al eRe Cts 4.] Atomic Masses oL 2. Atomic Number(z) and Mass Number (A) OU B.| Nuclear Size 4 Nuclear Density °3 4, | Tsotopes , Isobars and TIsotones ou S-] Nuclear Binding Enagy os- 6+} Nuclear Fores 08 7. | Necture of Nuclear forces (Meson Theory) lo 8] Nuclear Stabi hity a S36] Radioactivity i Jo] Notuw of «8 ond + Yous 12 11.] Propetkes of A B and r- roy 13 42] Laws of Radioactive haircegration as 13] Half Life of Redliractive element 7 4) Average! Mean Life of Radisactive elanent 18 IS}, B and olecouy Lo 'C) Nudear Reaction ey 'l-| Nuclear Fission 2s 18,J Nuclean Chain Reaction as 19] Nuclear Reactor 26 20.) Nuclear Fusion 29 a1] Didfowmee between Nuclear Fission a6 and Nudear Fusion 22.1 Very Important Questions13. NUCLEI Atomic Masses —- The unit in which atomic and nuckor masses ane measurecl Js Colleol atomic mass unit Camu) One ‘amu.’ ds oltfined as ta of the mass of an atom of 6C% Tt is olnoted by u! As Avogadro's number = 6.023 x 107% 2 Moss of one atm of C = —12 t b 6.023 x 1029 g By definition 1b amu. = fo” mass of ont atom of 1 amu = ax fi 12 023x107? = 1eex16 Mg, = Ie - 27 Lamu. = 166 X10?” Kg. Im terms of amu., mass of an electron. Me = O:00056 UL. PIAA ob a Proton Mp = L007 U. mars of & Neutron Mn = [0086 U4. Electron Volt C ev)- It tb the small unit of enegy. One electon volt VS the energy gaineol by an electon, when accelerate th a potendral Pee & one Vel. og Energy = Werk clone = Charge x Potential ley « 19 i vo = peor2xlol?x 2 or tev = Jborxso'? Accorcling Ao the Einstein Mars -ensragy equivalence - Esme taking m= Lamu = 166 x10 Teg and Ce 3xlo8mjso Ee = (1-66 xto">7) (ax po®) = P49 xpoly Hence E= 4a! - gat js x10% ev Lexro !? He Lamu. = 93tus Mev Discovery of Neutron - A neutron us @ neutral particle Conrying no and having mass equal roughly do the mass of Q proton. The neutron was cliscoversl experimentally by chadwik- Chadwik observed that when Beryllium was ‘bomberrd with Abha particles , some nentral particles sere emitled, whose more id equal to the mars of @ proton. A Free newton is Unstable anol has a mean Aife dime of 1000s. Newton is stable inside the nucleus, Atomic Number (z) - Tt WD the number of protons pauent inside the nucleus of an atom of the element. Tt wa represented by Re Z = Number of Protons = Number of elecfroms Mass Number (A) - Tt 44 the total number of protons and neutrons Present inside the atomic nucleus of He element. Tt As represented by A. A = Numba. of nucleons (newtrn+ Proton) A-Z = number of neutrons A nuclice is repauented ak 2x4, whine x is the chemical Symbol of the element. 2 137 as Examples - .C 27Au rn ete,Nuclear Size - Experimental measwement shows that the volume of @ nucleus us proportional to iks mass number A. Th Rid the raclius of the nucleus, then its volume aA ane ax A or R « AMS or | R= RAB Whine Re iS a Constant whose value is t.2x0!Sm. *# AS A ds lt for olifferent olements, therefore atomic nuclei of ai nt elements have clifferent sizes. Nuclear Density - Density of anuclens ds the ratio af mars of nucleus to ots volume. Ig mus av mass of a nucleon amd R us the nuclear TAOKUA , then mars of nucleus = MA Where A lb the mass number of the element. Volume of Nucleus = ene _ Em(RP A) Density of Nucleus = a sin S$ TRA 47 RE or Pos _3xbeexie?? eS AEGIS a . 17 4x24 x (roles = 2-29X]6 Ka |mn® KHenee density of nucleus ia same for all the elements, which us very Aorge a Compartd Jo olensity of ordinary matter.Lsotopes~ Tscotvupes of an element ae Hat atoms which heave the Same atomic number byt olifferont atomic weights. Example ~ ;H', 1H”, 1H? are isotopes of hychogen , cee <', wf acts ie ake the isdtopde of Cecsubon - As ésotopes of ax element have the Same atomic number, Ken Huse have iolentital Chemical properties , but clue to otifferrnt ohmic wei thair physica) properties Tre ofomic Roger an element id tre weighted a of the masses of ats isotopes. For example, neon hos uso isotopes Of marse& 20 and 22 hich occur in the vetio 9:1. mi i 5 _20x9 +22x1 Averoge atomic. weight oy nzon 423 = 20°22 But mass numbor is ah veprrserted by an integer an ut represents the number of nucleons ‘in the nucleus, Tsobars - Tsobors are the atoms of olifferent elements cich have the same atomic weight buf Ui fferent atomic numben Example: ne anol toNe™ arg tsobara ete, The Chemicod properties 64 tsobane Gre differnt duc to different atomic number but thy Physical properties mou be tolnHeal duc +o. same atomic wel , 40 Ore isobar, 2,C4° anol AtLsotones - Tsotones are the atoms Cy different ehements whith Contain te Aame number of neuhons, Aence in thuir Cost, (A-t) =N Ud the Same, Examples ,c1°7 and <>? are isolones, Stent) anda 1H? and 2He! are lsotone, Nuclear Binding Energy - Binoling energy af a nucleus is the birth which nucleons ake bound tn the nucleus. Té da nieasured be work required 40 Aepaorode the nucleons at infinite tan apart from the nucleus , so that m not interact each othn, i oe Mass Defect- The olifference betwen the sum of tre masses of neutrons and peotons poming a nucleus and maxs of the nucleus 1s callecl mass ect. This mass Afect appears in the form of bindin nat which 4s responsible. for bincling the nucleon nga In nucleus. Nuclear Binoling Energy = Mars olepect x Velocity of uy F Bec. = [emp +la-z)m, — my ]xc® | or Belin Mevy= [mass clefect in amu. 7] x 931 Average Binding Enegy per nucleon of a Nucteus - Tt is the average enigy we have to spend to Yemove a nucleon fon nuel do infinite distance - Tt ww Gren by the total binding energy cevided by the mos number of te nucleus.i z R B £ wi 2 | g 5 7] z ol ! 0 50 700 750 200 250 Mass Number (A) => The graph between binding enagy per ruclron anol mars number (A) shows Ie following facts: Ci) Averoge bincling enagy of Light nucle Like jH', 1H, aH? is Amal. (ti) There are shorply lefned peaks Corresponeling to aHet , ¢c’*, 0% F hich vepreaents that Huse niche are selativ more stable than the ofher nucle in their neighbour hood. (li) The Be Curve has 4 maximum value in the range Azo 40 A= luo Conceapending to avercge bindi enngy per nuckon = BS Mev. TRe valur ef the maximum Jd ae mev/N for Fem. Henee Iron id He most Atoble clement on the earth, CV) As the moss number increases the B.e./nuclion arertases oma gradually falling 40 about 7.6 Mev per nucleon for U7 Hence. heavy nuclei are Atlatively ws Atable,Tmpoatomee. of Binding eng Curve — CG) When we move frm the heavy nuclei region to the miclelle region of the graph, there will be an Mncrement in the overall bindin enor gy ond hance release af energy > Thin inclicotes thet enrgy can be releareol when a heavy nuckus (A240) breaks Into two ra equal ports, “This procebs is Called nuckar fission. Gi) When we move from Lighter. nuclei to heavier nuclei we find that there 44 9M increment in the overall bimoling enrgy omd hence release of enrgy. This indi- cotes at ener Con be released When two or more. Lighter nuclei (mix) togetan te form a heavy nucleus. This Process 44 Cotliol nuclear fusion. Packing Fraction — Packing fraction of 4 nucleus 48 clepined as the mass eKCeSS per “nucleon - Packing Fraction = Maw Exuns © Mass Number Whre Ms Actual weight of nucle A = Atomic mass number * Pox volun of A g20, packing fraction as positive. * As A increaxes , Pacicing fraction becomes nugedive, and becomes. potitive again ot valuts of A of about 180.a Codeulede the amount of enugy releases oluxing. hs = Es 238 23y Boot the decay of = tt ——> aK + ate Cw thod — foe My = 23805079 U, Ma = 234.0363 UL. omd Me = 4-00260 —~ Mars defect = [2se-0s073 — (2 3y.04363 + 4.00240) } = Oreo usé UL. Hence Eningy Rekoreol O-osusg xX 3931 Mev 4:25 Mev. Nuclear Forces- Nucleon fores are the strong forces of attraction which hold the nueleons ( neutrons and protons) in the ding ruclens of an atom, inspite of Strong electnstotic force of repulsion between protons. Timpostamt characteristics of Nucleon forees - Lid Nuclear. fores act between a pair ob newbs, a pair of protons omdl also between a newhon, protm pair with the some Atrength - ThA Shows thet nuclear foras are indepenclent of charge. Gi) Nuckor forus are the Abonget fers tn noture.TRe nuclear fores is loo times and 10° time stronger than the electrostatic and gravitedional forces Aapectively, Gi) The nuclear fores ant vert Short range forces. ane operative. updo ifn a fes oe ie (iv) Nuclear forws are non control forwr. This Shows thot the olistribution of nuckons in a nucleus is not sphodcolly Aymm edric -(VW) The variation of nucleah foras with the olistance between nucleons is shown in Figure: (a) Nucleay fovs are negligible when cistance between nucleons ib mose than 10 fermi. (b) when nucleons are brought Closer , nuclear force of attraction elwvelops ,rohich increase rapiclly with clecreosing clistance. At distance. 0-8 ferm) forces becomes Atongly attractive. Cc) then distance between nucleons becomes Less than 0-8 fm, the nuclear fores becomes Atwngly repulsive. (viD The vartation 9 potential energy a pair of nucleons as Q a of their gt onl Tt shows thot nuclear for id of attractive rotuar for separation between the nuclei greater than 1 fm ond repulsive. twohin Aeporstion is Ls than 1 fm PE (mev) * PE. is positive for repulsive forus anol jis negative for attrocHve forces. d foNature of Nuclear forces- A Tapanese Physicist Yukawa postulated that nuclear wees between nucleons anise on accourtd of Certinuons exchange of particles called mesons betweon the nucleons. Later on true particles mere oletected experimentally . They were found Jo aoe mars about 270 Limes the mass of an electron. Three. Aypes of mesons were oletected. Mesons carrying. no charge were Cattecl neutral Pi meson (707). Mesons cangying. unit positive Change were Collecl positive pi meson (rt), and mesons Casmuging unit negackive Charge weve called negative Pi meson (3L7~). Meson theory of nuclear forces: Sea Senet se ence CO Gd All nucleoms consist of iclentical Cores Aumoundedl by a pulsating Cloud ef st meson. Gi) The alifferonce betwen a proton and a neuhon is erxsentially in the Composition of their respective meson clouds. Gi) Re force between newton and proton J& chu to exchange. of Chargect meson between them. + Po+m7 =n n?+at = pt Thus proton aol neuton Continuously exchange their by absorbing onal emitting, JL mesons. n— pram and pt—> n°+n* Civ) The forces between a pair of neutrons ov a pair of protons ore the vesult of the exchange of Neutral pi meson (3°) betnnen rem P —> plan? or p+? —-> p! n —> n' +3° or a ee |Nucleay Stability - Nuclear Atability olepencls on following factors: (L) The stability of a nucleus ts cletermined by the value of ts binclin Per nucleon: Higher the B.E./nucleon move Stable is the nucleus. Gi) The stability of a nucleus is also oletermined by 4s newton proton ratio. More is the number of protons in the nucleus, greater is the elechical vepulsive. we between them. Therefore more newhons ar neecleol sto provide the strong attractive forces necessary to Keep the nucleus Atable. Qi The Stebi lity of a nucleus La also oletermimed by The Consideration, that “+ contains an even or odd number of protons omol newhors. A oletoiles! « Shows thet stable nuclei often contains even number. of protons oy newtons or both, Radioactivity - TE Us the property by which a heavy element disintegrates stsels without Being forced by any externas agent “to do so. The element exhibiting, this propocty 4d Called raclioactive element - Examplez- Radium, Thorium, Actinium, Polenium etc. * Natural elements with atomic number greater than 32° ane all radioactive, te. their nucke are unstable. * Experimental clata Shows that the radiations emitted by Yadivactive element consist of three Kinds, which are Calle A,B ond ¥ Yous. All the three types of radiations neeol lot necessarily be emitted by one rvactloactive clement.Nature of a, and ¥ vays — TRe somphe Oh & vacloactive element Jiu pled in a small cavity billed in a Lead block, The Leacl block absorbs all the a, & and x ways , except those through the opening.- The radiations Coming out of the covidy owe. Bisa to an electric fred) ,provictes} by two Charges” plates A-vas Are olflecteo eae Smaltera. angles racer er negative plate. The p-r axe Achlected thro angles towarck the positive plate . The T-vowys a undetected. MAGNETIC ELECTRIC FIELD FIELDS 2 57S peti ~< +4444 RADIUM SAMPLE LEAD BLOCK eo © As opposrte Changes attract each other, st war Concluded that o- rays Consist of a stream of eer Chargeol Particle , Whrreas ~- Yous Comsiat of: ae Changeol past icles. Sines rere a undeplectect hen ut Consist of uncharges| pedicle Same resus were obtained when tere mdiatilons Wwe subjected to the action of a magnetic fietel.Properties of a- rays— (4) A a particle Conries clouble the postive charge of proton and mass of a -particle id ro Powe Airs thot of hydrogen atom. Hence x-partdle Is a Clouds! y lonised helium oom. C2) The velocity of o-parHele ranges heheen 14 xo” m/s to 2-1 x10" Ms, (3) Because of Longe mars ancl ch the penetrat power of a- particles 33 v Small, it being 1/100 dimes thot due +o Be wes omd t/roooo times thot cur An Y- vos. o- particles can eosidy be stoppeol by an aluminium foil only 0-02 mm thick, Cu) Because of mars and velocity , «- particles have Jonge. tonising power. Each o-Pardicle prockes thousands of ¢ons before being absorbed}. CS) o- particles product fluorence in Certain substmes, Aike barium — Plantinocyaniol and Zinc- Sulphiole. C6) a- particles offect Photographie plate slipttly. (7) K-particles cause burns on human body. (&) X-patticles on being Atopped 4 Produce heating effect. (2) a - Particles are olflected by elechic & magnetic fields. Properties of B-rays- (A P-partile Camas bexie!c of ve Charge andl mars of B-particle is 91x10% Kq1 hich Js the some as thot of elechon. (2) The velocity of; B-Particles vanges 23% 4 99% the veloc . Light ae eg - (3) The P- particles affect a photomaphic plate.(4) Because of Small more the peretrating Power. of B-porticles is v. donge. Cen easily pars through & fers millimeter of aluminium ‘sheet. (S) The P-particles lonise the ger thro which pass but their fonising power As ortly A/joo times that of the a-particles, (6) The B-porticles Con also Procluee flourescence In a Substance, Like banium platinogynide and zine sulphide (1) B-particles are Aeplecte of by electric omd mognenic fields Properties of r- vays - (41> ¥- yays are net olpfected by electric ancl 1 fields , hence they ane unchamgedl potdles (Photon). (2) The rest mars of yvay Photon is zaro- (B) Ve vous Havel with the Spee of Light , (ud ¥- x have very lange penetrating power - con pars Bree ae contimetre. of ee andl ade (sD) r- Yays have Vert Amal tonising Power, (6) rex Can produce fluoremcence in Q substrate Like. willimite » (7) Yer affect a photo hic plate mere than x anol Fe eel) (3) vr Can Knock out electons from the surface of a meta}, on which they mneug fall. (eee ey Com Cause nuclear reactions.Laws of Radioactive aii. integration - Rutherford ond soddy fom their experimental study re ing the yadioactive clisi ion formulated the following taws, Know 25 faw of radioactive olisindegradion: ci Raotioactivi ty +4 @ Spontaneous process which aloes not dlepenc) upon externa) factors Like Lenperoture, pressure etc. @) During Asindegration of an atom, eitwr a o-particle ov a B- particle is emiffed . Both of these particles are never emitted simultaneously. Also at a time ,an atom will not emit more than ~ one a- Particle er more than one f- Particle , (3) The emission of o- particle from an atom usill Change vt, info a new atom whose c number. 15 reducecl by two amd mass number js reduceol by four. (4) The emission of P-particle fom an atom will Change. ut, into a new atm where Cc number is raised by one, without any change In ats “mass number, GS) The number ok atoms Higink 0) per seconol (rade. of Aisindegrotion) at any. inst db direct! per tioned do the number of. radioactive atoms actually preserct in the Sample a4 that instant: Let No= total number. of atoms present tn a sample at time t C= dogeNo Hence we get - loge n = WAL + Lope Logen = legeNe = -At ov Leg.) = -At — At & ed oe N = Noe ** Hence St Ws Cleon thet N= 0 Disintegration Constont - Substituting 4: 4, in above equodion weget— Ne Noe te bohen to. > N=Noé? = Mo Thus the disintegration Constant of a radioactive element is the veciprocal of the time at the end of Which, the number of atoms Litt unolec In @ rtackoactve sample Yeduas do (Ye) dimes the original number of atoms (No):Half Life of Raclioactive Element - Hott Life ef a raclioactive element is cepirecl as the dime Cluning which holf the number of cctoms parent initially in the sample clecoys Td is represenfecl by T. 4g T- Thus whan - t= T 5 N=NO/o by egquedion N= Noe At we get — Ble = Noe AT Bue i. et _ At by taking dog of both sicks ; we get— Aoge 2 = AT or T = Leye® = 0-693 A A T = 0-693 a > number of half Life dimesAverage / Mean Life of Radioactive Element - I Ne Av dLife dime of a radioactive element can be obtained! b Calculating the dota) Life Aime of all the atom Gre element ‘and olivicling Sb by the totod number of otoms Present initially tn the sample, Let the sample of radioactive element Containing No adorms at £=0. The number of atoms lft at dime t be Ni. Suppose @ small number of atm’ = dN Hisindeg rade further in a small time ott. Therefore the Life time of each of these AN atoms 3S (t+dt). Th at de taken very Smad , the age of each of the dN atoms Can be taken as t- Teta age of dN otems = tdN Ne Totol Life time of all the atoms in sample = ften ° Avernge Life Lime of tre element (x) = af ean We knew that- oN = -ANet = —A (Noe At) att Hence we. ge - 2 Te 2 Jeane ar)xt or eA Tc = Af te olt { by Teveqreding by parts we get— Ts AT egy - fiw] tT: a[e + 5 Letter] = fe rtow * [FT = b-ch) -4 pte ak Hence qversge Life of a radioactive a clement Ls Yeciprotcad of tHe clecay Consterd.a3 In @ given Sample tur radioactive elements A ard ERE B ake Initialby prsert in the vatio of 1:4. The half dives of A emcl & are respectively Joo years and So Years. Finel the dime after which the amount of A and B become equodt. Sel. Giver that - Nea = 4 5 Tre loovy , Ta=So% Nes 4 Se thal. Aa =©:6233 ome! Aw = 2:6393 10D = ond AR 2 4 Ae a Let cfyter & years, Na = No Se thot_ Na et = No eret eat =4ert LC Nes = 4 Noa] or eOe-rdt 2 gy — An -4rt = loged D> Ant = Lopes £ = beget 2 2x0:693 AA 0: 633/j00 t = 200 Years, a) The holf Life of a radioactive Clement is 205. Colaate Ss (1) Decay Constant, (ii) time taken for the sample to 268 ckecay 2th of the initial vodue. Sel Given thot TT = Qos. i = 0693 = 0°693 Ui) Hence clecay Constant — A 288 2:82 A = oosues st Gi) N= Ne- ENe => ON = M8 . rn nm statin (8) “GP > + 3 (3) =G)P 9 nea sethat thu tent t= BR20O = 606 Sec.Units of Radioactivity - The act vity ef a radioactive source 12 meatuttol by. the vote of clisivlegration of the source. Cornenordy wreal units of raclioactivrhy ane! (1) Cwe (Ci) - PEE ae ack vity of a ractoaetive. savople Js said to be one cutie when 3-7 «id? clecays take place in every one second. 4 ci = 37x10!” decays | sec. (2) Becquae! ( aq) - Tt ds the sx unit of activity. The. rnoloaedtvi J4 Zaid 4o be on Becquadd When 1 cecay take place im ery one Seconol . 1 @q =L cuca | sec, (3) Rutherford CRAd- The ach of a radioachve sample 24 sacl to be one rutherford , when Jof Aecays take place in evo one. second - Alpha , Beta and Gamma elecay- The faolioactive nuclei are unstable and emit radiations Ato acheive states of greater Stability: Tazemission of any of the &, 6 and x radiations charges the original nucleus CPokent nucleus) inte a new nucleus, calles laughter nucleus . The prowrs of radiation Cmtinues Lill @ stable nucleus of Lead (z=82) WB formed.Alpha clecay - Tt UW the phenomena ef emission ef an x particle fem a radteactive nucleus. bohon @ nucleus emits an «x -particle ,uts mass number cLecxeases by 4 and charge number olecreases by2, A-4+ 4 +2He +Q 2X —— 2 Tre tote! maw energy of the clecay products ds Les than the mars entngy of the original nuclel. The cLifferencr. behsen the Initial mars enrgy omol total mass of clecay products 48 catlol clisinteg ration energy CQ) of the process. Hence, Q= [mx -(%y +e) ] ier The enmgy veleazeol CO) 3a Shartol by daughter nudeus ¥ and & - particle - Exarople - een ——> eth + He Beta decay - Beta lecoy 18 the phenomena of emission of an dechon from a “radioactive nucleus, when @ nucleus emits a P-Partce, ks mass number remains same because mars of electron ts negligibly Aowo » oma charge number inerenses by ile 7% 2X — > wi ¥* + PR 4 @ Exanpe sm 4 ———> Pe 4 RP * The principle of Conservation of enxgy Conservation of angular momentum fails in B-clecoy-Neutrino hypothesis - Tn ovdin to save the Law ef Conservation of ‘Paull’? postutated the existence of an electri neutre, Low marr particle that would be emitted along. with the beta porticl, which is Calleol ‘Neutrino’. The neutrino hypothesis implies that a low enengy B-Particle is atrompanied by a hi energy neutrind anol vice-versa, So that Jotal energy & of a & particle and neurino remains constant. Thus thre Law of Conservation of entrgy is followed in P-clecay. Thus fo - clecaus of 9 nucleus may be represented as! A ° 2K — > anY tak 4v48 8 Pp Nucleus Nucleus v v Fitter. neutino has a spin A (dz). Th beth the p parteles and newhino spin In opposite clivechon , then the Spin oY an momentum of daughter, nucleus will be quel se spin [angular momentum of parent nucleus. However when both the B particle anol neuhino Spin tn the Same dtrection then ture will be rier Change In spin or omgulon, momentum of the da nucleus as obdserveol Experimentally,Gamma elecay - Gamma decay is the phenomenon of emission of gamma rey photon m a tadioactive nucleus, This occurs whan an exctecl nucleus makes a transition 404 stote of dower e ~ Hence the electromagnetic waves emitted by excited nuclel are collec ¥-tays. Since photons clo not have ony Change ov vest mass , therefore in r- elecay claugister nucleus has the Same Charge number and same. mass number a& those of parent nucleus. Afserv an a olecay or a B > the ceughter nucleus ds Ubu in an excitesl state dnd tb achieves Stability by the Emission of one or move y- Yay photons Example — bo 60 woxw Cd 202 a 270 > agNi + 4+ «o boKK ta eh, asNi > aenie™ ag Er (ettmev) iad peed 7s 60% 160 2h33Mey asi NI? 4 ey (= paamen) si?Nuclear Reaction - A nuclear reacton repreacnts the thonsformation of one Stolle nucleus into another nucleus by bombaning with suitable high enugy particles. Nuclear reactin Can be represented as - Ate Ata 2x" + aHe ——> zr2C - ee V (A +Q Here X ua the tanget nucleus, bombared by on o - particle. C 4s the Compound nucleus which is unstable. Tt clisinte- odes to ve A product nucleus Y Ono a product Particle (Proton), TRe Yeactorn JA named (%,P) reacton apter the name of the bombartol particle (4) amd product particle Cp). Tr the nuclear reaction & 4s the dotal eng Change in the reaction. Examples oe G) i" +H! —> .B8* —» Hd +.nd (Pa reaction) Gi) sol ayn! > 6c? *™ —s» ce? + on? Cn reaction) Gi) gc 4 yn! —> n®* 8 +e CP, 1 rection) Gv) :H™ 4 yy) —> WH! + on! (Photo isi ntegration) Note :- The & value of nuclear reaction Ja coleuladed fom Einstein's mass equivalence relotio & = (Am)c”. It mov be positive or negative. * A nuclear reaction in which Q volue 48 positive , energy is released, such aveaction us collec excergic. k A nucleon reaction Mh which @ value Js negative, energy has to be supplied before the reaction occurs, such a reaction us called endoergic.Nuclear Fission - Nuclear fission Js the Phenomenon of spittin of a heavy nucleus (A >230) into Awo or more dighter nucled, In this prvcert, Centon mars olis appears ie. sum of the masses of final product is found to be slightly dess than the Sum of the masses of the reactant Compo- cok This difference In masses ds Collicl mans olifect am). Henee Energy veleased in nuclear fission CE) = Amxc® This enurgy appears InN the form of yr. andl Kinetic energy of fission fragment, ie Example - = 23 1 141 92 aU ton — sc Ba” 4 gky + 3erk + @ * The duintegration ergy Ca) in fission, first appears ab the Kinatie enaaga of fragmerds. Afser thot wt is transferred 40 the Suxxoundling matter in the fom of heat. Nuclear Chain Reaction - Nudear chain reachon refers +o a prow in vohich neutnn released in fission produces an additional fission in ot Jaast one furtre nucleus. This nuclems In turn produces neutons omd the procs repects. The process may be Conbolled Cnucleas power) ox uncontrolled Cnuclear bemb)-