
the Eagles won the tournament (with
some help from the experimenters) and
it was time for phase three to begin.
Research has suggested that the best
way to reduce group conflict is by non-
competitive contact. This required two
conditions: that the groups had equal
status and that they had a common goal
to work towards. This was exactly what
Sherif engineered. There were actually
seven situations organised which gave
the groups equal status contact; these
were things like having meats together
or watching films together. The meals
Questions 27 and 28
Choose TWO letters, A-F.
Write the correct letters in boxes 27 and 28 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements about the boys who took part in the study are
made by the writer?
A They had approximately the same number of friends.
B Some of their parents helped to set up the camp.
C They selected the group that they wanted to be in.
D They were responsible for bringing their own tents.
E They received clothes that identified the group they belonged to.
F Some of them were criticised for dropping litter.

Questions 29 – 34
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 29-34 on your answer sheet.

The Grand Tournament

The Grand Tournament marked the second part of Sherifs experiment. It included a
range of 29 …………….. that each team would compete in, and the allocation of extra
points for things like cleaning cabins.
To increase the competitive element of the tournament, the organisers used
30 …………….. in the dining hall. They also made sure that the boys were under the
impression that their scores were nearly 31 ……………… as the tournament neared its
end.
The 32 ……………. , who were thought to be the tougher group, won the first ball
game and lost the second. In other games there were accusations of 33 …………….. .
During the next day, various instances of conflict occurred within the boys’ cabins.
Eventually, the tournament was won by the group that was considered to be
34 ………………. – the Eagles.

Questions 35 – 38
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.

Phase 3: Non-competitive contact

Conditions Type of situation Result
Equal status a) eating 35 ………………
b) 36 …………….. enjoyed them but were not
sitting together
A 37 ……………… a) raising money
b) 38 …………….. , e.g. friendship groups
stuck truck

Questions 39 and 40
Choose TWO letters, A-F.
Write the correct letters in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.
According to the passage, which TWO of the following statements are true of the
experimenters who ran the study?
A They collected their data from secret observation posts.
B They encouraged the boys to use the terms ‘them’ and ‘us’.
C They used a rating exercise to assess the amount of in-group bias.
D They took steps to avoid personal injury among the boys.
E They secretly altered some of the results of the tournament.
F They joined in with the non-competitive activities.
Traditional Māori Medicine The Robbers Cave Study
1. F 27. A
2. NG 28. E
3. NG 29. sporting events
4.T 30. scoreboards
5. T 31. equal
6. F 32. Rattlers
7. rule 33. cheating
8. river 34. less tough
9. confidence 35. food fights
10. schools 36. films
11. statistics 37. common goal
12. clinics 38. problem-solving situation
13. language 39. C
40. E

Keeping the water away

14 F
15 C
16 B
17 D
18 E
19 G
20 A
21 D
22 Europe
23 Mississippi
24 London
25 soft engineers
26 Los Angeles