AIMEN NAQVI

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Table of Contents
Table of figures..................................................................................................................................... 3
list of tables............................................................................................................................................ 3
1 -Introduction: What is Artificial Intelligence? ......................................................................... 4
2 -History of Artificial Intelligence ........................................................................................... 5
• In the year 1943, Warren McCulloch and Walter pits proposed a model of
Artificial neurons. ........................................................................................................................... 5
3 Goals of AI................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 3.1-Human approach: ....................................................................................................... 6
3.2 3.2-Ideal approach: ........................................................................................................... 6
4 -Advantages & disadvantages of AI ...................................................................................... 6
4.1 Advantages:........................................................................................................................ 6
4.2 Disadvantages: .................................................................................................................. 7
5 -Types of AI................................................................................................................................. 7
5.1 -On the basis of Capability ............................................................................................. 7
5.1.1 Narrow AI or Weak AI: .............................................................................................. 7
5.1.2 General AI:..................................................................................................................... 8
5.1.3 -Super AI......................................................................................................................... 8
5.2 5.2-On the basis of Functionality ................................................................................... 9
5.2.1 Reactive Machines ........................................................................................................ 9
5.2.2 Limited Memory............................................................................................................. 9
5.2.3 Theory of Mind .............................................................................................................. 9
5.2.4 Self-awareness .............................................................................................................. 9
6 6.Applications of AI .................................................................................................................. 9
6.1 Game Playing: ................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 Robotics:............................................................................................................................... 9
6.3 Healthcare:.......................................................................................................................... 9
6.4 Computer Vision: ..............................................................................................................10
6.5 Agriculture: ........................................................................................................................10

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6.6 E-commerce .......................................................................................................................10

6.7 social media ......................................................................................................................10
7 Prerequisites for Artificial Intelligence ...............................................................................10
8 Challenges with AI...................................................................................................................11
8.1 Lack of data or poor-quality data ..............................................................................11
8.2 Insufficient IT infrastructure ............................................................................................11
8.3 Lack of AI talent ...............................................................................................................11
8.4 Computing Power ............................................................................................................11
8.5 Legal Issues .......................................................................................................................11
8.6 AI and IT ............................................................................................................................12
9 AI in research .............................................................................................................................13
10 AI and information technology .............................................................................................14
11 Data science vs AI....................................................................................................................14
12 conclusion ..................................................................................................................................15

Table of figures
Figure 1-AI as a career option .......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2-AI as a career option .......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3-the future of AI.................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4-types of AI ............................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 5-AI a game changer for industries ..................................................................................... 8
Figure 6-AI next frontiers for technology ......................................................................................13
Figure 7-AI in medicine ......................................................................................................................14

list of tables
Figure 8-AI in research ......................................................................................................................13
Figure 9-Data sciences vs AI.............................................................................................................14

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1 -Introduction: What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is a combination of two words Artificial and Intelligence, which
refers to man-made intelligence. Therefore, when machines are equipped with man-made
intelligence to perform intelligent tasks similar to humans, it is known as Artificial
Intelligence. It is all about developing intelligent machines that can simulate the human
brain and work & behave like human beings.
We can define AI as, "Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science that deals
with developing intelligent machines which can behave like human, think like human,
and has ability to take decisions by their own."

Figure 1-AI as a career option

Figure 2-AI as a career option

With AI, machines can have human-based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving
logical problems.
AI is one of the fastest-growing technology that is making human life much easier by
providing solutions for complex problems. It has also brought different opportunities for
everyone, and hence it is a very demanding technology in the market.
While a number of definitions of artificial intelligence (AI) have surfaced over the last
few decades, John McCarthy offers the following definition in this 2004 paper (PDF, 127
KB) (link resides outside IBM), " It is the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of

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using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself
to methods that are biologically observable.
However, decades before this definition, the birth of the artificial intelligence
conversation was denoted by Alan Turing's seminal work, "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" (PDF, 92 KB) (link resides outside of IBM), which was published in 1950.
In this paper, Turing, often referred to as the "father of computer science", asks the
following question, "Can machines think?" From there, he offers a test, now famously
known as the "Turing Test", where a human interrogator would try to distinguish between
a computer and human text response. While this test has undergone much scrutiny since
its publish, it remains an important part of the history of AI as well as an ongoing concept
within philosophy as it utilizes ideas around linguistics.

2 -History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is assumed a new technology, but in reality, it is not new. The
researchers in the field of AI are much older. It is said that the concept of intelligent
machines was
found in Greek
Mythology. Below
are some keystones in the development of AI:

• In the year 1943, Warren McCulloch and Walter pits proposed a model of
Artificial neurons.
• In the year 1950, Alan Turing published a "Computer Machinery and
Intelligence" paper in which he introduced a test, known as a Turing Test. This
test is used to determine intelligence in machines by checking if the machine is
capable of thinking or not.
• In the year 1956, for the first time, the term Artificial Intelligence was coined by
the American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference.
John McCarthy is also known as the Father of AI.
• In the year 1972, the first full-scale intelligent humanoid robot, WABOT1, was
created in Japan.
• In the year 1980, AI came with the evolution of Expert Systems. These systems
are computer programs, which are designed to solve complex problems.
• In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beat world chess champion Gary Kasparov and
became the first computer to defeat a world chess champion. In the year 2006,
AI came into the business world. World's top companies like Facebook, Twitter,
and Netflix also started using AI in their applications.

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3 Goals of AI
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig then proceeded to publish, Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach (link resides outside IBM), becoming one of the leading textbooks in

Figure 3 Future of AI

the study of AI. In it, they delve into four potential goals or definitions of AI, which
differentiates computer systems on the basis of rationality and thinking vs. acting:

3.1 3.1-Human approach:

• Systems that think like humans
• Systems that act like humans

3.2 3.2-Ideal approach:

• Systems that think rationally
• Systems that act rationally
Alan Turing’s definition would have fallen under the category of “systems that act like
humans.”

4 -Advantages & disadvantages of AI

4.1 Advantages:
• One of the biggest achievements of Artificial Intelligence is that it can reduce
human error.
• AI can be very helpful in risky situations where humans can't reach or find
difficult survival. Such as exploring the deepest part of the sea.

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• With AI, 24*7 support can be provided to the customers using chatbots as
customer care.
• Repetitive actions can be boring for human beings, but with AI-enabled
machines, they can be performed with full efficiency.
• It is very helpful in daily activities, such as Google Assistant Alexa, and other
virtual assistant technology are helping to make our life easier.

4.2 Disadvantages:
• The development and maintenance of AI systems are very expensive.
• The dependencies of human beings on such technologies making humans lazy.
• There is always a fear with AI that if it gets advanced, it may be harmful to
humanity.
• If inputs are not fed correctly to AI systems, then it may cause harmful results

At its simplest form, artificial intelligence is a field, which combines computer

science and robust datasets, to enable problem-solving. It also encompasses sub-
fields of machine learning and deep learning, which are frequently mentioned in
conjunction with artificial intelligence. These disciplines are comprised of AI
algorithms which seek to create expert systems which make predictions or
classifications based on input data

5 -Types of AI

Figure 4-
types of AI

5.1 -On the basis of Capability

5.1.1 Narrow AI or Weak AI:
Narrow AI or Weak AI is a basic kind of Artificial Intelligence, which is capable of
completing dedicated tasks with intelligence. The current version of AI is narrow AI.

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Narrow AI can only perform the specific task and not beyond its limitation, as they are
trained for one task only. It is programmed to do a specific task such

5.1.2 General AI:

Artificial General intelligence or "Strong" AI defines the machines that can show human
intelligence. We can say, Machines with AGI can successfully perform any intellectual
task that a human can do. This is the sort of AI that we see in movies like "Her" or other
sci-fi movies in which humans interact with machines and operating systems that are
conscious, sentient, and driven by emotion and self-awareness.

Currently, this type of intelligence does not exist in the real world and only exist in
researches and movies. However, researchers across the world are working to develop
such machines, which is still a very difficult task.

5.1.3 -Super AI
(winston, 2014) refers to AI that is self-aware, with cognitive abilities that surpass that of
humans. It is a level where machines are capable of doing any task that a human can do
with cognitive properties. However, Super AI is still a hypothetical concept, and it is a
challenging task to develop such AI-enabled machines.er AI

Figure 5-AI a game changer for industries

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5.2 5.2-On the basis of Functionality

5.2.1 Reactive Machines
Reactive machines are the basic types of AI, which don't store memories or past
experiences for their actions. These types of AI machines only focus on current scenarios
and work as per the requirement with the best possible actions. IBM's Deep Blue is an
example of a reactive machine.

5.2.2 Limited Memory

Limited memory can store some memory or past experiences for a limited time period.
Some examples of limited memory are Self-driving cars.

5.2.3 Theory of Mind

Theory of Mind is the type of AI which are capable of understanding human emotions,
and interact with the human in their way. However, such AI machines are yet not
developed, and developers and researchers are making efforts for creating such AI-
enabled machines.

5.2.4 Self-awareness
Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence, which will have its own
awareness, sentiments, and consciousness. This AI is only a hypothetical concept and
will take a long journey and challenges to create such AI.

6 6.Applications of AI
6.1 Game Playing:
AI is widely used in Gaming. Different strategic games such as Chess, where themachine
needs to think logically, and video games to provide real-time experiences use Artificial
Intelligence.

6.2 Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence is commonly used in the field of Robotics to develop intelligent
robots. AI implemented robots use real-time updates to sense any obstacle in their path
and can change the path instantly. AI robots can be used for carrying goods in hospitals
and industries and can also be used for other different purposes.

6.3 Healthcare:
In the healthcare sector, AI has diverse uses. In this field, AI can be used to detect
diseases and cancer cells. It also helps in finding new drugs with the use of historical data
and medical intelligence.

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6.4 Computer Vision:

Computer vision enables the computer system to understand and derive meaningful
information from digital images, video, and other visual input with the help of AI.

6.5 Agriculture:
AI is now widely used in Agriculture; for example, with the help of AI, we can easily
identify defects and nutrient absences in the soil. To identify these defects, AI robots can
be utilized. AI bots can also be used in crop harvesting at a higher speed than human
workers.

6.6 E-commerce
AI is one of the widely used and demanding technologies in the E-commerce
industry. With AI, e-commerce businesses are gaining more profit and grow in business
by recommending products as per the user requirement.

6.7 social media

Different social media websites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etc., use AI to
make the user experiences much better by providing different features. For example,
Twitter uses AI to recommend tweets as per the user interest and search history.

Figure 6-AI next frontiers for technology

7 Prerequisites for Artificial Intelligence

As a beginner, below are some of the prerequisites that will help to get started with AI
technology.

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• Strong knowledge of Mathematics mainly, Calculus, Linear Algebra, Statistics

and probability.
• A good experience in programming languages like Java, Python, R.
• A strong understanding of algorithms.
• Good background in data analytics skills.

8 Challenges with AI
8.1 Lack of data or poor-quality data
One of the big challenges with AI is that we don't have enough data to work with AI
systems, or data we have is of poor quality or unstructured. AI depends on data for its
working and requires a huge amount of data for a good result, but in the real world, data
is available either in raw form or unstructured form that contains lots of impurities and
missing values that cannot be processed or analyzed. Hence the processing of such data is
a big task for organizations, and it takes lots of effort and is a time-consuming process.

8.2 Insufficient IT infrastructure

There is still a lack of IT infrastructures, mainly in start-ups, which is a big issue in AI
researches and development.

8.3 Lack of AI talent

AI is growing continuously day by day with rapid speed, and more people are accepting
the proven ideas of AI. The growing rate of AI also needs developers of AI tech.
However, the professionals with full scales skills to develop high-level AI
implementations are still lacking, which is also one of the big challenges with AI.

8.4 Computing Power

Computing power has always been a big issue in the IT industry, but day by day, this
issue has been resolved. However, with the development of AI, this issue has arisen
again. Deep learning and the processing of neural networks, which are part of AI, require
a high level of computing power, and are a major challenge for the tech industries.
Mainly for start-ups, collecting money and such high computing power to process the
data is a big deal.

8.5 Legal Issues

One of the latest challenges with AI is that now organizations need to be wary of AI. The
legal issues are raised for concern that if AI collects sensitive data, that may be a
violation of federal laws.

Although it is not illegal, industries need to be careful of any supposed impact that might
negatively affect their organization.

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8.6 AI and IT
Undoubtedly, for the IT industry, AI is the stepping stone that is transforming its systems
into intelligent solutions for scaling IT functionalities. But what’s making them so
intelligent in the IT landscape? It’s the Robotic Process Automation (RPA) software and
optimization that forms the two core functionalities of AI. Combined with artificial
intelligence, robotic process automation is replacing the IT operations and tasks to
automate data processing and decision making. The biggest benefit? Organizations can
automate mundane business tasks to free up humans to indulge in more brain-intensive
tasks than ever!

Figure 7-AI in medicine

While AI tools present a range of new functionality for businesses, the use of AI also
raises ethical questions because, for better or worse, an AI system will reinforce what it
has already learned.

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This can be problematic because machine learning algorithms, which underpin many of
the most advanced AI tools, are only as smart as the data they are given in training.
Because a human being selects what data is used to train an AI program, the potential
for machine learning bias is inherent and must be monitored closely.

Anyone looking to use machine learning as part of real-world, in-production systems

needs to factor ethics into their AI training processes and strive to avoid bias. This is
especially true when using AI algorithms that are inherently unexplainable in deep
learning and generative adversarial network (GAN) applications.

Explain ability is a potential stumbling block to using AI in industries that operate under
strict regulatory compliance requirements. For example, financial institutions in the
United States operate under regulations that require them to explain their credit-issuing
decisions. When a decision to refuse credit is made by AI programming, however, it can
be difficult to explain how the decision was arrived at because the AI tools used to make
such decisions operate by teasing out subtle correlations between thousands of variables.
When the decision-making process cannot be explained, the program may be referred to
as black box AI.

In summary, AI's ethical challenges include the following: bias, due to improperly
trained algorithms and human bias; misuse, due to deepfakes and phishing; legal
concerns, including AI libel and copyright issues; elimination of jobs; and data privacy
concerns, particularly in the banking, healthcare and legal fields.

9 AI in research

Research fields Research techniques

Intelligent machine/agent Artificial neural networks
Knowledge representation Evolutionary computing
Machine learning Expert systems
Computer vision Fuzzy logic
Planning/guidance Genetic algorithm
robotics Probabilistic computing

Figure 8-AI in research

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10 AI and information technology

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has proved its prominence by revitalizing the space of
information technology. Isn’t it exciting to see how the integration has transformed the
information technology systems into smart systems in the blink of an eye?

Well, it needs no mention that information technology is all about software, data
transmission systems, and computers. But at the backend, it’s artificial general
intelligence in defining future technologies and applications with AI-assisted technology.

Agree or not, most technological innovations are the products of information technology.
But what’s taming the data complexity is the fusion of artificial intelligence technology
and information technology.

Undoubtedly, for the IT industry, AI is the stepping stone that is transforming its systems
into intelligent solutions for scaling IT functionalities. But what’s making them so
intelligent in the IT landscape? It’s the Robotic Process Automation (RPA) software and
optimization that forms the two core functionalities of AI. Combined with artificial
intelligence, robotic process automation is replacing the IT operations and tasks to
automate data processing and decision making. The biggest benefit? Organizations can
automate mundane business tasks to free up humans to indulge in more brain-intensive
tasks than ever!

11 Data science vs AI
Factors Data Science Artificial intelligence
Scope Involve various underlying Limited to implementations
data operations of algorithms
Type of data Structure and unstructured Standardized in the form of
embeddings and vectors
Tools Python, SAS, SPSS, Tensor Tensor flow, Kate, shogun
flow, karas mahout
Application Advertising marketing Manufacturing atomization
international search Robotics, healthcare,
engines transport
Figure 9-Data sciences vs AI

1. Data Science is a comprehensive process that involves pre-processing, analysis,

visualization and prediction. On the other hand, AI is the implementation of a
predictive model to forecast future events.

2. Data Science comprises of various statistical techniques whereas AI makes use

of computer algorithms.

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3. The tools involved in Data Science are a lot more than the ones used in AI. This
is because Data Science involves multiple steps for analyzing data and
generating insights from it.

4. Data Science is about finding hidden patterns in the data. AI is about imparting
autonomy to the data model.

5. With Data Science, we build models that use statistical insights. On the other
hand, AI is for building models that emulate cognition and human
understanding.

6. Data Science does not involve a high degree of scientific processing as compared
to AI.

In this Data Science vs Artificial Intelligence, we got to know the two terms used
interchangeably. Artificial Intelligence is a broad domain that is still largely unexplored.
Data Science is a field that makes use of AI to generate predictions but also focuses on
transforming data for analysis and visualizations.

Therefore, in the end, we conclude that while Data Science is a job that performs analysis
of data, Artificial Intelligence is a tool for creating better products and imparting them
with autonomy. Hope, you liked our explanation of Data Science vs Artificial
Intelligence.

You may also like to explore the concept of Data Mining and Data Science, how they are
related and how they are different.

Before deploying software, the two key issues an IT system primarily focuses on, are
ensuring the quality and development time. Since an AI system is all about predicting
during the development of a software prototype, it can help in overcoming the loopholes
while developing and deploying a software system.

12 conclusion
The conclusion of using AI, or Artificial Intelligence, is that it has the potential to
revolutionize numerous industries and aspects of our lives. AI technology is capable of
processing and analyzing vast amounts of data at incredible speeds, enabling it to uncover
patterns, make predictions, and automate tasks that were once only possible for humans.

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One of the significant advantages of AI is its ability to enhance efficiency and

productivity. By automating repetitive and mundane tasks, AI frees up human resources
to focus on more complex and creative endeavors. This can lead to increased
productivity, cost savings, and improved decision-making.

Moreover, AI has the potential to drive innovation and spur economic growth. It can
assist in developing new products and services, improving existing ones, and finding
novel solutions to complex problems. AI-powered technologies, such as machine learning
and natural language processing, have already demonstrated their potential in various
fields, including healthcare, finance, manufacturing, transportation, and customer service.
iiiiiiivvviviiviii

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ix
13-References
i Huang et al., “When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Hospitality and Tourism Industry: An
Assessment Framework to Inform Theory and Management.”
ii Jamil and Yang, “A Literature Survey of Benchmark Functions for Global Optimization

Problems.”
iii Jamil and Yang.
iv Winston, Artificial Intelligence.
v Kaul, Enslin, and Gross, “History of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.”
vi Salvagno, Taccone, and Gerli, “Can Artificial Intelligence Help for Scientific Writing?”
vii Nilsson, The Quest for Artificial Intelligence.
viii Huynh-The et al., “Artificial Intelligence for the Metaverse: A Survey.”

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