Mathematical

Astrology
Jyotish Praveena
 Mathematical Astrology – As per syllabus of ICAS

Topic I
• Hindu Measurement of Time
• Sidereal Metrics
• Lunar Metrics
• Tropical Metrics
• Concept of Adhika Maas and Kshay Maas
• Modern Measurement of Time
• Conversion of Ghati-Pal-Vipal to H:M:S
• Conversion of H:M:S to Ghati-Pal-Vipal
 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim

Smaller units of time

Dina or Day and its measurement
 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim
Units of Time measurement
– Smaller units – Day and its portions
Trupti

Luva

Day Vighati

Ghati

Hora

Dina/Ratri
 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim
Day and its measurement

A day starts with at a Sunrise and ends with next Sunrise

Noon

Next Sunrise
Sunset
Sunrise

Dinamana Ratrimana
 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim
Day and its measurement
Sunrise A Hindu day starts with at a Sunrise and ends with next Sunrise Next Sunrise

Dinamana Ratrimana

There are 24 horas in a Hindu day. 1 Hora= 1 hour. Term Ahoratri

24 Horas
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0f 1 hour

A day consist of 60 Ghatis. 1 Ghati = 24 min. Ghati =Danada/Nadi

60 Ghtatis of
24 Minutes
Vighati=Vipala=Vinadi = 24 seconds
1 Ghati=
60 Vighatis of
24 Seconds Ghati

1 ViGhati= 2 Trupti=
60 Luva 1 Luva= 150th of Second
 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim

Larger units of time

Year and its measurement
 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim
Units of Time measurement
– Larger units – Year and its portions
Tithi

Paksha

Year/Samvatsara Māsa

Ritu

Ayana
 Year and its components Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim
A Hindu year is called Samvatsara starts with new moon day of Chaitra Masa
1 Samvtsara
Or Varsha
Sun in Makara to Mithuna Rashi Sun in Karka to Dhanu Rashi
2 Ayanas Uttarayana Dakshinayana

6 Ritus Vasanta Grishma Varsha Sharad Hemant Shishir

12 Maasa Chaitra Jyesta Sravana Ashwina Margashira Magha

Vaishakha Ashadha Bhadrapada Kartika Pushya Phalguna

2 Pakshas
Shukla Paksha Krishna Paksha

30 Tithis 15 Tithi 15 Tithi

 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim

Very Large units of time

Life of Universe
 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of tim
Units of Time measurement
Very large units- Yugas and Life of universe

Yuga

Manvantara
Bramha
Kalpa

Bramha
 Topic-1 Hindu measurement of time

Yugas and Life of Bramha/Universe

Years Metrics
4,32,000 Years Kali Yuga
8,64,000 Year Dwapara Yuga
12,96,000 Years Treta Yuga 1 Cycle of Yugas/Maha Yuga

17,28,000 Years Satya Yuga

43,20,000 Years 1 Maha Yuga
71 Maha Yugas 1 Manvantara
1000 Maha Yugas 1 Kalpa/ 1 Divya Yug 43,20,000 Centuries or 4.32 Billion Yrs
2 Kalpa 1 Day of Bramha 8.64 Billion Years
720 Kalpas 1 Year of Bramha 3,11,04,00,00,00,000 Human years
72000 Kalpas 100 Yrs of Bramha
100Yrs of Bramha Life of Bramha Life of Universe
 Topic-1 Tropical Metrics
Tropical/Solar Time - Universal method of time measurement
• Solar day is the time between two successive
passages of the Sun across the meridian as
observed at a place
• Because between successive passages of the
sun at a place the earth not just rotates, but • The tropical time is integrated
also revolves, solar time is not the same as with Vernal Equinox to align
sidereal time with seasons.

• This is explained with a diagram on the

next page
• There are 365.2422 solar days in the year
 Topic-1 Sidereal Metrics
Sidereal Metrics

• The time reckoned from the motion of the earth (or a planet) relative to the
distant stars (rather than with respect to the sun) is called Sidereal Time
• Vedic Astrology follows Sidereal time for measurement of time. Time is
measured with reference to background of a star
• This is different from solar time which is reckoned from Sun instead
• Using such a measure, the time by earth to complete one rotation when
observed/reckoned against a fixed reference star would be a sidereal day
• For e.g. Time taken by earth to complete one rotation as reckoned against
a background of the star Spica in Ashwini Nakshatra would be a sidereal
day
• A clock that measures sidereal time such as above is called a sidereal clock
 Topic-1 Tropical Metrics

Sidereal Day Vs Solar Day

Background Star
millions of Light
years away Day 2
Sidereal Day 23hrs 56 min
4 Minutes

One Sidereal day motion

on the earth
Day X
Day 1
Rotation
 Topic-1 Tropical Metrics

Difference between Sidereal Day and Solar Day

As the earth moves at the rate 1⁰ each 4 minutes,
If we look from remote stars, we see that the earth has made
366.2422 circles about its axis in 365.2422 solar days.

Duration of one sidereal day

No. of solar days in a year = 365.2422
No. of sidereal days in a year = 366.2422
1 sidereal day = 23 hr. 56 m 4.09 s
(shorter by 3 min 55.91 seconds than the mean solar day of 24
hours)
 Topic-1 Tropical Metrics

Adhika Maasa and Kshya Maasa

• The Sun takes approximately 30.4 days to move through a Rasi. The
Moon’s synodic period (time from one conjunction with the Sun to
another) is approximately 29.5 days.
• Due to difference in movement of Sun and moon, results in Mala
masa.
• Mala Masa : Two Defiled Lunar Months are called Mala Masa.
1. Adhika Masa [Intercalary] : There could be two new Moons in the same
Rasi. This happens approximately every 2 years, 8 months and 16 days.
2. Kshaya Masa[Supressed Month]: Sun will move through an entire Rasi
without there being a new Moon is called Kshaya Masa or Suppressed
Month.
Measurement of Time- Masa

Kshaya Masa
 Adhika Maasa Solar Month Topic-1 Maasas
Rashi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1

Tithis
New Full New
Lunar Month Moon
Moon Moon

Kshaya Maasa Solar Month Rashi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1

Tithis
New Full New
Moon Lunar Month Moon
Moon
 Modern Measurement of Time Topic-1 Modern Methods
Definition of Time

“the measured or measurable period during which an action, process or condition exists or
continues”. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

Historical Measurement of Time

• The second is the base unit of time in the International System of Units refers to historically
defined as 1⁄86400 of a day

• This factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and
finally to 60 seconds each.

Modern Measurement of Time

Late 1940s
• In the late 1940s, quartz crystal oscillator clocks with an operating frequency of ~100 kHz
advanced to keep time with accuracy better than 1 part in 108 over an operating period of a day.
• It became apparent that a consensus of such clocks kept better time than the rotation of the
Earth.
• Meterologists also knew that Earth's orbit around the Sun (a year) was much more stable than
earth's rotation. This led to proposals as early as 1950 to define the second as a fraction of a
year.
 Modern Measurement of Time Topic-1 Modern Methods

Modern Measurement of Time

1967 on wards
• Since 1967, the second has been defined as exactly "the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of
the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state
• This
of thelength of a second
caesium-133 atom"was
(atselected to correspond
a temperature of 0 K). exactly to the length of the ephemeris
second previously defined.
• Atomic clocks use such a frequency to measure seconds by counting cycles per second at
that
• Radiation
frequency.of this kind is one of the most stable and reproducible phenomena of nature.
• The current generation of atomic clocks is accurate to within one second in a few hundred
million years.
• Atomic clocks now set the length of a second and the time standard for the world
 Topic-1 Traditional Units
Indian Traditional Units of Time
We come across horoscopes written in the past using Vedic units of time measurement. The time of birth is written
in Ghatis and Vighatis. Those who use modern metrics of measurement of time, must convert the same from Ghati
Vighatis to hours and minutes. The below table gives metrics of times used by traditional astrologers to record the
time

Conversion Units
1 Day = 24 Hours = 60 Ghatis
1 Ghati = 60 Pal/Kala/Vighati/Vinadi = 24 Sec
1 Pal/Vighati = 60 Vipala = 0.4 Sec
1 Vipala = 60 Para = 0.0066 Sec
I Para = 60 Tatpara = 0.000111 Sec
1 Hour = 2 Ghati 30 Vighati = 2.5 Ghatis
1 Min = 2.5 Vighati or 2 Vig 30Vipa
1 Sec = 2.5 Vipal

Conversion Factor Convert Ghati to Hours, Divide the Ghati by 2.5

2.5 Convert the Hours to Ghati, Multiply Hours by 2.5
 Topic-1 Traditional Units
1 Ghati = 24 Min
Conversion of Ghati and Vighati to 1 Hour = 2.5 Ghatis
Hours and Minutes 1 Ghati = 60 Vighati/Pala
1 Vighati/Pala =24 Seconds

18 Ghatis 40 Vighatis • Converting Seconds to Minutes

Step 1- Convert Ghatis to minutues Formula = Seconds/60 = Minute
18 Ghatis x 24 Minutes = 432 Minutes
Step 2- Convert Vighatis to Minutes • Converting Minutes to Hours
40 Vighatis x 24 Seconds = 960 Seconds =16 Min Formula = Minutes/60 = Hours
Step(1)+(2)=432 Minutes + 16 Min = 448 Minutes
• In this case we are converting 448 Minutes.
Convert Minutes to Hours • If you are using calculator, when divide 448 minutes
7 Hours 28 Minutes by 60[Minutes], we get 7.4666.
• It means 7 Hours and .466 of a Hour.

• To Convert it to minutes we should multiply the

14 Hours 20 Min
fraction by 60.
[1 Hour= 2.5 Ghatis]
14 Hours x 2.5 = 35 Ghatis
• When we multiply, 0.466Hours with 60, we get 28
20 min x 2.5 = 50 Vighati minutes
35 Ghatis 50 Vighati
Topic 2 – Time Differences
• Latitude & Longitude
• Concept of Prime Meridian
• Time Zones
• Local Mean Time
• Standard Time
• Greenwich Mean Time
• LMT Correction
 Topic-2 Time Differences

Longitudes and Latitudes

Latitude and longitude are imaginary (unreal) lines drawn
on maps to easily locate places on the Earth.

Latitude is a measure of position north or south of the

equator (an imaginary circle around the Earth halfway
between the North Pole and the South Pole)

Longitude is a measure of position east or west of the prime

meridian (an imaginary circle running from north pole to
south pole and passing through Greenwich, England)

Both are measured in terms of the degrees (symbolized by

°) of a circle.
 Topic-2 Time Differences

Coordinate Systems
The measurement of map is done
considering GMT as starting point.
180° West 180° East

Latitude upto 90° Longitude (-) Longitude (+)

Longititude
180° West
denoted (+) Latitude (+) Latitude (-)
Denoted (-)

Equitor 0°

Longitude (-) Longitude (+)

Longititude
180° East
Latitude (-) Latitude (-)
Time zone +

Latitude upto 90°

denoted (-)
 Topic-2 Time Differences

• In Astrology determination of place of birth

is very important as natal charts are drawn
based on local time of the place of birth
(not standard times of the time zone in
which the place of birth falls)
• The longitude of a place is the simplest way to
determine its local time vis-à-vis a standard
time
• Further the ascendant at any given time
(the sign rising in the east) would vary from
place to place depending on the latitude
• Thus we need both longitude and latitude
of the place of birth to accurately plot a
natal chart
• We will see in the next few slides how we
can reckon time using latitudes
 Topic-2 Time Differences

Conversion of Degrees to Arc Seconds and Visa Versa

xample:
Measurement of Angle [in Sp
S = Sign onverting 2 18’ 37”
⁰ =2x 60 Min x 60 Sec = 7200”
⁰ = Degree
8’ = 18 x 60 min = 1080” 8317”
’ = minutes
7” = 37”
”=Seconds
Converting 8317” to Degree and Seconds
Converting Degree to Seconds
8317”/60 min = 138.616667’
1 Sign = 30⁰
.616667’x 60” = 37” 138’ 37” = 2⁰ 18’ 37”
1⁰ = 60 arc minutes
1 arch minutes = 60 seconds
1⁰ =60minx60Sec = 3600 Seconds

Converting Seconds to Degree Degree to Seconds Seconds to Degree

3600 Seconds/60 = 60 min = 1⁰ Degree/60 = Minutes Secondsx60 = Minutes
Or 3600seconds/60/60= 1⁰ Minutes/60 = Seconds Minutesx60 = Degree
Degree/60/60 =Seconds Secondsx60x60 =Degree
 Topic-2 Time Differences

Arithmetic
Addition : Subtraction :
• We add hours to seconds to seconds, • We subtract seconds to seconds, minutes
minutes to minutes and hours to hours to
respectively. minutes and hours to hours respectively.
• If the Seconds, exceeds 60, we treat it as • If the seconds to subtract is more than
1 the
minute and added to minutes. to seconds, we carry 1 minute and add 60
• When minutes exceeds 60, we consider it seconds such value.
as • We carry 1° equal to 60min when minute
add51’
hour and90° it to50”
hours. is 90° 51’ 50”
110° 45’ 72”
20° 96’ 22 lesser than 53’value
19°the 32” to be subtracted.
or 111° 37’ 12” 120° 45’ 22
Note that minute, second and arc minute & arc second all are to a scale of 60 and not 100. Hence do not use
"." to distinguish between degree, arc minute & arc second or hour, minute & second.
For example 1.50 hour is not 1hour 50 minutes but 1 hour 50 hundredth of an hour, or 1 hour and 30
minutes. Similarly 25 degrees 35 arc minutes should never be written as 25.350 but 250 35'
 Topic-2 Time Differences

Royal observatory, UK located in a place Greenwich in London – the

Prime Meridian is the longitude that passes through Greenwich

The mean solar time of Greenwich is called Greenwich Meantime –

popularly known as GMT

This is universal Time zone from which all other time zones are
measured in modern days.

Greenwich Meantime - GMT

 Topic-2 Time Differences

• Earth is a sphere of 360° longitude

• Earth rotates through these 360° longitude in 24
Hours or 1440 minutes
• This means that earth moves
• 1° in (1440 min/360°) = 4 minutes
• 1’ in (4 minutes/60) = 4 seconds
• 15° in [4 minutes*15] = 1 hour

Time Zones • As earth rotates on West to east direction, the

movement of Sun appears in the East direction
to west
• Since time is usually reckoned with respect to sunrise,
countries east of Greenwich have times running
progressively ahead of GMT the more further east they are
• The converse is true of countries west of Greenwich
• The Time Zone to the East of GMT is shown in
(+) sign (since it is ahead) and to the West of
GMT is shown (-) (since it is behind)
 Topic-2 Time Differences

Arithmetic
Angle and Hour
relationship Time Zone
Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours. The time Conversion
it Time zone of any place or longitude
takes to rotate in
Angle Time
terms of angle is of a
below:
360° 24 hours place can be converted into time by
15° 1 hour below formula.
15’ 1 min 1° = 4 min
15” 1 Sec 1’ = 4S

Or

Time Angle
24 hours 360°
2 hour 30° or 1 Sign
4m 1°
4s 1’
 Topic-2 Time Differences
World Standard Time Zones
 Topic-2 Time Differences
Indian Standard time [IST]
or
Indian Standard Meridian
68°
Time • GMT is the standard time of
97°
82°30
Britain.
• Most countries have adopted one or
more
uniformity of time
standard time of that
zone(s) to maintain
• country/region
India has adopted 82°30’ East of
Prime
Meridian for reckoning Indian
• IST is 5 Hours 30 minutes ahead of
Standard
Time (IST)
GMT.
[82°30’ is 82.5x4 =330 minutes=5h30m
 Topic-2 Time Differences

• Local mean Time or Local time is different from Standard

Time.
• Consider Mumbai located at longitude of 72°51’ East and
Agartala located at longitude of 91°28’ East
Local time
• While Mumbai being west of India’s standard meridian runs
behind IST, Agartala being east of India’s standard meridian
or
runs ahead of IST
• Mumbai is 9°39’ west of and Agartala is 8°58’ east of the
Local Mean
Standard Meridian of India
• [Standard 82°30’- Delhi Long. 72°51’] = 9°39’
Time (LMT)
• [Agartala Long. 91°28’ - Standard 82°30’] = 8°58’

Local Mean Time difference of Mumbai = 9°39’x 4 Min

=
38min 36 Seconds
Local Mean behind ISTof Agartala = 8°58’x 4 Min
Time difference Equation
= Local Time Local Time
35min 52 Seconds ahead of IST West (-) East (+)
Conversion factor Standard Time
1 ⁰ = 60 arch Minutes
 Topic-2 Time Differences

I am poor in geography and astronomy.

How to determine whether a place in India is

east or west of Indian Standard time
meridian?

I am confused while making LMT correction

whether to add or deduct …………

Equation
Local Time Local Time
West (-) East (+)
Conversion factor
1 ⁰ = 60 arch Minutes
Standard Time
• It is very simple. Topic-2 Time Differences
68° 97°
The longitude of Standard meridian of 82°30

Indian Standard time is 82⁰30’

If longitude of any given place is less

than 82⁰30’, that place is located to
west of the IST meridian.

Then you need to subtract from IST to

derive correct LMT.

If the longitude of any given place is

more than 82⁰30’, that place is located
to east of the IST meridian.
Equation
Then you need to add IST to derive Local Time Local Time
correct LMT. West (-) East (+)
Conversion factor
1 ⁰ = 60 arch Minutes
Standard Time
 Topic-2 Time Differences

1. A Native Born at 13:30 hours at Mumbai as per IST. What is

the Local time of Birth of a native?
Mumbai falls west of the Standard Meridian of India (Mumbai’s Local time
longitude is less than Standard Meridian) , so we should deduct 38min
36 Secs from IST to arrive at the LMT of Mumbai or
LMT of birth of Native = 13:30 hours – 38min 36 Secs =
12:53:24 hours Local Mean
2. A native Born at Agartala at 10:00am as per IST. What is the
Time (LMT)
Local time of birth of the native?
Agartala falls east of the Standard Meridian of India (Agartala’s
GMT-Base
longitude is more than Standard meridian), so we should add 35min 52
Seconds to IST to arrive at the LMT of Agartala Equation
LMT of birth of Native = 10:00 am + 35min 52 Secs = 10:35:52 Local Time
am West (-) East (+)
Reference Time
 Topic-2 Time Differences

We can similarly determine local time with reference to GMT or

visa versa too by using longitude of the place.
1. What is GMT when LMT of Agra is 8:00am?
Longitude of Agra - 78 ⁰00 east of GMT Local time
78 ⁰ x 4 Minutes = 312 Minutes = 5 Hrs 12 Mins
GMT is west of Agra, hence we need to subtract 5 hrs 12 from
or
LMT Agra to arrive at the GMT
GMT= 8:00hrs-5hrs12min = 2:48 am
Local Mean
2. What is LMT of Delhi when GMT is 10:00Hours Time (LMT)
Longitude of Delhi - 77⁰13’ east of GMT
77⁰13’ x 4 min = 308 Min 52 seconds = 5 hrs 8 Mins 52 Secs
Delhi falls east of GMT time zone, hence we should add 5 hours Equation
8 minutes 52 seconds to GMT Local Time Local Time
LMT of Delhi= 10:00hrs+5hrs 8min 52secs = 15:08:52 hours West (-) East (+)
Standard Time
Conversion factor
1 ⁰ = 60 arch Minutes
Topic 3 – Time Conversion
• Conversion of LMT to IST
• Conversion of IST to LMT
• Conversion of GMT to IST
• Conversion of IST to GMT
• Conversion of ZST to GMT
• Conversion of GMT to ZST
 Topic-3 Time Conversion
Convert LMT of following places to IST
1. What is IST when LMT of Bangalore is 13:00 Hrs?
Longitude of IST 82⁰ 30’
Longitude of Bangalore 77 ⁰36’ west of IST
Difference ----- 4 ⁰54’
(4⁰ x 4)+(54’x4/60) = 16+3min 36sec = 19 Min 36 Sec
Meridian of IST is located east of longitude of Bangalore, we should
add 19 min 36 min to arrive at IST Conversion of
IST= 13hrs + 19 min 36 Sec = 13hrs 19min 36Sec
2. What is IST when LMT of Imphal is 5:00pm
LMT to IST
Longitude of Imphal - 93⁰57 east of GMT
Longitude of IST - 82⁰30’ east of GMT
Difference --- 11⁰27’
(11⁰ x 4)+(27’x4) = 44min+1min 48Sec= 45min 48 Sec
Meridian of IST located to west of longitude of Imphal, it should be Equation
deducted to arrive at IST Local Time Local Time
LMT of Imphal= 5pm+44min 48secs = 17:44:48 Sec West (-) East (+)
Standard Time
Conversion factor
1 ⁰ = 60 arch Minutes
 Topic-3 Time Conversion
Convert LMT of following places to IST
1. What is IST when LMT of Chicago is 3:00 Hrs?
Longitude of Chicago - 87 ⁰38’ West of GMT
Longitude of IST - 82⁰30’ East of GMT
Difference 170 ⁰08’
[Chicago falls west IST, it should be added to arrive at IST]
(170 ⁰x4)(8x4)= 11hrs 32Sec Conversion of
3:00hrs+11hrs 32Sec = 14hrs 32Sec
2. What is IST when LMT of Tokyo is 7:00am
GMT to IST
Longitude of Tokyo - 114⁰10’ east of GMT
Longitude of Delhi - 82⁰30’ east of GMT
Difference 31⁰40’
(31⁰x 4) (40’x4) = 124 Min+3min 40Sec = 2hrs 7min 40 Secs Equation
IST falls east of Tokyo time the value should be deducted. Local Time Local Time
IST of Delhi= 7:00hrs-5hrs 8min 52secs = 1:51:08 hours West (-) East (+)
Standard Time
Conversion factor
1 ⁰ = 60 arch Minutes