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Management of Floral Waste by Conversion to Value-Added Products and

Their Other Applications

Article in Waste and Biomass Valorization · January 2018

DOI: 10.1007/s12649-016-9763-2

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Waste Biomass Valor
DOI 10.1007/s12649-016-9763-2

REVIEW

Management of Floral Waste by Conversion to Value-Added

Products and Their Other Applications
M. S. Waghmode1 • A. B. Gunjal2 • N. N. Nawani3 • N. N. Patil1

Received: 3 May 2016 / Accepted: 31 October 2016

Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016

Abstract Solid waste disposal is major problem in the wastes. The review also focuses on important application
world. Agricultural residues, temple waste, domestic waste, of floral wastes in biosorption which will help in the
non-edible oil cakes waste are enriched with carbon con- treatment of waste waters and other industrial effluents.
tent. Landfilling remediation approach is used for disposal This will resolve the problems of disposal of floral waste
of organic waste. Floral waste is one of the major concern. and ultimately the water and environmental pollution will
Flowers have applications in many industries viz; per- also be reduced.
fumes, cosmetics, food, liquor and textile industries. Dis-
posal of flowers in rivers, oceans, etc. leads to water Keywords Value-added products
Floral waste
Solid
pollution as well as affects the living organisms present in state fermentation
Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-
the waters. This review describes the management of floral hydroxyvalerate
Biofuels
wastes by solid state fermentation for the conversion into
different value-added products viz; compost; biofuels;
biogas; bioethanol; organic acids; pigments; dyes; poly- Introduction
hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate production; food
products; biosurfactants production; sugar syrup; incense Waste disposal is a major concern in the world. Diversity
sticks; etc. The floral waste is also a source for handmade in the content of waste create problem in its reduction. Safe
paper production. These value-added products will have disposal of floral waste has been a cause of concern for the
different applications; viz; compost can be used for various temple management. The floral waste is directly disposed
plant growth; biogas for electricity generation; food prod- into the rivers, oceans, etc. which has bad impact on the
ucts as nutrients and additives. The dyes and pigments from water quality as well the living organisms present in the
floral wastes will have applications in various textile waters. Flowers come as waste from hotels, wedding cer-
industries; while biofuels and bioethanol can solve the emony gardens, worship places and various civilizing and
problem of energy crisis. The waste can thus be converted sacred ceremonies, which make them a usual source of
into wealth. The review highlights the industrial applica- floral waste. Flowers are considered as holy entities and
tions of value-added products obtained from the floral hence are offered by pilgrims to their idols. Every day
these flowers offered by the devotees in temples are left
unused and therefore become waste. This flower waste gets
& N. N. Patil accumulated at religious sites like Temples, Mosques and
[email protected]
Gurudwaras due to a number of religious practices and is
1
Department of Microbiology, PDEA’s Annasaheb Magar also generated in places like residential areas, community
Mahavidyalaya, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India centers, etc. In India, West Bengal is in 4th position to
2
Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune promote flowers after Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and
University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India Tamilnadu. Banaras, one of the holiest cities of the coun-
3
D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, try, has no policy for the disposal of the tones of was-
D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India te.Every day waste material weighing 3.5–4.0 ton is left

123
 Waste Biomass Valor

behind in the city of temples [1]. Another example is of waters and other industrial effluents. This will resolve the
floral waste generation in the temples of Chitrakot. Every problems of disposal of floral waste and ultimately the
day many devotees offer flowers in the temples of Chi- water and environmental pollution will also be reduced.
trakoot. There are two main places where flowers are sold. Also, there are very few reports on the management of
One is situated in the Ramghat on the bank of river Man- floral wastes by conversion to value-added products.
dakini and another on the platform of Lord Kamtanathji.
Total floral waste in Ramghat and plateform of Lord
Kamtanathji generated is 5.48 ton year-1. Other place Floral Wastes Disposal and Problems Associated
where the floral waste generated is Prasadam, which was Due to Their Improper Disposal
found to be 2.08 ton year-1. The Varanasi Nagar Nigam
estimates the quantity of floral waste to be 10 ton day-1 in There are some standard disposal and treatment options,
the city. The status of offered flowers in selected temples of landfilling; incineration which is controlled combustion of
Chennai is shown in Table 1. Degradation of floral waste is waste materials to a non-combustible residue or ash and
a extremely slow process as compared to degradation of exhaust gases. In USA and Europe, incineration is pre-
kitchen waste [2]. Hence proper and eco-friendly process ferred for many organic hazardous and toxic waste streams.
for floral waste treatment are required. Studies reveal the In land treatment final state of the waste is disposed by
management and utilization of flower waste can been car- making intimate contact with the soil. The land treatment
ried out. The waste of flower in Durga temple, Durgakund exploits the natural capacity of the soil to return substances
Varanasi includes Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Gudhal); in case to a condition forthcoming the unique state from which
of Vishwanath temple marigold (Genda) flower with rose they were won by a process of extraction and purification.
and in shiv temple Mrityujaya mahadev, Visheshwarganj, Volatilization method is also used for the treatment and
Varanasi the flower waste includes Calotropis gigantea disposal of wastes. It is effective for the removal of volatile
(Madar). The Dutch produces 4.32 billion tulip flowers compounds from soil by using commercial units that heat
each year, 2.3 billion are grown into cut flowers. Of these, up the soil to between 100 and 500 A °C. Dried and
1.3 billion (57%) are sold in the Netherlands as cut flowers decayed flowers are considered waste material and thus,
630 million bulbs and 370 million are exported in Europe dumped in landfills, various waterbodies, etc. The example
and outside of Europe). The percentage of flowers sold and is of a country like Srilanka and India, where about 40% of
unsold and remaining disposed to waterbodies and as the total production of flowers are unsold and wasted daily
garbage is represented in Fig. 1. Some flower merchants [4]. These flowers are thrown into water or dumped into
dump flower wastes in the street which might lead to landside causing water pollution as well as environmental
outbreak of serve endemic diseases as the garbage attracts pollution [5]. Many of us avoid throwing flowers and other
pests [3]. During rainy season, the condition becomes items which are used for prayers in the garbage and instead
worse with mosquitoes and flies breeding on the waste. put them in the plastic bags and throw them directly in the
Also there is a serious issue of the leachate production from water bodies. Such disposal of waste creates problems like
the flower waste, which ultimately if mixed with river eel and worm development, water and land pollution and
water or well water will cause health issues. There are very foul odor. Solid waste and littering can degrade the phys-
few reports on management of floral waste. The mini-re- ical appearance of water bodies and cause deterioration of
view here highlights the issues of floral wastes and how the water quality. The floral waste generated gives a filthy look
management of floral waste can be done by converting to the streets and roads and also distorts the image of ghats
them into wealth, i.e., many value-added products. The along the rivers. However, now there is a modern approach
floral wastes can also have important application in to convert the floral wastes into value-added products viz.,
biosorption which will help in the treatment of waste compost; biofuels; bioethanol; organic acids; pigments;

Table 1 Status of offered flowers in selected temples of Chennai. Source: [53]

Temple Flowers Quantity of flowers (kg day-1) Quantity of wasted flowers (kg day-1)

Ashtalakshmi, Besantnagar Jasmine, marigold, rose 1000 200

Marudeeshwar, Thiruvanmiyur Jasmine, rose, chrysanthemum 950 125
Kabaleeshwar, Mylapore Rose, marigold, chrysanthemum 2500 800
Murugan, Vadapalani Jasmine, marigold, rose 1500 400
Sri Parthasarathy, Light House Rose, marigold, chrysanthemum 1200 400

123
Waste Biomass Valor

Unsold (40%) Flowers Sold (40%)

Miscellaneous use, Used as

including offerings
decoration

Garbage

Waterbodies

Fig. 1 Percentage of flowers sold and unsold and remaining disposed to waterbodies and as garbage [52]

dyes; polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate production; yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia,
food products; biosurfactants production; sugar syrup; with smaller numbers native to Europe, North Amer-
incense sticks; handmade paper production; etc. ica, and northwest Africa. Species, cultivars and
hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and
often are fragrant.
Flowers, Their Production and Composition The flowers have characteristics patterns on their petals.
The patterns are more distinctive such as pansy’s stripes,
Mahua is a deciduous tree found in tropical rain forests of the fritillary’s checks or the tiger-lily’s dots, or more subtle
Asian and Australian continents [6]. The flowers and seeds in the form of characteristic veins in the petals.The FTIR
of mahua tree are very useful in Indian sub-continent and re and scanning electron microscope images of dried and
employed to produce biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel crushed marigold flower is represented in Fig. 2 and
from flowers. The annual production of mahua flowers in Fig. 3a–c respectively.
India during 2001 was about 45,000 Megaton [7], which The FTIR peak value of dried and crushed marigold
has remained constant during 2005 [8]. The edible part of flower is represented in Table 2. The FTIR spectroscopic
the mahua plant is its flower. Various fermentable sugars analyses revealed the presence of different functional
(glucose, fructose and maltose) in ethanol extract of mahua groups present in dried and crushed marigold flower in the
flowers by thin layer chromatography (TLC) have been form of peaks. The results of FTIR spectrum showed a
analyzed [8]. frequency range 3986.5 cm-1 representing the OH
Safflower (Carthamus tincttiorius L.) is world’s oldest stretching and indicated the presence of alcohol and phe-
crops which is highly branched, herbaceous, thistle like nol. The peak obtained at 2953.6 cm-1 indicated the C–H
annual herb. The color of flower varies from whitish yellow stretching and indicated the presence of alkanes. The peak
to red orange. India is the largest producer of safflower (2 obtained at 1416.1 and 604.80 cm-1 indicated the –C=C–
lakh ton) in world with highest acreage (4.3 lakh hectare). stretching and –C (triple bond) CH: C–H bend and mainly
The valuable safflower petals are being wasted and its the presence of alkynes. The peak obtained at 1723.6 cm-1
therapeutic value is also ignored. Safflower composition indicated the N–H bending and showed the presence of
(mg/100 g): potassium: 3992; calcium: 558; magnesium: primary alkanes. The peak obtained at 1416.1 cm-1 indi-
207; iron: 55; sodium: 1043; manganese: 4.34; zinc: 2.88; cated the C–C stretching and showed the presence of aro-
total sugar: 7.36% and protein: 12.86%. matic compound. The peak obtained at 1034.5 cm-1
African Marigold flowers are seen in different colors, indicated the C–N stretching and confirmed the presence of
i.e., orange, yellow, gold and bronze. aliphatic amines. The peak obtained at 827.1 cm-1 indi-
Rose flowers vary in size and shape and are usually cated the N–H bending and confirmed the presence of
large and showy, in colors ranging from white through amines.

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 Waste Biomass Valor

Fig. 2 FTIR image of the dried

and crushed marigold flower

Fig. 3 a, b and c Scanning electron microscope image of dried and crushed marigold flower

Fermentation using free and immobilized yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae

[8] and 8.94% ethanol yield from mahua (Madhuca indica
There are reports on bioethanol production using solid state J.F. Gmel) flowers using soil bacteria [9]. Also there is a
fermentation technique. There is a report on ethanol fer- report on ethanol fermentation of mahua flowers using free
mentation of mahua flowers (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers and immobilized bacteria Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92.

123
Waste Biomass Valor

Table 2 FTIR peak value of

Peak value frequency (cm-1) Bond Functional group
dried and crushed marigold
flower 3986.5 O–H stretch Alcohols/phenols
3710.8 O–H stretch Alcohols/phenols
2953.6 C–H stretch Alkanes
2348.0 – Unknown
1723.6 N–H bend Primary alkanes
1416.1 C–C stretch Aromatics
1034.5 C–N stretch Aliphatic amines
827.1 NH bending Amines
604.8 –C(triple bond) C–H:C–H bend Alkynes

Solid State Fermentation (SSF) polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate production; food

products; biosurfactants production; sugar syrup; incense
SSF is the fermentation process occurring in the absence or sticks; etc. The floral waste is also a source for handmade
near-absence of free water. SSF processes employ a natural paper production.
raw material as carbon and energy source. Solid substrates
generally provide a good dwelling environment to the
microbial flora comprising bacteria, yeast and fungi [9]. Compost/Soil Conditioner
SSF has been used for the production of value-added
compounds viz., enzymes, organic acids, biopesticides, Flowers can be used as substrate for vermicomposting.
biofuel and flavours. In the last years, new applications of Vermicomposting is a suitable technology for bioconver-
SSF in the environmental control have been developed sion of flowers into value-added compost and reduction of
including bioremediation and biodegradation of hazardous solid waste pollution. It can be successfully applied in
compounds and the detoxification of agroindustrial resi- temples as a solid waste management strategy with flowers
dues. SSF for the production of ethanol from mahua as the major organic waste. This can be important alter-
flowers has been studied. The highest ethanol productivity native approach in sustainable waste management. Ver-
(3.13 g kg-1 flower h-1), yeast biomass (18.5 9 108 micomposting technology for bioconversion of flowers into
cfu g-1 flower), the ethanol yield (58.44 g 100 g-1 sugar value-added compost will help reduce volume of temple
consumed) and the fermentation efficiency (77.1%) were waste and also generate additional revenue for the temples.
obtained [10]. There is a report on Eucalyptus citriodora The organic fractions of flower waste vermicompost and
flowers as fermentable substrate [11]. microorganisms in the biofertilizers can be an alternative to
chemical fertilizers to improve the growth and yield of
various plants. There is a report of solid waste management
Types of Fermentation and Advantages of Flower of temple floral offerings by vermicomposting using
as Fermentable Substrate Eisenia fetida [13]. The main advantage of vermicom-
posting is that it is one of the eco-friendly technology since
There are various types of fermentation viz., ethanol, lactic it overcomes the problem of organic waste disposal and
acid, propionate, mixed acid and butanediol, butyrate and also alleviates the odor problem. Vermicomposting also
acetone–butanol and homolactate fermentation. Various cleans the environment and provides remunerative organic
substrates are used which are agroindustry by-products; manure. Mahua floral waste can be converted into a com-
sugars; organic acids; polyols; etc. Flower wastes have post or soil conditioner, a value-added product. The com-
many distinct advantages for use as fermentable substrate, post or soil conditioner from mahua floral waste can be
viz., high content of sugars; available freely everywhere on used to increase the growth of many plants. Kashi Vish-
earth and economical [12]. wanath temple which draws maximum devotees all round
the year, especially in the month of Shrawan, has its own
system for the disposal of the hundreds of kg of waste
Value-added Products from Floral Wastes resulting from offerings by devotees. Another case in point
is the Vishwanath temple, where floral waste is converted
The solid state fermentation can help convert floral waste into manure [1]. The conversion of floral wastes into ver-
into many value-added products viz., compost; biofuels; micompost using floral wastes (rose, jaswand and mogra)
bioethanol; organic acids; pigments; dyes; [14]. The vermicompost obtained was rich in carbon

123
 Waste Biomass Valor

(28%), nitrogen (1.58%), phosphorus (0.33%) and potas- production using floral wastes as raw material [19]. There
sium (0.28%). The vermicomposting has been carried to is a report on biogas production from rose by anaerobic
convert floral waste into useful organic fertilizer [15, 16]. digestion in a batch reactor [20]. The biogas from floral
The temple near SIES Nerul, Thane have undertaken pro- waste can be used for electricity generation and as a fuel.
ject where the floral waste (flowers; garlands and offerings) The amount of biogas kg-1 substrate from flower wastes in
which otherwise were thrown in the municipal bin are now Kenya is shown in Table 3, where the amount of biogas
converted into nutrient rich manure. The nutrient rich kg-1 substrate is more from silk tree Mimosa. The flow
manure formed can be used as additive for providing the diagram representing flower as fermentable substrate in
nutrients for the growth of the plants which is very fermentation for biofuels and biodiesel production is shown
essential. In Kenya, the floral waste generated is converted in Fig. 5.
to compost and soil conditioner. The vermicompost pro-
duction from floral wastes is shown in Fig. 4.
Organic Acids, Dyes and Pigments

Biofuels, Bioethanol and Biogas Production In India, major raw material for oxalic acid is sugarcane. In
view of the occurrence of more sugar in mahua flowers, it
Microorganisms are used as a tool by fermentation constitutes an alternate potential to oxalic acid production
biotechnologists for the conversion of sugar into ethyl [21]. Oxalic acid is largely used as a preservative and
alcohol. Due to severe energy crisis in today’s world, chelating agent. There is a report where marigold and rose
ethanol is considered most suitable energy source amongst flowers from temples of Aurangabad have been used for
different fossil fuels. In India, various parts of Andhra the preparation of dyes [22]. Biodegradable dyes have
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, some tribal commu- emerged as important alternative to synthetic dyes. There is
nities are involved in cultivating and harvesting mahua a report on use of petal part of the saffron flower to extract
flowers for alcoholic beverages using traditional methods. dye for application on the Pashmina shawl [23]. The
Mahua flowers are used for the production of vinegar and potential use of Hibiscus as a natural dye in textile col-
alcohol production. Preparation of sugars and analysis of oration has been reported [24]. The extraction of dyes from
flowers from various districts have been studied. The uti- floral wastes is represented in Fig. 6. The main advantage
lization of mahua flower as a substrate for the production of of floral dyes is that they are very eco-friendly and have no
ethanol through submerged fermentation is of great eco- allergic action on skin. Also, flowers are cultivated widely;
nomic advantage [17]. Flowers which are available in easily available and inexpensive, which facilitates their use
abundance in India including the immediate environment is for dyeing paper at the level of small and medium enter-
a very good feedstock for biogas production [18]. Flowers prises as well as larger commercial scale. There is a report
give high yields of biogas and at faster rate which is where patuletin dye extracted from marigold (Tagetes
important advantage. Study has been done on biogas erecta L) and French marigold floral wastes (Tagetes pat-
ula L) is used in textile industries and also in antioxidant
Floral waste treatment [25]. Flowers have colours due to carotenoids,
betalains and anthocyanins [26]. Antioxidant and radical
scavenging activity of betalains shows its future use in
Floral waste shred; air dry and precompost
medicine [27, 28]. Safflower pigments viz. red (carthamin)
and yellow (carthamidin) are used as material for dye

Preparation of verm beds by mixing processed floral waste with cowdung

Table 3 Amount of biogas kg-1 substrate from flower wastes in
Kenya. Source: [18]
Substrate Biogas (kg-1 substrate)

African wattle 10.92

Alternate watering
Roselle 5.18
Nile tulip flower 5.38
Silk tree mimosa 23.73
Sunset flower 2.73
Vermicompost
Jasmine 6.07
Fig. 4 Flowsheet showing vermicompost from the floral wastes

123
Waste Biomass Valor

Fig. 5 Flow diagram Flowers Pretreatment Saccharification

representing flower as
fermentable substrate in
fermentation for biofuels and
biodiesel production

Fermentation Biofuels; Biodiesel

(broilers, in particular) is affected by the composition

Dry in sunlight
especially the carotenoid content of their diet. Extract of
marigold flowers is used commercially as an additive to
poultry feed to improve the bird and egg yolk pigmentation
[33]. Carotenoids, in particular the xanthophylls, lutein and
Crush in mixer zeaxanthin are the compounds of interest in the marigold
flower extract for poultry pigmentation [34]. There is a
report on utilization of waste flower Tagetus erecta for
dyeing of cotton, wool and silk on industrial scale [35].
Dissolve in distilled water and boil on a There is also a report on xanthophylls extracted from fer-
heating mantle at 50 oC for 2 h mented African marigold flowers, where xanthophylls
yield of 17.8 g kg-1 dry weight and 65% efficiency were
obtained [36].

Dye content extract with solvent and filter using Whatman filter Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate
paper No.40 Production

Sugars such as sucrose and glucose are the most common

carbon sources used for polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy-
valerate production. Composition of the carbon substrate
Dye solution used for fermentation and utilization of bacterial strain
controls the copolymer production where substrate repre-
Fig. 6 Extraction of dye from floral wastes sents nearly 40% of total cost. So, as alternate to this,
mahua flower extract is used for polyhydroxybutyrate-co-
(textile coloration). Safflower petals contain about 30% hydroxyvalerate production which is a very cheap carbon
yellow and 0.83% red pigment [29, 30]. These pigments source. There is a report on the bacterial synthesis of poly
are widely used as stain, additive in beverages and cos- (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) using carbohydrate
metics, printing, dyeing and as natural food colorant [31]. rich mahua (Madhuca sp.) flowers where mahua flower was
The carthamidin pigment is used in preparation of ice found to be cheaper carbon substrate and can be used for
creams and also many other food products. African mar- the production of polyhydroxyalkonate [37].
igold (Tagetes erecta L.), a major source of carotenoids
and lutein, is grown as a cut flower and a garden flower, in
addition to being grown for its medicinal values. Marigold Food Products
flowers (Tagetes), which are yellow to orange red in color,
are a rich source of lutein, a carotenoid pigment. Nowa- The extract of Mahua flowers is used in food industries for
days, lutein is becoming an increasingly popular active making jams, jellies, biscuits and other food products due
ingredient used in the food industry and textile coloration to its nutritional components viz., vitamins, sugars, amino
[32]. This pigment has acquired greater significance acids, organic acids, enzymes viz., protease and other
because of its excellent color value. Although marigold compounds (betaine, tannins and crude pigments) and
flower extract has been used in veterinary feeds, the antioxidant activity [37, 38]. Figure 7 represents the flow
potential use of marigold as a natural textile colorant has diagram for the bakery products; jam and beverages from
not been exploited to its full extent which is due to the lack mahua flowers. Marigold flowers are natural source of
of information on its safety, stability, and compatibility in xanthophylls and its extract is used as an additive in many
textile coloration. The natural pigmentation of poultry of the food industries.

123
 Waste Biomass Valor

Floral waste Floral waste

Dry in sunlight
Dry in sunlight

Juice

Water extract

Concentrate

Decolorize with decolorizing

agents like slacked lime and
charcoal
Bakery products; Beverages

Fig. 7 Flow diagram for the bakery products and beverages from
mahua flowers

Concentrate
Sugar Syrup

There are reports on preparation of sugar syrup from dry

mahua flowers [39–42]. The production of sugar syrup
from floral waste is represented in Fig. 8. Sugar syrup

Other Applications of Floral Wastes Fig. 8 Production of sugar syrup from floral waste

Biosurfactant Production Medicinal Value of Flowers

Study has been done on biosurfactant production by Mi- Madhuca flowers are used in the treatment of bronchitis
crobispora V2 with Madhuca latifola flower extract med- and also to increase the milk production in feeding mothers
ium having 20 lg mL-1 of anthracene. The biosurfactants [45]. The calendula oil (olive oil infused with dried cal-
have strong antibacterial, antifungal and antivirus activity endula flowers) is a good source of massage oil, which is a
and also play the role of antiadhesive agents to pathogens value added product. Passionflower helps to alleviate
making them useful for treating many diseases as well as anxiety, stress and insomnia; Lily to cure jaundice, respi-
its use as therapeutic and probiotic agent [43]. The pro- ratory and gastro intestinal disorders and Rhododendron
duction of surface active compounds by Microbispora sp. flower juice is used to control high blood pressure. Cha-
V2 using flower extract of Madhuca latifolia L has been momile essential oil is used for healing of skin disorders
studied [44] where the surface active compound produced like eczema and also to relieve muscular cramps. In most
possessed biosurfactant properties. The cell free super- parts of India, rose flowers throughout the year, in a suc-
natants of Madhuca latifolia flower extract medium with cession of flushes of blooms, without having any true
20 lg ml-1 of anthracene reduced the surface tension to dormant period. There is a great scope for commercial
35%. The glycoprotein biosurfacant possessed good wet- cultivation of rose for production of floral extracts. About
ting ability and also showed strong antibacterial, antifungal 80% of rose flower are utilized for rose water, 10% for
and antivirus activity. The study showed that use of Mad- attar, 1–2% for pankhuri and remaining for manufacture of
huca latifolia L. flowers can be potential bioresource for gul-rohan and gulkand. Rose oil is used primarily as a
production of exoploysaccharides having surface active fragrance component for pharmaceutical preparations viz.,
properties [44]. ointments and lotions and is extensively used as a fragrance

123
Waste Biomass Valor

Table 4 Application of floral waste in biosorption studies

Name of flower Scientific name Applications References

Carnation, rose and daisy Dianthus caryophyllus Biosorption of acid blue 9 Echavarria-Alvarez and
Rosa damascena Hormaza Anaguano[54]
Bellis perennis
Red rose Rosa gruss Biosorption of Pb(II) and Co(II) Bhatti et al. [55]
Biomass derived after color Canna indica Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous phase Vankar et al. [56]
extraction of flower Portulaca olecera
Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Medlar male flower Mespilus germanica Biosorption of nickel Chergui et al. [59]
Palm flower Borassus aethiopum Sorption of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) Elangovon et al. [60]

ingredient in perfumes, creams and soaps. Gulkand pre- The handmade paper made from flower waste has many
pared from crushed rose flowers is consumed as tonic and advantages viz., 100% free from wood and all chemicals;
medicine for various ailments. Arnica montana L. is used leaves no harmful by-products during the manufacturing
in traditional and homeopathic medicine [46], and is [52]. Hence, the concept of reduce; reuse and recycle
believed to have antiseptic, antiphlogistic, analgesic, and which is important can be implemented in handmade paper
anti-inflammatory properties [47]. The extract of the plant making. Also, the problem of disposing the floral wastes
is used in liniments [47], and as a topical counterirritant can be solved.
[48]. Saffron petals contain anthocyanin pigments which
belong to a parent class of molecules called flavonoids. Application of Floral Wastes in Biosorption Studies
Phenolic compounds, which include flavonoids and
anthocyanins, are mainly associated with health benefits for Heavy metals are extensively used in industries like elec-
humans and animals. The antioxidant and antimicrobial troplating, paint pigments, steel works, electrical accumu-
properties of saffron have been noticed in recent years. The lators, batteries, etc. These metals cannot be degraded
beneficial effects derived from phenolic compounds have biologically into harmless products and are mostly dis-
been attributed to their antioxidant activity. Antioxidant posed in water [57]. Biosorption is a attractive technology
properties of pigments in flowers like carotenoid, betalain for removal of heavy metal ions which utilizes low-cost
and anthocyanins leads to its applicability in treating biosorbents [58]. The application of floral waste in
human cancer [27, 49, 50]. biosorption is represented in Table 4.

Incense Sticks and Rose Water Using Floral Wastes

Conclusions
Methods have been developed to make herbal incense
sticks using floral wastes. Flowers like Genda are used to The review describes the management of floral wastes by
make incense sticks, while roses are converted to rose conversion into different value-added products viz., com-
water. In Lucknow at Kathwara village the Chandrika devi post; biofuels; biogas; bioethanol; organic acids; pigments;
temple, huge quantity of flowers is offered to the deity dyes; polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate production;
everyday. The womenfolk use these floral waste to make food products; biosurfactants production; sugar syrup. The
incense sticks and sell to the small time retailers in the floral waste also have other applications viz., making of
village markets, which becomes a source of income for incense sticks; handmade paper production; etc. The value-
them. added products obtained from floral wastes viz; compost
can be used for various plant growth; biogas for electricity
Floral Waste as Source of Raw Material generation; food products as nutrients and additives. The
for Handmade Paper Production dyes and pigments from floral wastes will have applica-
tions in various textile industries; while biofuels and
Flower waste management from temples can serve as a bioethanol can solve the problem of energy crisis. The
sustainable source of raw material for handmade paper waste can thus be converted into wealth. The floral wastes
production [51]. This method not only reduces the gener- can have important application in biosorption which will
ally discarded waste produced by city temples, but also help in the treatment of waste waters and other industrial
recycles and reuses it as an environment friendly paper. effluents. This will resolve the problems of disposal of

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floral waste and ultimately the water and environmental 17. Benerji, D., Ayyanna, C., Rajini, K., Rao, B., Banerjee, D., et al.:
pollution will also be reduced. Further research should be Studies on physico-chemical and nutritional parameters for the
production of ethanol from mahua flower (Madhuca indica) using
carried out for the conversion of waste flowers into wealth. Saccharomyces cerevisiae—3090 through submerged fermenta-
Novel approaches should be investigated for use of organic tion (smf). J. Microb. Biochem. Technol. 2, 46–50 (2010)
waste. Bioremediation of floral wastes are of high impor- 18. Ranjitha, J., Vijayalakshmi, S., Vijayakumar, P., Ralph, N.:
tance. The significance of the review is that it describes Production of biogas from flowers and vegetable wastes using
anaerobic digestion. Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol. 3, 279–283 (2014)
management of floral waste and also how the waste can be 19. Singh, P., Bajpai, U.: Anaerobic digestion of flower waste for
converted to wealth. The significance The exploitation of methane production: an alternative energy source. Environ. Prog.
the floral waste will have benefit in bioeconomy as the Sustain. Energy 31, 637–641 (2012)
floral waste will be converted to different value-added 20. Kumar, M., Swapnavahini, K.: Nutrient reduction and biogas
production of rose residue by anaerobic digestion in a batch
products which will have different applications. reactor. Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Technol. 1, 125–129 (2012)
21. Das, B.: Identification of abiotic and biotic factors causing
deterioration during storage and development of storage tech-
niques for mahua (Madhuca indica Syn. Bassia latifolia) flowers.
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