FARANISA

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• Polyhedra attractive aspect of 3D geometry

Figure 11.1 The five regular polyhedra

Figure 11.2 Vertices, edges and faces for some common polyhedra
Polyhedra properties and links between them
Traditional method:
Elementary property of polyhedral :
i) Construct by using net
Relationship between –Vertices (V)
Alternative way:
- Edges (E)
ii) build a block
- Faces (F)
-cut from card
V- E + F= 2
-sets of interlocking plastic polygon
There only 5 polyhedral can be demonstrated readily Euler’s formula
Prism and pyramid has linear relationship:

Simple way to prove Euler’s formula:

 Figure 11.3

•+ Cube & octahedron have the same value V,E and F are not related.
E, while V & F are swapped The cube hold equally for a cuboid or
• Dodecahedron & icosahedron , V&F parallelepiped or other (6 faces, 4 edges)
have the same value. Polyhedron is equivalent to a connected
• Swapping them make no difference network of line on a sphere.
• Pairs of polyhedra-duals pair Reduce E and V by 1
• Pyramids- Self dual V-E+F=2 remain unchanged
• Cube form if midpoint of adjacent faces Removing edges can be continue until a
of regular octahedron are joined single vertex or no edges are remain

Figure 11.4

Understand polyhedral meaning Elementary way to appreciate between

Edges at top & bottom polyhedron and network of line on a sphere
Joined corners of the hole to the vertices of The hole could be introduce into
the cube to ensure all the edgesa re conventional polyhedral
connected Try drawing on Moebius strip
Count Vertices, Vertices& Edges -1 face, 1 edges and 1 vertex
V-E+F=16-32+16=0 Euler’s formula and Moebius strip must be
V-E+F=1
 Figure 11.5 Which hexominoes are nets of a cube? Figure 11.6 How many cubes of each colour in this 3 by 3 cube?

Several different of square known as hexominoes

Coloured interlocking cubes provide attractive medium to
Left: Usual for construct a cube look properties of cubes in a very different way
Other two: Serve as net Question configuration:
Another two: Will not
Activity: i) Identify one vertex of a net
ii) Which other vertices will
coincide with it
when net folded up
ii) Find all the 35 possible Each questions involve an element of visualization+reasoning
hexominoes Determines the plane of symmetry is straight forward
 Figure 11.7 Rotational symmetry of the cube Figure 11.8 Hexagon in a cube

• Rotational symmetry
• 3 distinct way in which axis of rotational LEFT:
Axis of rotational symmetry
symmetry can be placed MIDDLE:
• These position ;inked with the number of Hexagonal cross section when the cube is viewed along the
axis
faces, edges and vertices. RIGHT:
• 3rd case, ais of rotational symmetry Net of the cube with diagonal lines form the edges of the
passes through an opposite pair of hexagonal cross section joining the midpoint of edges.
If line discard & cut off, will exposed hexagon and give half a
vertices. cube
 Figure 11.9 Figure 11.10

Figure 11.9 Equilateral triangle and regular tetrahedron in a cube Figure 11.10 Four tetrahedra and an octahedron
• LEFT:
• Volume of regular octahedron =4x regular
• The triangle formed by the diagonal of the
square faces tetrahedron with same edge length
• The triangle prompt some questions:
• Formula volume of octahedron:
1
a is 2𝑎3
3

• Activities:

• Tetrahedron and Octahedron are in 3D context

• Compared the volume square based pyramid with
triangular faces that are equilateral and edges are twice
long
• The space between pyramid can filled with tetrahedra
-The line joining upper vertices of the two pyramid
are the same las the edges length
-distance between center same as the edges square Figure 11,11 Similar square-based pyramids
-tetrahedron are the length thus its regular
-square based pyramid put in the top
• 6 pyramid and 4 tetrahedra
• Difficult in 2D pictures
• 2 square based pyramid placed together to form
octahedron
 Figure 11.12

• Square based of pyramid within the cube • critical requirement :

• By joining the center of the cube to the i) calculate the length of sloping
four vertices of one of the square faces. edges
• Six pyramid fit together to mae a cube • Simple way:
• Volume of pyramid one third the area of i) Calculate the longest diagonal and
the base multiply by height halves it.
• Height of the pyramid is half of height
Figure 11.12 Square-based pyramid in a cube cube
• Need to construct suitable size

Figure 11.13

Corrsponding pairs of isosceles form Property:

rhombus Tesellates in 3D
Bottom LEFT: Rhombic dodecahedron
All shorter diagonal been include
Form cube which rhombic dodecahedron is
based
Bottom RIGHT:
Longer diagonal been include
Form a regular octahedron
Figure 11.13 Rhombic dodecahedron
 Figure 11.14 A regular dodecahedron
and a regular icosahedron Figure 11.15 Surface area and volume Figure 11.16 Three golden rectangles to
of cuboids form a regular icosahedron

Both have 30 edges • Icosahedron link with golden rectangle

Different: Misconception about equal surface • Ratio between length diagonal and length
i) Dodecahedron: 12 faces & 20 vertices area=volume of the edge of regular pentagon shown
ii) Icosahedron : 20 faces & 12 vertices The figure shows interlocking cubes to be golden ratio
Model : • Regular icosahedron have opposite pairs
Have same surface area but different
use plastic /card triangle/pentagon edges are parallel
volume • Diagonal of regular pentagon is join line
.Example on construction regular icosahedron: of vertices at end of edges
• Rectangle define by opposite pairs of
edges are golden rectangle
• 3 identical golden rectangle
• Slot them in to fit
• Show icosahedron
 Figure 11.17 Bucky ball Figure 11.18 Two truncated cubes

Bucky ball is truncated of regular icosahedron

One of a family in Archimedean Polyhedra
• Standard design of football is bucky ball -13 include prism
• Based on a polyhedron All the faces are regular polyhedra
-32 faces (12 regular pentagon, 20 -but not all the same kind
LEFT:
regular hexagon) Triangular faces been revealed by the planes cut through the
midpoint
-form cuboctahedron (6 square faces, 8 triangular
• Student can use card or plastic faces
pentagon/hexagons. RIGHT:
• Can use to verify Euler’s formula satisfied Truncated cube , corner been cut off
-reveal equilateral triangles
-regular octagon
Verify Euler’s formula is satisfied