3.

82

1 1
CIRCUT ANA
1. Capacitive reactance X, =2rfC 2xIX 50 x 318 x 10
X, = 10SQ
2. RMS V 230
current I= = 23 A
X, 10
I=23 A
3. Voltage equation v= Vm Sin wt
U= V2 x 230 sin (2r x 50) t
v=325.2 sin 314t
Current equation i=l,sin (ot +)
I, =V21= V2 x23 = 32.5 A
=90°

i=32.5 sin (314t +90)

EXAMPLE 44: Find the
reactance of 0.2 H
frequency is the reactance 500 S2? inductor at 50 Hz
frequency. At wha
LOTS
(AUECE- Nov 2005)
Solution:
Reactance X, =2rfL =2r x 50 x
0.2 =62.83 Q
X, = 62.83 Q
Reactance = 500
2=2rf
500
f=
2 x 0.2 = 397.88 Hz

3.11 SERIES CIRCUIT

f=397.88 Hz
Learning Objective (LO 11)
Students will be able to derive an
power, expression for
circuit. instantaneous power and power factor foraverage power, apparent
kL, RCand RLC series
3.11.1 RL Series Circuit
Figure 3.26 shows RL series
series. circuit. Here, resistor and inductor are
connected in
 3.83
SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE ANALYSIS
R L
O000

(N

Fig. 3.26
where
R-Resistance in 2
L- Inductance in Henry
I-Current flowing in RL series circuit
V-Input voltage
V¹-Voltage drop across R=IR
=IX,
V, - Voltage drop across L
reactance in l= 2fL
X, - Inductive circuit, V and I are in
In a resistive
circuit with resistor only.
First we consider,
phase. This isshown in figure 3.27.
I

Flg. 3.27
only. Here, current I is said to be
consider, circuit with inductor
Secondly, we
V,. Itis shown in figure 3.28.
respect to
lagging by 90° with

90°

Fig. 3.28
RL
can get phasor diagram for
we
figures 3.27 and 3.28,
Combining these two
is shown in figure 3.29.
Series circuit. It
 3.84
CIRCUIT ANALYSIs
Impedance Z=R +jX,- |Z| =VR+XË
V
V

V=V+,
Phase angle = tan R
R
Power factor =coso(lag)= Z
90

Apparent power S =|V| |I|

Real Power P= |V I cos =S cos Fig. 3.29

Reactive Power Q= |V |I|sin=S sin ¢

EXAMPLE 45: A coil having a resistance of 72 and an inductance of 31.8 mH is
connected to 230 V50 Hz supply. Calculate the circuit current, phase angle, power fuctor
and power consumed.
LOTS (AU, Chennai/EEE - May 2009)
Solution:

Inductive reactance X, = 2rfL= 2xrx 50 x31.8x 10= 10 2

Impedance Z= VR'+X =V7+10 = 12.2 2 0000
72 31.8mH I
V 230
Current I 12.2
=18.85 A

Phase angle = tan R

= tan =55°

Power factor cos ¢= cos 55° = 0.573 (lag) 230V, 5OHz

Power consumed P=VI cos = 230 x18.85x 0.573 = 2484.24 W
EXAMPLE 46: A current of 10 A flows in a circuit with a 30° angle of lag, when the
applied voltage is 100V. Find the resistance, impedance and reactance of the circuit.
LOTS (AU, Chennai/EEE - May 2009)
Solution: R L
0000
I= 10A

100V
USOIDAL STEADY STATE ANALYSIS
3.85

Impedance Z = 100
10 = 102 OR

=30° X, =Z sin
cos =cOs 30° =0.866 (lag) = 10 x 0.5

COs =R =52

R=Z. coso = 10 x 0.866 = 8.66 2

Inductive reactance X, =V2-R' =V10-8.66 =5 2
EXAMPLE 47: A series R -L circuit has R=20 2 and L= 0.05 H and is connected to
250 volts 50cycle source. Calculate (a) the impedance (b) current (e) power factor. Drauw
the phasor diagram.
20 S2 0.05H
LOTS
0000
R L

250 V
50 Hz

Solution:
= 2r x 50 x 0.05 = 15.708 2
Inductive reactance X, = 2rfL A
V=250 20°RB
+j15.708 =25.43238.15°2 38.15o
Impedance Z = R+jX, = 20
250Z0°
Current I=725.43Z38.15
=9.831Z-38.15° A
I=9.831 A
38.15 =0.786 (lag) 10 A current when
Power factor = cOs power and draws
inductive load consumes 1000 W
resistance and inductance of the load.
EXAMPLE 48: An supply. Determine the
25 Hz (AU/EEE - May 2007)
Connected to a 250V,

LOTS
Inductive load
Solution: iR 0000
P1000W
4 E10A

250V, 25Hz
 CIRCUIT ANA
3.88

1 1
Admittance Y= 100. 197
10s
Y=9.98 x
230 2.295 A
Current 100. 197
I=2.295 A

Vp= IR=2.295 x 100= 229.5 V

Voltage across resistor
Vp= 229.5V

=IX, = 2.295 x 6.283

Voltage across inductor V,
V, = 14.42 V

Apparent power S=VI=230 x2.295

S= 527.85 VA

Active power P =IR= 2.295x 100

P=526.7 W

R 100
Power factor cos 9=7 100.197 =0.998 lag
cos = 0.998 (lag)
3.11.2 RC SERIES CIRCUIT
in
Figure 3.30 shows RC series circuit. Here, resistor and capacitor are connected
series.

R C

Fig. 3.30
SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE ANALYSIS 3.89

where

R- Resistance in 2
C- Capacitance in F
I-Current flowing through the RC circuit
V- Input voltage
VR-Voltage drop across resistance =IR
Vo-Voltage drop across capacitance =LXÇ
1
X¢- 2rfC =Capacitive reactance
First, we consider circuit with resistor only. In a resistive circuit, V and I are in
phase. It is shown in figure 3.31.
I

Fig. 3.31
to be
consider circuit with capacitor only. Here, current I is said
Secondly, we
is shown in figure 3.32.
leading by 90° with respect to V,. It
90°

Fig. 3.32

we can get phasor diagram for RC

figures 3.3land 3.32,
Combining these two
circuit. It is shown in figure 3.33.
series
circuit,
In this RC
Z=R+(-jX,)= |2|VR+X 90
Impedance
tan-1
9= R
Phase angle
R
(lead)
= Z EV=VV+V
Power factor = COS
| V| |I| Vc
Apparent power S= cos¢ Fig. 3.33
P= |V| |I|
Real power
power Q=|V|| | sin
Reactive
 3.90

EXAMPLE 51: A series R-C circuit with R= 202 and C = 127 u F has
CIRCUIT ANALYS
supply connected to it. Find (a) the impedance (b) 160
Draw the phasor diagram. current (c) power factor V, 50 H
(d)
LOTS B
powe
20 2 127 uF
I = 5 Z 5 1 . 3 ° A

=51.3°
160 V V= 160 Z0°V
50 Hz

Solution :

Capacitive reactance Xr =2rfC =25 2

2T x 50 x 127x 10-6
Impedance Z = R-jXç= 20 -j25 = 322-51.3°2
Current I= 160Z0°
= 5251,3° A
322-51.3°
R 20
Power factor =
|Z| 32 =0.625 (lead)
Power =
|VI coso = 160 x 5 x 0.625= 500 W
Figure shown above, represents the
phasor diagram of RC series circuit.
EXAMPLE 52: Find the apparent power, real power and
shown in figure. reactive power for the circut
HOTS
(AU/ECE - May 2007)
100 200 Q

5020°V

Solution :

R= 1002; Xo= 200 2