CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Metals & Non-Metals
PRASHANT KIRAD
 PRASHANT KIRAD

Metal & Non-Metal

Metals:
Metals are a group of elements characterized by
their luster, conductivity (thermal and electrical),
malleability, and ductility. They typically have high
melting and boiling points and tend to lose
electrons to form positively charged ions (cations)
in chemical reactions. Common examples include
iron, copper, gold, and aluminum.

Physical properties of metals include:

1. Lustre: Metals exhibit a characteristic shine or luster when freshly
polished, attributed to their ability to reflect light.
2. Conductivity: Metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity
due to the mobility of electrons in their atomic structure.
3. Malleability: Metals can be easily hammered or rolled into thin sheets
without breaking, displaying malleability.
4. Ductility: Metals can be drawn into thin wires without breaking,
demonstrating ductility.
5. High Melting and Boiling Points: Metals generally have high melting
and boiling points compared to nonmetals.
6. Solid State at Room Temperature: Most metals are solid at room
temperature, except for mercury, which is a liquid.
7. Density: Metals are typically dense materials, meaning they have a
high mass per unit volume.
8. Sonorous: Metals often produce a characteristic ringing sound when
struck, known as sonorousness.
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These properties collectively contribute to the wide range of practical

applications of metals in various industries, from construction to
electronics.

Chemical Properties of Metals:

1. Reaction with Oxygen:
● Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides. The general equation
for this reaction is:
Metal+Oxygen→Metal Oxide

# Potassium and sodium metals are extremely reactive, undergoing vigorous

reactions with the oxygen in the air. In the presence of air, they can readily
catch fire and burn. To prevent these reactive metals from reacting with
oxygen, moisture, and carbon dioxide in the air, they are stored in kerosene oil.
This protective measure ensures that the metals remain stable and do not
undergo combustion when exposed to atmospheric conditions.

2. Reaction with Water:

● Some metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and release
hydrogen gas. The general equation is:
Metal+Water→Metal Hydroxide+Hydrogen

3. Reaction with Acids:

● Metals react with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas. The
general equation is:
Metal+Acid→Salt+Hydrogen
4. Reaction with Salts:
● Metals can displace less reactive metals from their salts in solution.
The reactivity series helps predict such displacement reactions.
5. Reaction with Non-Metallic Elements:
● Metals can react with non-metallic elements to form compounds. For
example, metals react with sulfur to form metal sulfides.
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Explanation:

Reactivity Series of Metals:

The reactivity series ranks metals based on their tendency to undergo
displacement reactions. Higher-ranked metals can displace lower-ranked
ones from their compounds in solution. For example, zinc can displace
copper from copper sulfate. The series helps predict outcomes in chemical
reactions.
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Non-Metals:
Non-metals are elements that lack typical metallic properties. They are
generally poor conductors of heat and electricity and may exist in various
forms, such as solids, liquids, or gases. Non-metals often gain electrons in
chemical reactions and tend to form covalent bonds. Examples include
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and fluorine. They play essential roles in diverse
chemical and biological processes.

Physical Properties of Non-Metals:

States of Matter: Non-metals can exist in different states - solid, liquid,
or gas.
● Conductivity: Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
● Luster: Lack metallic luster, often appearing dull or matte.
● Malleability and Ductility: Not malleable or ductile; tend to be brittle.
● Density: Generally have lower density compared to metals.
● Melting and Boiling Points: Lower melting and boiling points than metals.
● Solubility: Some non-metals are sparingly soluble in water.
● Brittleness: Non-metals are often brittle in solid form.
● Color: Can exhibit various colors; for example, sulfur is yellow, and
iodine is purple.
Examples: Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus.
Chemical properties of non-metals include:

● Combustibility: Some non-metals, like hydrogen and carbon, can

undergo combustion reactions.
● Reaction with Oxygen: Non-metals may react with oxygen to form
oxides. For example, sulfur reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide.
● Acid-Base Reactions: Non-metals can react with bases to form salts.
For instance, sulfuric acid, a non-metal compound, reacts with sodium
hydroxide to form sodium sulfate and water.
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● Hydrogen Ion Formation: Non-metals may accept electrons to form

negatively charged ions (anions) in reactions with metals.
● Covalent Bonding: Non-metals form covalent bonds by sharing
electrons with non-metals.
● Reaction with Water: Some non-metals, such as sulfur and phosphorus,
react with water to produce acids.
● Reaction with Metals: Non-metals can displace less reactive metals
from their salts in solution, forming new compounds.

Metals & Non-Metals:

When metals interact with nonmetals, they combine to create ionic
compounds. Conversely, when nonmetals engage with other nonmetals, they
form covalent compounds.

Ionic Compounds:
1. Definition:
● Ionic compounds are chemical compounds composed of positively
charged ions (cations), usually derived from metals, and negatively
charged ions (anions), usually derived from nonmetals.
2. Formation:
● Ionic compounds are formed by transferring electrons from the
metal atom to the nonmetal atom. This transfer results in the
formation of ions with opposite charges.
3. Ionic Bonding:
● Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positively
charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions). This
attraction holds the ions together in a stable compound.
4. Examples:
● Common examples of ionic compounds include sodium chloride
(NaCl), potassium iodide (KI), and magnesium oxide (MgO).
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5. Properties:
● Ionic compounds generally have high melting and boiling points.
● They are usually solid at room temperature.
● They conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted, as ions
are free to move.

Eg.

Properties of Ionic Compounds:

1. High Melting and Boiling Points:
● Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points due to
strong electrostatic forces holding ions together in a
three-dimensional lattice.
2. Solubility in Water:
● Many ionic compounds are soluble in water because water molecules
surround and separate the ions, facilitating their movement.
3. Conductivity:
● Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or
molten, as ions become free to move and carry an electric charge.
4. Brittleness:
● Solid ionic compounds are often brittle because when force is applied,
layers of ions with like charges align, leading to repulsion and cleavage.
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Occurrence of Metals:
● Metals are predominantly obtained from the Earth's crust, which
serves as a major reservoir for these elements.
● Seawater contains soluble salts like sodium chloride and magnesium
chloride.
● The naturally occurring elements or compounds found in the Earth's
crust are referred to as minerals.
● Minerals that can be profitably processed to extract metals are
specifically termed ores.

Extraction of Metals from Ores:

Metallurgy Definition:
● Metallurgy is the systematic process of extracting metals in their pure
state from respective ores and refining them for practical use.
Extraction Techniques Based on Reactivity:
● Extraction methods vary depending on the position of metals in the
activity series.
Highly Reactive Metals:
● Metals with high reactivity, such as Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium
(Ca), and Magnesium (Mg), are typically extracted through electrolysis.
Their strong bonding with other components prevents reduction by
heating with carbon.
Moderately Reactive Metals:
● Moderately reactive metals like Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Lead (Pb) are
generally extracted through reduction processes using agents like coke
(C).
Less Reactive Metals:
● Less reactive metals, for instance, Copper (Cu) and Mercury (Hg), are
extracted from their oxides through heating alone, a method known as
self-reduction.
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Very Less Reactive Metals:

● Metals with very low reactivity, such as Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), and
Platinum (Pt), exist in nature in the metallic form and do not require
extraction processes.

The concentration of Ores:

Impurities and Gangue:
● Undesirable impurities, such as soil and sand, present in ores are
termed gangue or matrix.
Enrichment or Concentration:
● The process of removing gangue from the ore is known as
enrichment or concentration of the ore.
(I) Extraction of Metals of LOW Reactivity:
Self-Reduction:
Sulfide ores of less electropositive metals like Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb),
and Copper (Cu) undergo self-reduction when heated in air. No external
reducing agent is used in this process.
Examples:
Cinnabar (HgS):
2HgS(Cinnabar)+3O2(g)+heat→2HgO(crude-metal)+2SO2(g)
2HgO(s)+heat→2Hg(l)+O2(g)
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Copper Glance (Cu₂S):

Cu2S(Copper-pyrite)+3O2(g)+heat→2Cu2O(s)+2SO2(g)
2Cu2O(s)+Cu2S(s)+heat→6Cu(crude metal)+SO2(g)
Galena (PbS):
2PbS(Galena)+3O2(g)+heat→2PbO(s)+2SO2(g)
PbS(s)+2PbO(s)→2Pb(crudemetal)+SO2(g)
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Corrosion:
Definition:
Corrosion refers to the gradual deterioration of a material, typically a
metal, due to the influence of moisture, air, or chemicals in the surrounding
environment. An example is the rusting of iron.
Prevention of Corrosion:
1. Coating with Paints, Oils, or Grease:
The application of paint, oil, or grease on metal surfaces forms a
protective barrier, preventing the ingress of air and moisture.
2. Alloying:
Alloying metals enhance corrosion resistance. For instance, stainless
steel is an alloy that exhibits increased resistance to corrosion.
3. Galvanization:
Galvanization involves coating iron articles with molten zinc. Zinc forms
a protective layer, serving as a barrier against corrosion.
4. Electroplating:
Electroplating, achieved through an electric current, involves coating
one metal with another. This method not only protects against
corrosion but also enhances the aesthetic appearance. Examples include
silver plating and nickel plating.
5. Sacrificial Protection:
Magnesium, being more reactive than iron, can act as a sacrificial layer.
When coated on iron or steel articles, magnesium serves as the
cathode, undergoing a sacrificial reaction instead of the iron, thus
protecting the articles.

Alloys:
Definition:
Alloys are uniform mixtures of metals with either other metals or
nonmetals. The formation of alloys results in improved properties,
including increased hardness, tensile strength, and corrosion resistance.
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Examples of Alloys:
1. Brass:
- Brass is an alloy composed of copper and zinc.
2. Bronze:
- Bronze is an alloy formed by combining copper and tin.

#Top Seven Questions:

1) Explain why calcium metal after reacting with water starts floating on its
surface. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. Name one more metal
that starts floating after some time when immersed in water.
Sol o : When calcium metal reacts with water, it produces hydrogen gas and
calcium hydroxide. The hydrogen gas bubbles stick to the surface of the
calcium, creating buoyancy, causing calcium to float on the water's surface.
The chemical equation for the reaction is:
Ca (s)+2H2O (l)→Ca(OH)2(aq)+H2(g)
Another metal that starts floating after some time when immersed in water is
sodium.
2 (a) (i) Write two properties of gold that make it the most suitable metal for
ornaments.
(ii) Name two metals which are the best conductors of heat.
(iii) Name two metals that melt when you keep them on your palm.
(iv) Explain the formation of the ionic compound CaO with an electron-dot
structure. Atomic numbers of calcium and oxygen are 20 and 8 respectively.
[5M, 2020]
Sol o : (i). The property of gold used in making ornaments is ductility and
luster.
(ii). Silver are copper are the best conductors of heat.
(iii). Gallium and cesium are the metals that melt when kept on the palm.
(iv) Atomic no. of Ca - 20, Electronic Configuration 2,8,8,2 Atomic no. of O - 8
Electronic Configuration - 2,6
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3. (a)Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent to obtain Mg from MgO. Why?

(b) How is sodium obtained from molten sodium chloride? Give an equation of
the reactions.
(c) How is copper obtained from its sulfide ore? Give equations of the
reactions.
Sol o : (a) Carbon and MgO:
- Carbon can't reduce MgO; Mg is more reactive.
(b) Sodium from Molten NaCl:
- Na obtained from molten NaCl by electrolysis:
2NaCl (l)→2Na (l)+Cl2(g)
(c) Copper from Sulfide Ore:
- Copper from CuFeS₂ by smelting:
CuFeS2(s)+O2(g)→Cu (l)+FeO (s)+SO2(g)

4. The way, metals like sodium, magnesium, and iron react with air and water
is an indication of their relative positions in the ‘reactivity series’. Is this
statement true? Justify your answer with examples.
Sol o : Yes, the statement is true. The reactivity series ranks metals based on
their tendency to undergo reactions. Metals like sodium, which reacts
vigorously with both air and water, magnesium, which burns in air and reacts
with water, and iron, which reacts with oxygen and steam, demonstrate the
correlation between their reactivity and their positions in the reactivity
series.

5. A non-metal X exists in two different forms, Y and Z. Y is the hardest

natural substance, whereas Z is a good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y,
and Z.
Sol o : X is carbon. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon. Diamond is
the hardest natural substance, and hence Y is diamond. Graphite is a good
conductor of electricity, and hence Z is graphite.
6. What are the constituents of solder alloy? Which property of solder makes
it suitable for welding electrical wires?
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Sol o : Constituents of Solder Alloy:

- Typically, tin and lead or lead-free alternatives with elements like silver,
copper, or antimony.
Property Suitable for Welding Electrical Wires:
- Low melting point of solder (below 450°F or 232°C), enabling easy melting
and secure bonding without damaging the electrical wires.

7. A metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature is obtained by heating

its sulfide in the presence of air. Identify the metal and its ore and give the
reaction involved.
Sol o Mercury is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature.
It can be obtained by heating cinnabar (HgS), the sulfide ore of mercury. We
can get metals low in activity series by heating or reducing their sulfides or
oxides.
The reactions are as follows

2 HgS + 3 O2 → 2 HgO + 2 SO2

2 HgO → 2 Hg + O2

# Compentancy Based Question:

1) Ores
1. Basedmined from the
on the reactivity earth are
of different usually
metals contaminated
with oxygen, withaslarge
water and acids well asamounts of
displacement
reactions, the metals have been arranged in the decreasing order of their reactivities. This
impurities
arrangement issuch
known as soil, sand,
as activity etc.,
series or called
reactivity gangue.
series The
of metals. The impurities mustis the
basis of reactivity be
tendency of from
removed metals to
theloseore
electrons.
before If athe
metalextraction
can lose electrons easilymetal.
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positive ions, it
processes
will react readily with other substances. Therefore, it will be a reactive metal. On the other hand, if
Several
a meal losessteps areless
electrons involved inform
rapidly to the aextraction
positive ion, itof
willpure
reactmetal from
slowly with ores.
other Metals
substances.
Therefore, such a metal will be less reactive.
and non-metals used for removing the gangue from the ore are based on the
1. Which of the following metal is less reactive than hydrogen?
differences between the physical or chemical properties of the gangue and
A.Copper B.Zinc C.Magnesium D. Lead
the ore. Different separation techniques are accordingly employed.
2. Which of the following represents the correct order of reactivity for the given metals?
1. Na>Mg>Al>Cu
A. What is gangue in the context
B. Mg>Na>Al>Cu of ores? D. Mg > Al > Na > Cu
C. Na>Mg>Cu>Al

2.Hydrogen
3. Why removegas is notgangue before
evolved when extracting
a metal metals?
reacts with nitric acid. It is because HNO, is a
strong oxidising agent. It oxidises the H, produced to water and itself gets reduced to any of
the nitrogen oxides (N,O, NO, NO2). But _____________ and _____________ react with
very dilute HNO3 to evolve H2 gas.
A. Pb, Cu B. Na, K C. Mg, Mn D. Al, Zn
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3. 4.How
Which of the following metals reacts vigorously with oxygen?
are separation techniques for gangue removal determined in
A. Zinc B. Magnesium C. Sodium D. Copper
metal extraction?
2. An
Sol ionic
o compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together by ionic bonds. An ionic
bond is the type of chemical bond in which two oppositely charged ions are held through electrostatic
forces. We 1. know
Gangue refers
that metal tohave
atoms impurities likevalence
loosely bound soil and sand in
electrons present in ores.
their valence shell and
non-metal atoms need electrons in their valence shell to attain noble gas configuration. The metal atom
loses the 2. Removing
valence electronsgangue is essential
while non-metal to ensure
atom accepts the purity
these electrons. of the
By losing extracted
electrons, metal
atoms change to cations and by accepting electrons, non-metals form
metal and prevent interference with the extraction process. anions. Ionic compounds are
generally solid and exist in the form of crystal. They have high melting and boiling points.
3. Separation techniques are based on differences in physical or
1. Which of the following can change to a cation?
chemical properties
A. Fluorine B. Oxygen C.between
Potassium D.gangue
Neon and ore components, employing
methods like froth flotation and magnetic separation.
2. Which of the following can change to an anion?
1. The A. Iodine in
metals B. Magnesium
the middleC. Calcium
of the D. Xenon
activity series such as iron, zinc, lead,
3. Ionic compounds are soluble in _____________.
copper, A.
etc., are moderately
Kerosene reactive.
B. Petrol C. Water D. None These
of theseare usually present as sulfides
or carbonates inthe
4. Which of nature.
followingIt is easier
statements to obtain
is correct aboutaionic
metal from its oxide, as
compounds?
I. They
compared to conduct electricityand
its sulphides in solid state.
carbonates. Therefore, before reduction,
II. They conduct electricity in solutions.
the metal sulfides
III. They and
conduct carbonates
electricity in moltenmust
state. be converted into metal oxides.
The sulfide
A. I onlyores areC. converted
B. II only III only D. II into oxides
and III only by heating strongly in the
presence of excess
5.Select air. This
the incorrect process is known as roasting. The carbonate
statement.
ores areA. Ionic compounds are generally brittle
changed into oxides by heating strongly in limited air. This
B. Ions are the fundamental units of ionic compounds
process C.
isFormation
known as ofcalcination.
ionic bonds involve sharing of electrons
D.NaCl is an ionic compound.
1. Which metals are considered moderately reactive and typically found in the middle
of the activity series?
2. Why is it easier to obtain metal from its oxide rather than its sulfides or
carbonates?
3. What is the process used to convert metal sulfides into oxides, and what is it
called?
Sol o
1. Metals such as iron, zinc, lead, copper, etc., are considered moderately
reactive and are located in the middle of the activity series.
2. Obtaining a metal from its oxide is easier because metal oxides are
generally more readily reducible than metal sulphides or carbonates.
3. The process used to convert metal sulphides into oxides is called
"roasting," which involves heating strongly in the presence of excess air.