912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower slideshare C >) soca (see Signin A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, isthe reproductive structure found in Readmore Recommended rote Leaf tmaseny | és mst germination Soren Morphology of FLOWER) flowering plants part Polination Morphology of flowering plants pranaypsconpacey Leaf trctre and function Introduction wees © A flower is « reproductive part of an angiospermic plant. It ‘s considered fo be a modified shoot having nodes and internodes and) the leaves are madified” info floral Flower Mrphology2 structures. (upaatea cents @ Functions of Flower Tt helps in the sexual reproduction of the plant by producing male gametes (pollen grains) and the female Enmetes lena fell) The tinian af the. twin rametee hitpsiiwww sldeshare.nelBiswarupMajumceritne-fower-102639794 et912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower results in fertilization It helps in the process of pollination, ie., transference of pollen grain from the anthers to the stigma of the same or of the different flower. Y Tthelp in the development of seeds and fruits. Thalso helps in the dispersal of seeds and fruits DI Floral Symmetry Ee ‘Asymmetrical Flower tn tes ype the flover camat_ be vided ita seer aes long any vertical ple Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World @ Introduction @ The flower is commonly borne on short or long stalk called ‘the pedicel (stalked or pedicellate flower). Some flowers ‘may be without stalk (sessile lower), Ce Stalked Flower Sessile Flower © The tip of flower stalk may be expanded ta form a cup- shoped receptacle (tholamus) Receptacie | tak Biswarup Majumder | Bio- World @ hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 2492123, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower Insertion of Floral Leaves on the Thalamus @ Hypoayny ‘When the tholamus is convex or elongated, the carpel occupies the tp most postion an, The ether feral menbers (sepl, petals, and stamens) are placed below them. This mode of farrangement is called hypogyny. The flower is described os lnypogynous. The evary is known as superior, @ Perigyny In this condition, the receptacle is flat or slightly cup-shaped, The corpels are sitvated ot ite centre ond other floral inembers are ingerted on ita margin, Ths mode of arrangement iS called perigyty. The flowers hrown os perigyneus. In this case, the ovary is still described as half inferior. © Epiayny When the thalamus is cup shaped, the lover part of the ovary is situated at the bottom of the-cup and azo fused with the inner wallof Thlonus. The other florel members appear fo be inserted upon the ovary. This mode on arrangement is Called spigyny Then the flower Is sad 10 be epgynous. the ovary i aid tobe inferior gy Hposynoufoner|___[Pergnous over] _[Epeynaus owe) Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 8 Parts of a Flower ‘A typical angiospermic flower consists of four wherls of floral appendages attached on the receptacle V- Calyx : Tt ig the outermast whorl of the flower. It i compased of leaf like green sepals. The sepals are essentially green in Colour but in some coses they are coloured like petals. Such a condition of calyx is called petaloid “Corolla : This is the second whorl of the flower and consists of ‘ number of petals. Petals are generally brightly coloured and sometimes fragrant which moke the flower to become attractive, ¥ Androecium : Tt is the thied whorl of flower and is the male ‘reproductive organ consisting of stamens. Each stomen is made. of filament and anther. The filament supports anther at its tip. Y Gynoecium : This ig the last and the fourth whorl of flower tnd s the female reproductive organ of the flower. It occupies ‘the central position on the receptacle and compesed of overy, style and stigma and the component parts are called carpels = sie te Me Unt arir eee ee see sy te for ced aes Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World @ hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 3192123, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower Essential & Non-essential Parts of a Flower @ Essential (reproductive) parts of a flower are those that are rectly associated with reproduction, Eg, Stamen ond Corpel (or Pistl) @ Non-essential (accessory) parts are those which either protect the reproductive parts of the flower or make the flower attractive for pollination. Eg, Sepals and Petals. 'Y In some flowers calyx and corella ore undifferentiated and Cannot be distinguished. They are termed perianth | When the perianth is non-green itis descr When the perianth is i (sented peranth Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 8 In a flower, if all_the four whorls, ic., calyx, corolla, aandroecium and gynoecium are present, the flower is sai to be complete @ Incomplete flower {f one or more floral whorl is lacking in the flower, the flower is sid tobe incomplete Pistillate - TF the staminate whorl (androecium) is_absent or non-functional, the flower is said to be pistillate. The nan functional stamens are called staminodi, Stominate - In this type of flower, the pistil_or_carpel (Gynoecium) is either totaly lacking or non-functional. The non functional gyneecium is known as pistillode. Neuter ~ When both, the staminate ond pistilate whorls ore lacking, the flower is called neuter, for example, ray floret of sunflower. @ Bisexual or Hermaphrodite ‘These are flowers having both the essential whorls, ie, the androecium and the gynoeciun, @ Unisexual Tf either of the essential whorls (ie., androecium or gynoecium) ‘slacking, the flower is said to be unisex Moncecious ~ The r * some plant, for example, gourd, maize, cucumber. Dioscious ~ The male and female flowers are borne on separate plants, for example, mulberry, palm, papaya. @ Noked ‘This condition arises when the flower is completely devoid of petals and sepals, for example, betel Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World 6 hitps:uwn sldeshare neVBiswarupMajumserithe-lower-10263973492123, 11:39 PM by photosynthesis, @ The calyx may be Gomosepalous - the sepals are more or less united. Polysepalous ~ the sepals are free. © Generally, the calyx withers off when the fruit is calyx i called a persistent calyx. @ Functions of the calyx Y Protects the flower in the bud stage. Y Prepares food for the plant by photosynthesis Calyx Biswarup Majumder | Bio- World Corolla each other or may be free. @ The coralla may be Gamopetalous ~ the petals are united. Polypetalous - the petals are free @ Functions of the corella bright ond showy, protects the inner essential whorls Nectaries Aad leaf or scale. tpicay smal © The nectar make nectar. Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 Calyx @ The calyx composed of sepals is usually green (sepaloid) and sometimes otherwise coloured (petaloid), It forms the ‘outermast non-essential whor! of the flower and protects the flower in the bud stage. Being green, it also manufacture food Sometimes it remains attached os in tomate and brinjdl. Such a @ The corolla forms the whorl inner to calyx. Together with the calyx, it protects the inner essential whoris, the stamens ond pistil. The petals of the corolla, ike the calyx, may be united to @ The condlla is generally large ond showy and assumes various shapes adapted to attract insects and bring about pollination, ¥ They attract insects for pollination as they are generally V In the bud stage, the corolla together with the calyx, wit flower or flower claterin taxi. | © They ren thecerre fhe flower Brute sneties larger od mare Netra awe substan, ch eighty are tanh trelover. | ects dk ta pete exer, 82192123, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower Androecium @ The androecium is the male reproductive wher! of @ flower, inner to the corolla, Tt is composed of a number of stamens. ‘each of which consists of o filament and anther. @ The anther is usvally two lobed. Each lobe has two pollen sacs. Within the pollen sacs are contained pollen grains. When fully ‘matured the pollen sacs rupture to liberate pellen grains. @ The pollen grains are generally powdery particles of different shapes ond sizes, Each pollen has two coats - the exine (tough, Cutinized outer protective coat) and the intine (thin delicate cellulase layer lying internal to the exine), tees © The fllnerts may_be_free_from_eath_otherond_sther structures or f i ‘he petals or gyoeciam. They may aso vary in size. Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World © @ According to the length of the filament #9 V Didynamous Tetradynamous (two long and two short (four long and two short stamens) stamens) @ According to the number of stamens to Definite Indefinite (few stamens) (numerous stamens} Monandrous: (one stamen) Polyandrous Diandrous: (two stamens) (with indefinite number Tei, Tetra, of stamens) Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World & rene/BiswarupMajumderithe-ower-102630734 61 hitpsswwu slides!92123, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower (f Forms of Cohesion (Fusion) of Stamens | | @ Adetphous “The stamens are fused by their filaments only, The anthers are free. Fusion of fiaments may produce a single group (ronadelpheus,e, china rose), wo groups (diadelghous, e9. ea) or many groups (plvadelphous,e, citrus) @ Syngenesious (= Synantherous) ‘Stamens are fused by anthers only. The filaments are free. The fused anthers Form aring around the gynecium,e.., sunflower @ Synandrous Stamens are fused by both their filaments as well as anthers, ea. pumpkin, Hf How to remember the above thre terms? Mod Pj especte me single wo sr ‘Aasovitealy mss" al bars reli ote part amvhck hate (pow tn les Tu the bude thers ring roms part (noah) he sam wo pets ipo) a ram seve pts), Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World @ + Adhesion may occur between stamens and various floral parts. - between stamens and petals ==» Epipetalous between stamens and sepalsmmmmsp Episepalous between stamens and gynoecium samp Gynandrous = Anthers are adherent to stigma sump Gynostegium Fixation of Anthers j ‘¥ Basifixed - Filament attached to the base of the anther ¥ Dor - Filament attached to the dorsal (back) side of ‘the anther. 'Y Adnate ~ Filament attached along the entire length of anther, Versatile Filament attached to a point on the back or base of anther so as to let it swing freely, '¥ Divergent ~ When two anther lobes separate due to enlarged connective, Distractil When two anther lobes are far apart. Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World rene/BiswarupMajumderithe-ower-102630734 72192123, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower Gynoecium © The gynoecium or pistil is the female reproductive part of the flower and forms the innermost whor!. The pst is composed of ‘one or more carpele e Types of Gynoecium sme) (The carpels are free) Sa ‘Stigma Terminal knob-lke part of the carpe | Tubular stalk connecting the stigma and the ovary Ovary Swollen basal portion The inner cavity may contains one or’ more chambers. Each ai ‘chamber contains one. carpel structure or more oles placentation. © Odes unin snde the ure rut (ranfomed ovary) tdi angen canbe sen inuts sucha Hosea! pe ont, mang lets @ Types of Pacentotion Marginal - The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the evary and the ovules are borne on this ridge Forming two rows. €9. pea Y Auile - When the placenta is oxil end the owes are attached to it in @ multleculer ovary. e.., china rose, “mato ond lemon. Parietal - the ovles develop on the inner wal ofthe overy ‘or on peripheral part. Ovary is one-chombered but it becomes two chambered due Yo the formation oF the false septun(repn) e4, mustard and Argemone. ‘Basal - the placenta develops at the base of evary and a Single owl is attached toi eg, sunflower, marigol v Free Central - When the owes are borne on central axis and septaare absent eg. Dianthus, Primrose ee ed Biswarup Majumder | Bo-World hitpsswwu slides! rene/BiswarupMajumderithe-ower-102630734 82192123, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower Inflorescence @ Inflorescence is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the cs of the plat. @ Types of Inflorescence eae cree ra seem, Spo ty mt “refines nay be ararged several ferent wasnt pln. ths namer | sfaranganent turned a laeszarce Biswarup Majumder | Bio-World ® 1 Racemose (Indefinite) Inflorescense 2 Cymose (Definite) Inflorescense 3 Special Inflorescense hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 9192029, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower iV < tos > a & More Related Content Viewers also liked (20) o Morphology of Flowering... Flowers Pollination & Fertilization... 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Introduction A lowers reproductive patof an angiosperm plant. isconsiered tobe a madd shoot having ndes and internodes andthe leaves ae madi nto fora structures, Functions of Flower: wrap Majamer| BiooridRhelpin te sexual reproduction ofthe panty prodcngrale gametes (pollen rine andthe feral pmcteseg cll The union fhe two aretes results in fertiatn.Whapsin the process f polation .e, varfeencof pale ain fom the anthestothesga lhe same or ofthe diferent owe. tlp inthe development of sed a us als helpsinthe dispersal sed and rts Asymmetric Flower Inti ype, te lamer canet evident slr halves log any vera plane 3. The lowers common bern on short oon stalk calles the pede (stale ot pede flower Some lawers may be without tak sess lowe) swaryp Majumder Bi Mord Receptacle Stak The ip of Rower stalk maybe eared to form a cup-shaped receptacle alms), nrdcton 4 Mypoeyny: when the talamss conver or lonated, he carpal ccupes htop mst postion on it.The other feral members spas petals and starvens) ar place blow them, Thode of arangements cal ypogyry, The lower edescrbed se hypogyous. The avy sknchn 2 supra. Bewarup Majunder| Besos een of al Leaveson he Thalamas PergyIn this orton, he receptacles at rag cup.shapes. The arelare sisted atts cenreandather ral members re sete on is margin Ths mode of aangemerts ale pein. The oweriskrow as serigynous. nti case the ovary sil dascibed as haf infer Eplgyny: When he thalamus cup shaped, he lower prtoftheavatyisstuted ae bat of he ep anda fused with heirne wal of thalamus. The ter ral members appear tobe inserted upon the cory Tismade on rrangerentiscale epigyny. Then he ower siéto be epigynous. the ovary isa be nero. 5 Atypieal angiosperm fener conse offouruhors offal appendages acachedon he ecetcie! val: Risthe outermost whor ofthe flower Riscomosed of ef ke tren sepala. The sepals are xsntly renin colour but in some cates they ae coloured petals Such a condition of aj ical peta Cool: This the second hor ofthe flower and consists ofa umber of petals. Petals are general bigty soured and sometimes agrant hich make the ower to become atactve / Androeciam:tt Is the thie wher lamer ans the male epredulive organ consisting of stamens. Each stamens made ofiament ad anther. The lament supoodts athe atstip. {ynoecum: This tha andthe fourth hor of ower ands the foe reprodutv orga ofthe owe. occupies the centr postion onthe receptacle and composed of ora sand stigma ang the component prs are cad cages, sar Molander |Sio-Nerd Pasta lone Acomplate pate fower is one which contans al four fort sructrs. one oF more ses of fal sruetures are msn, the ower alincamate or pert {6 Eesenta & Non-zzentil arts of Flor BswarupUajmder |i. orld sent reproductive) pats of lower are those that are rect associated with reproduction Eg. samen ane Carpe or Pst. Nonessential accessory) pars are these whch ee protect ne reproductive pats the flower ermake he ower atvactve fr plan. Eg, Sepals ar Petals. In some ower calyx ancora ave uniferensted and cannot be isingushe. Thy ate termed pean When the paianthisnan-reen ti deserted as pao. When the print isgreen ie the sepals, ts escbed 2s sealed perath other important Terms Bswarup Majumder |Sio-Wordn a flower. athe four whos, ca, crala,andoeclum anc gynocium are presen the ower issald tobe complete Complete awe: ore armel wha isickngin he ower, he we sad to Seincomplets Incomplete lower: Pilate he stint wart (androccum)isabsent orron-funtonal, the fowerissaitobepsilate. The non-functional tamensare cle staminocla. taminate—Inthstype of fowe, the psiorcarpel. (ayroedium)is ter ally aking or nonfunctional The nonfunctional ayaceium snows as pila, Neuer—When bth thestaminate a iil whol reaching, the loweriscalled nee forename ny Roretofssfower seul or Hermaphred te: These are Fouers hivingboth he exert wherl the anaecum andthe synotclum, Unsewal ether ofthe eset whol. andioecam er gyneecium| lacking, the Nowe sald toe uniseual Menoeious~The male and femaeflaers ae born on the sme plas, fr example, gourd, mi, cum. Dieeaus~ The ale and female wars arebarne on separate plats, forsale, mule, pm, papaya Makes Thiscondion arses when the Nowe isconpletaly devo eta and sepals fe arp, bee cal The calyx composed of sepals issu green spa) and sometimes cterwise colored petalod forms the outers rameter whorl ofthe ower and protec the orrin the bud sae, Being green tase manufacture food by phtosynthes. Te cal ay be: Gamoseplous the sepalsare mare oless united, Polsepalous— the seals ae free Gane dhe cal wtars of when theft formed, Sometimes fremain tached as intomato and bina Such cali caled a persitentca, Fancions ofthe cape: Protects the owerin the bud sag. Prepares fod fr the plant ahoosyntvess Bwarup Majumder [ior In sore plans a whorl of ren sepals de rte present tthe Dae of ap called ea. nla conaidered a wher ofthe bractoles and mast fund inte ower arly Malaceae Calyx Diab The coral forme the whorinnar to calyx Together ith the cay, potectsthe inner essential wha the tamens nd pst. The etal fhe coral, ithe cays ray be Unite t each ther or maybe ree he carla maybe: Gamopeaious-the petals areuited. Poiypetaous the pate ee Thecorla is general lve 2nd showy and sures various shapes adapted to tract insects ad ring about polination, Function of th coo: Bwarup Majumder | o- Mort Cola They aftr iat for polintion asthe are gonerally right and showy. nthe bud sage, tha cool togsther wth he aly, protect th ier ssn whorl. Brats NecaiesA medi efor ele, ypialy hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 221912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower small wth flower ower cluster ints atl. 2 ar sometimes grand mere bright colowed than the tue lower The necaies make nectar. They rein thecente ofthe lowe Nectar sweet abla hich insects drink to give ther ney 10. the anroeciam the rmale reproductive who of flower inert the coral. Riscomposed of anumber af stamens, each of which consists of lament andanther The _ntnerisusuallytwolobed. ach ob haste ellen acs, within the allen sacs arecrtaired pollen rans. When fll matured he pllen sacs rupture tober pole gains ‘Thepollen gains te grea pondery parties of diferent shapes and ses. ach olin has tacts the eine ough, cuted outer protective coat andthe itn hn Aeicae callie yer ying internat theexne BowarupUajrcer| Bo-WorldArerecim The Slamentsmaybe fee Fameac ther and ther srctres or they maybe used with eachshe used withthe petal gyneecium, They may also vaya se 1 wiswarup Majumder| Sato Types of Aadoccum According othe lengthaf the lament: Acoring othe numb of stamens 12 Howto remember the above thee term? Mono and Poly espectivey mean nae, to and several Alpheus italy means "aroup of brothers herereerng tothe arom which he anthers grow out bundles. huethe bundle of anes arn fam 3 ng part monadeiphous the buncles om te prs adlphoue) and rom several ts (pldephous).Adeipous: Th aren te fused by the fsmants ony. The anthers are ree. Fusion of aments ay produce asingl grou (menaclzhous china rose, two groups éadlphous, eps] or mary soups ipojecelshous, eg cts). Symgenesious = Syartherous Stamens ar feeb anthers only. Te laments ee Thefised anthers forming around the enoecum, eg sunflower Synandious: lamers or fsed by both the lament as wells anthers eg pumpin, lswarup Majumder [tiated Fors of Cohesion (aon of Stamens 13, Binwarup Malumder| 8e-oré Inston and Adhesion of Stamens Fbation of Amhes Based Farent tached othe base ofthe anther. Dorsiied-filbment tached tote dota (bac side ofthe antes. Adate-Fiment tached along the enti length fate Versatile Filament atached oa pln onthe back or base af anthersoastalet inswing rly Oivergert- When wo ater ober separate duo to enlarged connective Disracte Wen wo anther laber arf pat 4: Gynocium The eynoecum or ps ithe female reproductive pat ofthe ower nforms the ne-mortwhor The pists compossdofone or mare caps. iranrop ajar de Bo-tortd gma Terminal abe arf the carpal Sle Tubular tal connecting the sigma sith ovary. Ovary Swollen iss pert. The nar cay may ‘ontans on of ore chambers. Each cnamber contains ane of more oles Fas 15, biewarup Molumder| Seiors Piacentaton Tne rangement ofovles within the ovary isons plcetation, Warginal- The placenta ormsa ge longthe vert suture ofthe vary and the ove are bore on thi ie forming two rows. eg ea Ale When the placent2 saa andthe ores are atached ttn amultlocular o¥ary. ‘chin ox, tomato ane laronParital=the ovules develop onthe inner wl oth vary aon peripheral part Ovary Ison chambered butt becomes wochanbered due tote formation ofthefals septun(eplum eg, mustard and Argemone 235 ~ te placenta cevelopsatthebase of vary ara singleowleisatached eit eg, sunower, raiold, ree Central - When the ants are borne on ceil ans and septa are aber, Dianthus, Prinroe, Owls turn ino seed inthe mature fut ranformed 1a thevteen rangement canbe sen infu such as thos ofp, tomato, mango lots et. ype of Placentation| 16, lawarup Majumcer | i-Horairferescecels the mode of arangementof werson the visof the plant. Iypasof inflorescence: Ilorescence The lewers maybe rangi sever eliferent waysin ren pans, thsrannerfaangerentistermed as iafloescencs ‘vout Support Terms Privacy—Copyeight_——Cooklereferences_Donot seller share my persona information Engish ~ (02028 Sieshare om Serb vos hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 9121912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 saat912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 1821912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 1621912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 wat912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 1821912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 1921912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 ort912023, 11:39 PM ‘The Flower hitps:wwn sldeshare.neVBiswarupMajumderithe-lower-102639734 pet