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PREP COURSE - WRITING LESSON 8:

Task 1: Process + Map

I. Task 1: Process

1. Types of Process essay

Types of process essay

The life cycle of a frog The production of a pencil

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2. How to write a Process essay

ANALYSIS OF A PROCESS DIAGRAM

- _________ of process:

- With each step:

● ____________

● ____________

● ____________

- Total __________ of steps

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Exercise 1: Analyse notable features of the graph below

The diagram details the process of making clothes from plastic bottles.

Exercise 2: Re-organize the following paragraphs to make a complete essay describing the
brick manufacturing process:
A. In the first step, the clay that is needed to make bricks is dug from the earth with the help of
a digger. Then, it is spread on the metal grid and placed above a roller. Next, sand and water
are added to the clay and this mixture is either poured into molds or undergoes wire cutting to
form the brick shape.
B. The given diagram describes how the bricks are made for the building industry.
C. Following this, the bricks are placed in a drying oven for 1-2 days. Subsequently, they are
heated in a kiln at a moderate temperature of 200 degree – 980 degree C before the
temperature in the kiln is increased to 870 – 1300 degree C. After the bricks are cooled for
48-72 hours, they are packed and loaded on trucks for delivery.
D. Overall, there are seven steps in the production of bricks, starting with digging clay and
ending with delivering bricks.

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The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building
industry.

STRUCTURE OF A PROCESS ESSAY

The diagram
Introduction

Overall,
Overview

2 body paragraphs - ______ paragraphs

- How to divide paragraphs: Steps in which ____________________
occur + in the _________ of the process

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- Tense: Use ______________________

- DO NOT miss any _________ (_______ ,_______ , _______,

_______,….)

Exercise 3: Write an introduction and overview for these processes.

The diagram details the process of making clothes from plastic bottles.

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3. Language to describe the PROCESS

3.1 Passive voice

WHAT TO USE
- In manufacturing process: mainly use _________ voice
- ________ voice can be used when the subject that does the action is important,
significant, or irreplaceable.

Exercise 4: Fill in the gaps in the model answer with the verbs in the box in the passive.
The flowchart below shows how banana chips are made.

The flow chart shows how banana chips (1) __________. First, the bananas (2) ______________

by a special machine and then they (3) ____________ in water. Next the clean bananas (4)

________ into a chipping machine where they (5) __________ into thin chips. After this they (6)

__________. One they are dry, the banana chips (7) __________ in hot oil in large deep fat fryers.

The cooked banana chips (8) _______________ from the fryers using a special sieve which

allows all of the oil to drain off. The banana chips (9) _____________ (then) to cool. When they

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have reached the right temperature, spices (10) _____________ for extra taste. Finally, the

banana chips are packaged ready to (11) ______________ around the world and (12) _____.

3.2. Relative clause

Exercise 5: Read the description of how chocolate is made. Add the relative clauses (a-i) to
the text in the gaps and write in the appropriate relative pronoun “where”, “which”, or
“that”

Chocolate's varied flavours, colours, shapes and textures result from different recipe traditions.
1 ...(g).... The essential ingredient in all chocolate is cocoa, which is made from the
cream-coloured beans. 2 ............. The cacao tree, 3.............. , produces a fruit about the size of a
small pineapple, 4 .............
After harvesting, the cocoa beans are removed from the pods and piled in heaps 5 ............. The
dried beans are then transported to factories. 6 ............. The shells are then removed and the
beans are ground into chocolate liquor - a thick brown liquid 7.............. This liquor contains a
high percentage of fat (cocoa butter), 8 ............. The solid block of cocoa that remains is then
made into a powder. 9.............. or is mixed back with some of the cocoa butter, sugar and other
flavour such as vanilla to make the different kinds of chocolate.
a ............. removed by using presses
b ............. they are sorted and roasted
c ............. are left for several days to dry
d can be used to make a hot chocolate drink

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e ............. grows in equatorial regions such as South America, Africa and Indonesia
f ............. forms a solid at about room temperature
g …(which)… have evolved in different parts of the world
h inside ............. are the tree's seeds
i .............grow in pods on the cacao tree

3.3. Linking phrases

Exercise 6: Categorize these linking phrases to their correct column.

List of linking phrases

Then First of all Subsequently The first step is that

Finally After that At this point The next step is that
Following this To begin with The next step is that Following this
The following step is that Initially While The last step is
Simultaneously and then …, after which At the same time

Two steps happen

The first stage is…. Next… The last stage is….
at the same time

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Exercise 7: Write one simple sentence to describe each following step in the process of
making clothes from recycled plastic bottles

After that, link the simple sentences you have just written by using suitable liking phrases

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II. Map

1. Types of Map essay

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2. How to write a Map essay

Read the sample writing task 1 for this map and answer the question:
- How MANY paragraphs are there?
- What is the function of each paragraph?

The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist
facilities.
The maps demonstrate the transformation of an island from the past to the present.
Overall, remarkable changes have taken place on the island. The most significant changes are
the construction of new accommodations and other facilities for transportation.
At the center of the island, a new reception has been built. It is surrounded by several guest
houses, which are connected to each other by newly constructed footpaths. To the north of the
reception, a restaurant has been opened.
In the south of the island, a pier has emerged, which allows boats to dock. From there, visitors
are transported to the reception by vehicles on a designated track, which is also a new feature
of the island. On the west side of the island, the beach has now been turned into a swimming
area, where guests can conveniently access using the footpath.

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STRUCTURE OF A MAP ESSAY

The maps ____________________________________________________

Introduction
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The 1st sentence:

Overall, ______________________________________________________

Overview _____________________________________________________________

The 2nd sentence

The most _____________ changes are ____________________________

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_____________________________________________________________

_____ ways to develop body paragraph

Based on ________ :

- Paragraph 1: __________________________________________

2 body paragraphs - Paragraph 2: __________________________________________

Based on ________ of the map:

- Paragraph 1: __________________________________________

- Paragraph 2: __________________________________________

Exercise 8: Write introduction and overview for this map

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3. Language to describe a Map

3.1 Language to describe changes

Exercise 9: Categorize these words into their correct column

Enlarged Replaced Pulled down
Made bigger Knocked down Extended
Cut down (trees) Erected Built
Constructed Made into Added
Introduced Modernised Planted (forests, trees)
Converted Removed Opened up (facilities)
Developed Torn down Redeveloped
Demolished Expanded Renovate

Expanding Removing Additions Change into sth

3.2 Directional language

A is in close _________________ to B.

A is _________________ to B.

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A is _________________ by Cs.

Cs _________________ A.

A is (__________________) in the _________________ of B

A is (__________________) between B and C

A is ______ the ___________ of B.

A is ______ the ___________ of B.

A1 is in _________________________ of B

A2 is in _________________________ of B

A3 is in _________________________ of B

A4 is in _________________________ of B

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3.3 Combining changes and direction

Exercise 10: Turn these two sentences into a complex sentence using 3 different ways.

1. The lake was to the west of the shopping center. The lake has been replaced by a new
furniture retail store.

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Appendix

2. Specific verbs for different components of the maps:

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3. Population:
• Địa điểm + has a population of + số dân + people: Danang city has a population of
1,300 people.
• Địa điểm + has + số dân + inhabitants: Danang city has 1,300 inhabitants.
• The population of + Địa điểm + is + số dân: The population of Danang city is 1,300.

4. Roads
Tuyến đường + run through/ pass through/go through/cross + địa điểm + hướng (from ... to...)
Eg: The main road runs through the entire city from east to west.

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5. Location
to be situated/ located/ positioned + hướng: nằm ở …
Eg: The company is located to the south of the river.
The university is situated in the center of the city.

6. Length
• S + has a length of + chiều dài: The street has a length of about 10 km.
• S ’s total length is + chiều dài: The street‘s total length is about 10 km.
• S + is + chiều dài + long: The street is about 10 km long.

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