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Practical Research 2

This document discusses different types of variables used in statistics: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal variables describe categorical data as labels that cannot be ordered or ranked. Ordinal variables represent levels that have a clear ordering but uneven spacing. Interval variables have a constant unit of measurement allowing for addition and subtraction. Ratio variables have a definable zero point and continuous scale where values can be written as a ratio with a non-zero numerator. Examples are provided for each variable type.

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Di, Meg Y.
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10 views

Practical Research 2

This document discusses different types of variables used in statistics: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal variables describe categorical data as labels that cannot be ordered or ranked. Ordinal variables represent levels that have a clear ordering but uneven spacing. Interval variables have a constant unit of measurement allowing for addition and subtraction. Ratio variables have a definable zero point and continuous scale where values can be written as a ratio with a non-zero numerator. Examples are provided for each variable type.

Uploaded by

Di, Meg Y.
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical Research 2

Name: Danlyn Y. Turla Date: 09/14/23

Grade: 12 – St. Theophilus of Corte Mr. Jhunrey P. Miasco

 Nominal Variables
 According to Muhammad Hassan (2023), nominal variables are specific kinds of categorical
variables that describe data as labels or names that cannot be ordered or ranked. These labels
are used to distinguish between various groups or categories, and nevertheless, they are not
themselves numerical or quantitative in nature.

Examples of Nominal Variables:


1. Gender
 One of the most common examples of nominal variables is gender, which is typically classified
into male and female categories.
2. Religion
 Another example of a nominal variable is religion, which can be categorized into various groups
like Muslims, Hindus, Christians, etc.
3. Country
 Countries are also a nominal variable as they cannot be ranked or ordered based on any
numerical value. Examples include India, the USA, Australia, etc.
4. Type of Fruit
 When categorizing fruits based on their type, we can use nominal variables. Examples of fruits
include apples, bananas, oranges, and strawberries.
5. Eye Color
 Another example of a nominal variable because it cannot be ranked or ordered based on any
numerical value. Examples include blue, green, brown, and black.
6. Education Level
 When categorizing education levels, nominal variables are often used. Examples include high
school, bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, and PhD.

 Ordinal Variables
 According to Muhammad Hassan (2023), the values of an ordinal variable are typically numerical
or alphanumeric, but they represent a level of a variable that is not evenly spaced.

In other words, the difference between the values is not necessarily the same, but they have a
clear ordering or ranking, such as low to high or small to large.
Examples of Ordinal Variable:
1. Educational attainment
 This variable represents the level of education achieved by a person, such as high school
diploma, associate’s degree, bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, and doctorate degree. The
categories have a clear order, but the difference in education level between each category is not
uniform.
2. Income
 It can be considered an ordinal variable if it is divided into categories such as low, medium, and
high. While the difference between the categories is not uniform, they still have a clear order.
3. Customer satisfaction
 This variable represents the level of satisfaction a customer has with a product or service,
usually measured on a scale of 1 to 5 or 1 to 10. The scale has a clear order, but the difference
between each rating is not necessarily uniform.
4. Pain intensity
 Pain intensity can be measured using a scale such as mild, moderate, or severe, where each
category has a clear order, but the difference in pain intensity between each category may not
be uniform.
5. Likert scale
 It is a type of survey question that measures attitudes or opinions, often using a scale of
agreement or disagreement. The categories have a clear order, but the difference between each
category is not necessarily uniform.

 Interval Variable
 According to Muhammad Hassan (2023), an interval variable is a type of quantitative variable
used in statistics that reflects a range of numerical values. The numerical difference between
any two values for interval variables can be interpreted because they have a constant unit of
measurement. Interval variables, as opposed to nominal and ordinal variables, provide useful
mathematical operations like addition and subtraction.

Examples of Interval Variable:


1. Temperature
 Temperature is an interval variable that measures the amount of heat or coldness of an object
or environment. It is usually measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit and is used in weather
forecasting, HVAC systems, and cooking.
2. Time
 Time is an interval variable that measures the duration between two events. It is used in
scheduling, project management, and scientific research to measure the duration of an
experiment or observation.
3. IQ score
 It is an interval variable that measures a person’s intelligence quotient. It is used in educational
and psychological research to study intelligence and cognitive abilities.
4. SAT score
 It is an interval variable that measures a student’s performance on the SAT exam. It is used in
college admissions to assess a student’s academic potential.
5. pH level
 It is an interval variable that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is used in
chemistry, biology, and environmental science to study the properties of various substances.
6. Speed
 It is an interval variable that measures the rate of motion of an object. It is used in physics,
transportation, and sports to measure the speed of vehicles, athletes, and other moving objects.

 Ratio Variable
 According to Muhammad Hassan (2023), a ratio variable in statistics is a kind of quantitative
variable with a definable zero point and a continuous scale that can be measured. To put it
another way, a ratio variable's values can be written as a ratio of two numbers where the
numerator is not equal to zero.

Examples of Ratio Variables:

References

Hassan, M. (2023), Nominal Variable – Definition, Purpose and Examples.

https://researchmethod.net/nominal-variable/

Hassan, M. (2023), Ordinal Variable – Definition, Purpose and Examples.

https://researchmethod.net/ordinal-variable/

Hassan, M. (2023), Interval Variable – Definition, Purpose and Examples.

https://researchmethod.net/interval-variable/

Hassan, M. (2023), Ratio Variable – Definition, Purpose and Examples.

https://researchmethod.net/ratio-variable/

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