Unit-3

Z Transform

Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Tathawade

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
Subject: Digital Signal Processing
 Contents of Unit
• Need for transform, relation between Laplace transform
and Z transform,
• between Fourier transform and Z transform,
• Properties of ROC and properties of Z transform,
• Relation between pole locations and time domain
behavior,
• causality and stability considerations for LTI systems,
• Inverse Z transform,
• Power series method,
• partial fraction expansion method,
• Solution of difference equations.
 Course Objective
• To introduce students with transforms for
analysis of Discrete time signals and systems
 Course Outcome
After successfully completing the course
students will be able to

• Understand use of different transforms and

analyze the discrete time signals and systems.
 Need of Z Transform
• For continuous-time systems the Laplace transform is
an extension of the Fourier transform.
• The Laplace transform can be applied to a broader
class of signals than the Fourier transform can, since
there are many signals for which the Fourier transform
does not converge but the Laplace transform does.
• The Laplace transform allows us, for example, to
perform transform analysis of unstable systems and to
develop additional insights and tools for LTI system
analysis.
 Need of Z Transform
• The z-transform is the discrete-time counterpart of the
Laplace transform.
• The z transform enables us to analyze certain discrete-
time signals that do not have a discrete-time
• Fourier transform. The motivations and properties of
the z-transform closely resemble those of the Laplace
transform. However, as with the relationship of the
continuous time versus the discrete-time Fourier
transforms, there are distinctions between the Laplace
transform and the z transform
Z transform
Z transform
Z transform
Z transform
Z transform
 Z transform
• Conclusion:
• The ROC is |z| > |a|. This X(z) is a rational
function (a ratio of polynomials in z).
• The roots of the numerator polynomial are the
zeros of X(z) and the roots of the denominator
polynomial are the poles of X(z).
• This is a right-sided sequence. Right-sided
sequences have a ROC that is the exterior of a
• circle with radius Rx– (|z| > |a| in this case). If
the ROC is the exterior of a circle it is a right sided
sequence.
Z transform
Z transform
 Z transform
• Conclusion :
• This is a left-sided sequence. Such a sequence has
a region of convergence which is the
• interior of a circle, |z| < Rx+. In this case the ROC
is |z| < |b|.
• Note that if b = a then the two examples above
have exactly the same X(z).
• So what makes the difference? The region of
convergence makes the difference.
 Z transform
• Example :
Solution
Transforms of some useful sequences
 Illustration of stability and causality
• The stability of a system with an impulse
response that is the sum of translated right-
and left-sided sequences can be determined
from the region of convergence.
• Assume that h(n) is the unit sample response
of a causal or non-causal linear shift-invariant
system. Let ʓ[h(n)] = H(z), the so-called system
function. Then:
 Illustration of stability and causality
• Theorem A linear shift-invariant system with
system function H(z) is BIBO stable if and only
if the ROC for H(z) contains the unit circle.
• This theorem can be used to determine
stability for a given H(z) without obtaining the
impulse response or checking outputs for all
bounded input signals.
 Illustration of stability and causality
• Illustration of stability and causality:
• For A system function with 2 poles at, say, z =
0.5, and z = 1.5, there are three possible
regions of convergence.
Illustration of stability and causality
Illustration of stability and causality
Illustration of stability and causality