CHAPTER #1

LANDSCAPE HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

The term ‘landscape’ refers to an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of
the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors’ .

Landscape has six main compositional elements: Landform, Vertical Structures, Horizontal
Structures, Vegetation, Water, Climate

Landscape Design

Landscape design is the art of arranging the features of an area of land for aesthetic and/or
practical reasons. It is often divided into two major components: hardscape (the nonliving
elements, such as pavers) and softscape (the living elements, such as flowers).

Landscape design, also known as landscape architecture and landscaping, is the arranging and
modifying of features in a landscape, urban area or garden. It involves the planning, designing
and managing of open spaces to create urban and rural environments.

Landscape design can be incorporated into a wide variety of projects, from parks and green
spaces, to gardens, sports sites and large estates such as housing developments, business parks,
universities, hospital complexes, and so on. It may be used to regenerate or improve sites such as
brownfield sites or contaminated sites and may be part of a biodiversity offsetting programme to
help mitigate for the loss of habitat that may result from a new development.

Landscape design involves the arrangement of a wide range of elements, including:

The landform itself, Built structures, Circulation routes, such as roads, paths, steps, ramps,
railings, and so on (including accessibility considerations).

Vegetation and planting., Water features, art and other installations (such as educational
installations), Furniture, Lighting, Drainage.

Landscape design is often divided into 'softscape' or 'soft landscape' and 'hardscape' or 'hard
landscape'.

Softscape

Softscape or soft landscape includes all types of plant life, from flowers and trees to shrubs and
groundcover. It naturally changes and evolves over time, driven by the climate, time of year and
and other conditions. Careful consideration should be given to the amount of maintenance that
these elements will require to stay in good order.
Hardscape

Hard landscape or hardscape consists of the inanimate elements of landscaping. They are 'hard'
and unchanging, although they may be movable and adaptable to the environment. They can also
have effects on the soft environment, such as paving which increases water run-off. Hardscape
might include, walkways, walls, outdoor 'rooms' and performance areas, gazebos, fences, and so
on.

Landscape Architect/Designer

Landscape architects or landscape designers may work for; design consultancies, contractors,
public bodies, local authorities, environmental consultancies, and so on. The role of a landscape
architect can be varied and wide-ranging and can include:

Meeting with clients to discuss landscape requirements.

Undertaking site surveys to determine the potential of the site to meet the client's expectations.

Preparing and presenting design plans and working drawings using computer-aided design
(CAD) packages or similar.

Completing the landscape and visual sections of planning applications or Environmental Impact
Assessments.

Working closely with other professionals on projects.

Providing evidence in public enquiries.

DEFINING THE BASIC CONCEPTS

Some major concepts of landscape design include: Unity (harmony), Balance, Proportion,
Transition

Unity is the effective use of elements in a design to convey a theme. Unity is achieved by
implementing a design consistently over a landscape through mass planting or repetition.
Whereas balance is a term of comparison between two segments of a landscape, unity pertains to
the overall picture of a landscape. Unity has been achieved when the viewer senses that all the
individual elements of a landscape fit together to form a coherent theme.

Proportion is the sense or requirement that the size of the individual components or groups of
components in a landscape fit into the whole landscape harmoniously. One way to achieve
proportion is through proper use of transition applied to the size of the respective components. A
landscape that fails to convey good proportion is one that is marred by abrupt transitions.

Transition is the gradual change achieved by the manipulation of the basic design elements of
color, scale, line, form, and texture. Unless striving to achieve a particular effect, avoid abrupt
transitions. For example, if the color of your flowers is repeated as you go from one part of the
yard to another, there is a sense of a cohesive whole, which gives you a smooth transition.5a

Sometimes a successful transition is enhanced simply by adding a suitable landscaping element

to a vast space, thereby breaking it up into segments that are more easily digestible for the
viewer. One could say that a transition is created in such cases.

Here are a few more of these concepts:

Plant form, Plant texture, Line, Color theory, Focal point

A related word is landscaping, but the two terms are not synonymous. Landscaping is the more
overarching of the two and is often self-taught. Studying landscape design can help you achieve
superior landscaping because many aspects of landscaping profit greatly from a designer's
eye.Moreover, landscaping goes beyond the glamor of the creative side (that is, design) and
includes landscape maintenance. Whereas the designer's job is to plan how the finished site will
look—and, often, execute the resulting landscape plan—it is someone else who will be
responsible for maintaining that site in good order.

IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPE DESIGNING

Importance

Landscapes give a beautifying touch to a property. Be it a residential area or a commercial

complex, landscapes have always been the center of attraction. Proper landscape design has
gained importance in the past few years, especially considering our Mediterranean climate.
Landscaping is much more than the beautification of the yard, it is a place of relaxation,
entertaining and can be a place of conservation with minimum human activities.

Landscapes are essential for the environment as it utilizes fewer resources, supports lifecycle,
flourishes flora and fauna, and offers long-term investment results. With the world’s population
multiplying at a steady pace and our resources also depleting at the same time, adding a well
thought out landscape is a very important contribution to Mother Nature and this planet.

Nature Preservation – The most significant advantage of having a landscape is the preservation
of nature. Urban architecture is full of wooden decking and concrete flooring. People have
started acknowledging the importance of plants and trees in their lives. Landscaping offers
solutions to various environmental issues, and protects natural resources and ecology.

Reduces Pollution – A smart garden helps in reducing pollutants in the environment. Many
manufacturing companies have come forward to adopt a garden in their architecture. In other
words, landscaping helps in purification of the air in the nearby areas. They help purify both
outdoor and indoor air quality.

Protects Plants – Plants are a vital part of our biological life cycle. Landscaping allows different
species of plants to flourish in their natural habitat, free of pests. They are provided with an
adequate amount of water, good quality of soil, and sunlight to grow and nurture. It also helps in
protecting endangered plant species that carry medicinal properties.

Protection from Heat – We find solace in a tree shade during scorching summers. This shows
the importance of plants and trees in our lives. Landscaping offers the concept of pocket parks or
small parks that allow people to relax from their hectic urban lifestyle. This is, again, an
excellent idea to promote greenery in the concrete cities.

Water Management – We are fast running out of wetlands. The situation can be controlled with
the help of planned and smart landscapes. Wetlands are responsible for controlling floods and
managing biological diversity. Landscapes are a natural way to curb this issue.

Offers Outdoor Recreation – Landscapes are an excellent means of outdoor recreation. This
will boost the physical well-being of the local population. Kids can enjoy playing in these
landscapes, and can learn about conservation of the environment.

Wooden Blinds – Hardwood blinds are a good choice for big windows since they are both
sturdy and light. Most wood blinds are made using sustainable forestry processes and are
available in a broad range of stains to complement most hand-rubbed furniture, molding, and
flooring.

Boosts Mental Health – Sitting for some time in the lap of nature can have a positive impact on
a person and his state of mind. This exercise enhances the productivity of working individuals by
boosting their confidence and concentration levels. In other words, more green spaces indicate
better psychological health.

SCOPE OF LANDSCAPE DESIGNING

Though they require similar skills, the garden design and landscape architecture professions offer
different career and jobs. Landscape architecture jobs often involve working with other
professionals (engineers, planners, environmental consultants etc) and have typical career paths
from assistant to associate to partner or director. Garden designers are more likely to be self-
employed and to work with builders and craftsmen. The illustrations to the right are of landscape
architecture.

Scope of Landscape Architecture: Scope of Landscape Architecture would include urban

planning, site planning, environment planning, real estate planning, green infrastructure planning
and many more. Landscape architects work both as lead professionals and as specialist site
designers on a wide range of projects, including civic developments, urban design, commercial,
industrial and tourism developments, and residential and lifestyle subdivisions.

What are the job roles: Landscape Architect, Site Designer, Civil Engineer, Architect Designer,
Architect Manager, Landscape Consultant, Landscape Architect Supervisor
 HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE/ GARDENING

The name "landscape architecture" was invented by a Scotsman in 1828. It uses the ancient skill
of garden designers (to compose landform with water, vegetation, structures and paving) and
applies this skill to the man-made landscape. As Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe wrote in The landscape of
man (1975): 'It is only in the present century that the collective landscape has emerged as a social
necessity. We are promoting a landscape art on a scale never conceived of in history'. Landscape
architecture is set fair to become the mother of the arts.

It is the planning and planting of outdoor space to secure the most desirable relationship between
the landform architect and plants to best meet the human needs for beauty and function.

As old as civilization and origin of earth 500 million years ago, Garden of Eden is the genesis of
gardening Adam was the first person who grew ornamental trees and plants in garden.

GARDEN OF PARADISE:

The imaginary garden of Eden, perhaps marks the genesis (origin) of gardens and gardening
where Adam was the first gardener or the horticulturist while Eve supplied new information
concerning a tree and its fruits which served as food and appeared beautiful. Moreover, the fruit
engendered a longing for knowledge, which activated Eve to collect more information and to do
research on fruits and thus she became the first horticultural scientist. Horticulturist: an expert
in garden cultivation and management. Botanist: Botanists study various aspects of plants. For
example, they may study their physiological processes such as photosynthesis

PRE HISTORIC TIMES:

The invention of gardens is as old as the civilization of mankind itself, which dates back to
Neolithic times. When man began to build shelter for himself and cultivated the surrounding
land, he conceived the idea of a garden with an utilitarian purpose to grow edible or useful plants
in his neighbourhood.

1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION (BABYLONIANS)

It was the Sumerians who originally introduced the grand and formal style of gardening which
actually influenced, later, the art of garden making of the subsequent alien civilizations all over
the world.

 The earliest recorded example of landscape design is said to be the Hanging Gardens of
Babylon from the 6th century BC.

 Even then, landscape design isn’t said to have been popularized until it reached the
ancient Romans. Their accreditation for the landscape design’s rise is due in part to the
fact that they transformed it from something only done for the elites to a practice applied
 in every home garden.

 The Gardens of Babylon are said to have stood on the banks of the Euphrates River in
modern-day Iraq, although there's some doubt as to whether they ever really existed.

Legend has it the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BCE) constructed the gardens at
his Royal Palace in the Mesopotamian desert as a love offering to his wife, who came from
Media and who longed for the lush greenery of her mountainous homeland.

However, thousands of clay tablets from that period in Babylon still exist today. They describe in
detail many facts about the city, its people and its surroundings — and yet records of the
Hanging Gardens are conspicuous by their absence. The ancient tourist and travel writer
Herodotus, for example, mentions nothing at all about the hanging gardens in his extensive
descriptions of the city of Babylon and the surrounding countryside.

2. GARDENING ACTIVITIES IN ANCIENT EGYPT

The wealth of pyramid murals and inscriptions of Egypt throw a floodlight on the ancient
Egyptian gardens.

 According to a writing found on an Egyptian tomb, gardening had thrived in Egypt as far
back as 3000 BC.

 However, the early Egyptian gardens seemed to have no flowers. They were mainly
concerned with the cultivation of fruits and vegetables.

 The gardens were planted in regular rectangles with trees, vegetables and grape vines.
Gardens were enclosed first within thorn fences and later brick walls.

 The temples were the centre of horticulture, where garden designs improved with new
plants. Thus, Egyptian gardening added to the art of gardening, making new species, and
 formal and architectural styles.

A typical garden in ancient Egypt was made of three components: an enclosure wall, a water
pond, well or canal and trees, flowers and vegetables. Like anywhere today, fruit grew wildly in
ancient Egypt and people also grew fruit, vegetables, and flowers in their gardens.

Trees and plants had symbolic meanings, often related to fertility and rebirth. For example,

 the date palm was associated with the sun god Re, and the dom palm was associated with
the moon god Thoth. Both stood for rebirth and nourishment.

 The lotus flower was linked to the myth of creation: the sun god Re emerged from a lotus
flower in the primeval waters, thus the lotus was a symbol of rebirth and fertility.

 Gardens depicted on tomb walls and models of gardens placed in tombs served to help
the deceased to be reborn and provide sustenance in the afterlife.
3. CHINESE GARDEN ART
Agriculture in China seemed to have prospered around 2700-2400 BC., at a time when Europe
had not even left her childhood and remained in an age of barbaric ignorance. The art of
gardening also reflected a high level of perfection. The Chinese knew how to acclimatise plants
from warmer climates and hasten their growth.

 They used shelters, forcing frames and heated glasshouses.

 They also knew about pruning (Pruning is a horticulturalpractice involving the selective
removal of certain parts of a plant, such as branches, buds, or roots.) and grafting
(Grafting is the act of placing a portion of one plant into or on a stem, root, or branch of
another (stock) in such a way that a union will be formed and the partners will continue
to grow of trees).

 Gardens in China, however, have a long antiquity. During the reign of the China and Han
dynasties, there were royal palace gardens and landscaped hunting parks. Under Emperor
Kie, 18 century BC., there existed vast gardens with ponds and houses, sparkling with
gold and precious stones.

 Ornamental gardening in China has largely developed along the line of idealization of
natural scenery.
Buddhism reached China in 64 AD. and has a profound effect on the life and environment
of the Chinese, their architecture, painting, literature and, above all, on the art of
gardening.
The Chinese valued plants for their distinctive habit and grace rather than for their colour, scent
and form.
Gardening in China had a long association with painting, which inspired the spiritual content of
the scenes and was introduced by the Emperor Hui Tsung (1100-25 BC). He influenced garden
art to a great extent and he was instrumental in popularizing the landscape painters ideas among
the rich and educated classes.
The earliest garden in China were developed under the patronage of China Dynasty (255-206
BC). The China Emperor Shih Huang-ti, who built the 1,500 mile long Great Wall of China is
reputed to have had a great park. The Han Emperor Wu Ti (140-87 BC) had a garden with
artificial mountains, streams and winding paths. In this garden, he planted rare trees and shrubs.

4. ANCIENT GREEK GARDENS

In ancient Greece, while gardens were not included within houses, sacred groves and plants,
especially trees, were ever-present elements of the Greek landscape throughout Antiquity. ...
These monumental, palatial gardens were created and flourished under the Hellenistic rulers.
Much of our knowledge of Greek gardens and cultivated flora comes primarily from literature
and paintings; (Homer, Odyessy) few gardens have been recovered archaeologically.
Greek attitudes to plants also helped shape the values and understanding of plants around the
Mediterranean. The transformative motivation in the development of gardens in classical
Antiquity was Alexander the Great’s conquests in the East. He visited some of the major palaces
and the gardens of the Persian emperors and saw firsthand the well-established, extensive garden
tradition of the Near East. As a result of Alexander’s conquest, considerable horticultural
knowledge (and possibly specimen plants) from the East came back to the Mediterranean region,
brought there by his armies and successors.
These monumental, palatial gardens were created and flourished under the Hellenistic rulers.
Gardens associated with philosophers also developed in the late classical and Hellenistic eras,
although we lack archaeological evidence for these gardens. The contribution of the Greeks to
the world of gardening is more in their architecture and art rather than in plants.
Greek gardens were, above all, utilitarian in that they were meant for growing vegetables and
fruits for eating. The idea of a garden for enjoyment only came after the Persian conquest under
Alexander (330 BC). It was at this time that Epicurus, according to Pliny, had a landscape garden
within the walls of the city of Athens, with shaded areas and monuments devoted to sensual
pleasures. According to Noisette, the Greeks knew how to increase the beauty of their plants by a
more enlightened type of gardening.

5. ROMAN GARDENS
The best of the earlier gardens were those of the Romans, in which we find combined the best
ideas of the Egyptians, Persians and Greeks. The heartland of the Roman Empire, Italy, is one of
the most beautiful countries of the world. It is the smiling land of vineyards, olive orchards,
villas and gardens. In the 2nd century BC, parks, fish ponds and villas spread over the
countryside.
Varro, a gentleman farmer with aesthetic sensibility, lived during 50 BC. At Casinam, he had a
pleasure garden in which he kept peacocks and other attractive birds. With its pavilions (building
that is either positioned separately or as an attachment to the main building), fish ponds and
aviaries (large cage for birds), Varros garden was an enchanting place.
Hyams states that real garden art in Italy began with introduction of the gymnasium park. Such
parks were large and consisted of a grass enclosure, with a portico (porch leading to entrance of
building, extended, colonnsded, roof, structure over walkway, columns, or walls) and statues,
and groves ( wood or group of trees) of cypress. Two early authors gave us a great deal of
information about the plants and gardens of Rome at about the time of the coming of
Christianity.
 According to Georgina Masson, Pompeian gardens were of two kinds, namely country and
gardens, where plants grew in pots or vases or in small beds surrounding a pool, or plants were
grown under a portico opening on the garden behind the house. In the latter type of garden, the
interpenetration of the house and the garden and the axial planning are notable features. These
influenced gardens and garden making in postRenaissance Italy and in France. The chief
gifts of Rome to architecture were cement and the free use of the arch. The portrait
bust (Marble sculptures), axial planning (axial plan refers to a plan
in which the parts of a building or structure are arranged
lengthwise, along a given axis) and the to-piary (the art or practice
of clipping shrubs or trees into ornamental shapes) are the main
contributions of the Romans to gardens and these were widely
adopted in the gardens of France and imperial Britain.
6. GARDENS OF RENAISSANCE, ITALY
The Renaissance which led to a great revival in literature, art and later on in science and
gardening, developed in the cities of north Italy after 1300 AD. The Italian Renaissance garden
was a new style of garden which emerged in the late 15th century at villas in Rome and Florence,
inspired by classical ideals of order and beauty, and intended for the pleasure of the view of the
garden and the landscape beyond, for contemplation, and for the enjoyment of the sights, sounds
and smells of the garden itself.
In the late Renaissance, the gardens became larger, grander (huge) and more symmetrical, and
were filled with fountains, statues, grottoes (a small picturesque cave, especially an artificial
one in a park or garden.), water organs and other features designed to delight their owners and
amuse and impress visitors. Beginning in the early modern period translations of Classical works
began to circulate among European society, and by the mid-16th century showed influences of
Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Sebastiano Serlio, being regarded more like works of art
themselves.

Water, statuary, private spaces and a formal pathway are all elements that contribute to the
Italian garden.The classic Italian garden, also known as the Renaissance garden, was a new style
of garden that emerged in the late 15th century at prosperous villas in Rome and Florence.
Inspired by classical ideals of order and beauty, Italian gardens were specifically designed with
these themes in mind.
7. GARDEN OF FRANCE
The term “French garden” refers to a regular garden, one whose composition reached its peak in
France during the reign of Louis XIV (1638-1715), thanks to the work of André Le Nôtre (1613-
1700). Influence of Chinese garden can be seen.
8. GARDENING IN ENGLAND
9. AMERICAN GARDENS
10. ISLAMIC GARDENS
11. JAPANESE GARDENS
12. GARDENING IN SUBCONTINENT

CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE
PLANNING OF LANDSCAPE
PRINCIPLES
The basic principles of landscaping include proportion, balance, contrast and harmony, color,
and repetition Balance, Focalization, Simplicity, Rhythm and Line, Proportion, Unity. Using
these principles, landscape designers create landscapes that are pleasing to look at and even
inviting. These principles were not created by artists centuries ago, but more of an inherent
visual sense that most people possess. Using these as guidelines helps designers and homeowners
create a landscape that “make sense” to look at.
1. Balance
Balance is a state of being as well as seeing. We are most comfortable in landscapes that have a
sense of balance. There are two major types of balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical.
Symmetrical balance is used in formal landscapes when one side of the landscape is a mirror
image of the opposite side. These landscapes often use geometric patterns in the walkways,
planting beds and even how the plants are pruned into shapes. This type of balance appears to be
rather stiff in appearance and often is highly maintained.
Asymmetrical balance, also known as informal balance, differs from one side to the other and
appears to be relaxing and free flowing.
2. Focalization
Any good design has a focal point – the place where the viewer’s eye is first attracted.
Focalization is sometimes referred to as focalization of interest or simply focal point. The focal
point is the strongest element in the design in any given view. A home’s focal point is often the
front door. The landscape focal point is often something close to the front door to enhance the
entrance of the home.
Each area of the landscape may include a focal point, but it is certainly not necessary. Landscape
designers should not overuse focal points. In any view, people are attracted to interesting plant
forms, bright colors and artistic, architectural design as well as art or sculptures. Mix it up, have
some fun and create interesting focal points.
3. Simplicity
Simplicity is what the name implies – simple. Keeping landscapes simple, not cluttered or fussy
is always a good practice. This is not the opposite of complexity. Many landscapes have very
complex features, including the architectural design, water features and extensive lighting
features. Landscapes that make people happy and comfortable avoid using too many colors,
shapes, curves and textures, but in no way does this mean simplistic, boring or lack of
imagination.
4. Rhythm and line
When something in the landscape is repeated with a standard interval, a rhythm is established. In
landscape design, the interval is usually space. Plants, groups of plants, lamp posts, benches or
other structures can be repeated within the design to create this rhythm. Lines within a landscape
are created in a landscape by the shape and form of the planting beds, sidewalks, where the turf
meets pavement and other hardscaping features. The rhythm and line design principle gives a
landscape a sense of movement and is what may draw you “into” the landscape. This is what
makes landscapes calming to our souls.
5. Proportion
Proportion refers to the size relationship of all the features in the landscape. This includes
vertical, horizontal and special relationships. Short people, tall people and children all perceive
space differently. Proportion in landscape design extends to building size, lot size, plant size,
areas of plantings to areas of open space as well as the use of the landscape.
6. Unity
The principle of unity is easily measured if the other five landscape principles have been
properly executed throughout the landscape. Unity in design simply means all the separate parts
of the landscape work together to create a great total design. Colors, shapes, sizes, textures and
other features work together to create a unified space. Patterns and colors are often repeated.
Lighting, special features, bed shapes and hardscapes such as walk ways all need to work
together to create a pleasing look and a unified landscape
6. Color
Color gives your landscape design the dimension of real life. Warm colors (e.g. red and orange)
seem to advance towards you, making an object seem closer. While cool colors like blues and
greens seem to move away from you. Blues and greens are used to create perspective.
7. Transition
Transition is simply a gradual change. Transition in a landscape design is illustrated by gradually
varying the plant size or the color intensity. Transition can also be applied to texture, foliage
shape and size of different elements.
8. Repetition
Repetition is directly related to unity. It’s good to have several elements and forms in a garden,
but repeating the same elements gives your design various expressions. Too many objects that
are not related can make your design look unplanned and cluttered. Also, don’t overuse an
element since over using an element can make your design feel boring, uninteresting, and
monotonous.
Perspective: View Position e.g. Your kitchen table (Morning View) etc. there are three
possibilities of view, Below eyelevel, on the eyelevel and above eyelevel.
1. The view from Above: Childern spied out of a second story building window onto the garden
below, and it made them feel in command of the situation. Enable them to see things from above
which people from ground can not see.
2. The Level view: We view the world most often. this view level is moderate, safe, less exciting
than others, but most efficient and most used in landscapes.
3. The view from Below: May provide the feeling of security or enclosure.
Elements of Landscape. Assignment.
PLANNING OF LANDSCAPE

ROLE OF HORTICULTURIST-BOTANIST-GEOLOGIST
Horticulture is a branch or field of botany that deals with edible and ornamental plants.
It's an applied science
Horticulturists have scientific knowledge in how to cultivate and propagate (breed) plants, and
use this knowledge to provide technical information to fruit, vegetable, and flower growers, as
well as farmers. Horticulturists also conduct pest and disease investigations and experiment with
improved varieties of plants with greater resistance to disease. Some horticulturists choose to
work in the field of landscape design to create gardens, recreational areas, and parks, with the
goal of preserving our natural resources.
A horticulturist may join construction or landscaping companies to design and develop the
landscape for a specific site. They cultivate flowers, grasses, shrubs, trees, and advise their client
on proper plant products and irrigation to maintain the look and integrity of the greenery.
Horticulturists know the types of plants that would thrive with each other. They also take into
account climate, soil, necessary nutrients, and plant care.
A horticulturist may also serve as a consultant to a range of customers such as farmers or
landscapers. They can help a farmer maximize their crop outputs by advising on planting,
growing, and harvesting techniques. They may also advise farmers on the best ways to irrigate
soil to protect crops from insects or parasites, or give advice on planting trees in shady areas. If
any grower has a question about their plants or crops, a horticulturist is the one they call on.
Not all the work of a horticulturist is spent out in the field. They make sure their client or place
of work is in accordance with proper horticultural policies and standards. They may supervise
landscapers and gardeners to make sure the proper operations are being followed. They could
also be responsible for planning and organizing landscaping or gardening projects that fit within
a budget.
B vff otanist: Both the terms deal with plants. The science-based knowledge in both the
scientific fields are exchangeable. For instance, botanical science experts and specialists can
apply the scientific knowledge in horticulture field, and the vice-versa. Both botanist and
the horticulturist can work in the same department and vice-versa.
However, there are differences as well in both the scientific fields. Horticulture involves
garden management and cultivation. Botanical science is a broader field. It involves focus
on plants as a whole and traditionally includes classification of plant species.
A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes Earth
and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. Geologists usually study
geology, although backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, and other sciences are also useful.
The discovery of such resources as water, geothermal sources, fertile soil, and fossil fuel
facilitates the establishment of new settlements, resulting in a geological resource-based
landscape architecture. The teaching of geology should be adapted to the needs of students of
landscape architecture and should concentrate on the natural environment as the target of
sustainable, resource-oriented landscape management. The classical methodology of teaching
geology is highly evolved and must be adapted to the needs of students of landscape architecture.
TYPES OF LANDSCAPE STYLES

1. ISLAMIC GARDENS
 Most Islamic gardens contained courtyards, paths, fountains, and playing areas.

 Some even had zoos and racecourses.

 An element that is not seen is statuary because the Koran strictly forbids such artwork.

 The waterways helped irrigate the plants but also provided dimension and sound to the
garden

 Their most identifiable architectural design reflects the Charbagh quadrilateral layout
with four smaller gardens divided by walkways or flowing water.
 A major focus of the Islamic gardens was to provide a sensory experience, which was
accomplished through the use of water and aromatic plants.

 After the Arab invasions of the 7th century CE, the traditional design of the Persian
garden was used in many Islamic gardens.

 Persian gardens were traditionally enclosed by walls and the Persian word for an
enclosed space is pairi-daeza,

 One of the most identifiable garden designs, known as the Charbagh (or Chahār Bāgh),
consists of four quadrants most commonly divided by either water channels or walkways,
that took on many forms.

 Another variation is a courtyard at the center intersection, with pools built either in the
courtyard or surrounding the courtyard

 While the Charbagh gardens are the most identified gardens, very few were actually built,
possibly due to their high costs or because they belonged to the higher class, who had the
capabilities to ensure their survival

 Notable examples of the Charbagh include Balkuwara Palace and Madinat al-Zahra in
Spain.

 elements:

 Water: was an integral part of the landscape architecture and served many sensory
functions, such as a desire for interaction, illusionary reflections, and animation of still
objects, thereby stimulating visual, auditory and somatosensory senses.

 The centrally placed pools and fountains in Islamic gardens remind visitors of the essence
of water in the Islamic world.

 Islam emerged in the desert, and the thirst and gratitude for water are embedded in its
nature. In the Qur'an, rivers are the primary constituents of the paradise, and references to
rain and fountains abound.

 Reflecting pools were strategically placed to reflect the building structures,

interconnecting the exterior and interior spaces.[7] The reflection created an illusion that
enlarged the building and doubled the effect of solemnity and formality. The effect of
rippling water from jets and shimmering sunlight further emphasized the reflection.

 Another use of water was to provide kinetic motion and sound to the stillness of a walled
garden

 Sensory plants: A sensory garden is a garden that has a collection of plants that are
appealing to one or more of the five senses; sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch.

 There is, however, record of various fruit-bearing trees and flowers that contributed to the
aromatic aspect of the garden, such as cherries, peaches, almonds, jasmine, roses,
 narcissi, violets, and lilies.
1. Umayyad gardens: Al-Ruṣāfa: Built in the city of Rusafa, present day northern Syria, this site
was an enclosed garden at the country estate of Umayyad caliph Hishām I. It has a stone pavilion
in the center with arcades surrounding the pavilion. It is believed to be the earliest example of a
formal Charbagh design.

2. Abbasid gardens:
Dar al-Khilafa: This palace was built in 836 at Samarra, at the order of the Abbasid caliph al-
Mu'tasim. The palace can be entered through the Bab-al'Amma portal. This portal's second story
allowed people to gain an entire view of the nearby landscapes, including a large pool, pavilions
and gardens
3. Gardens in al-Andalus and the Maghreb
The terraced gardens of Madinat al-Zahra in al-Andalus, built in the 10th century under Abd ar-
Rahman III, are the earliest well-documented examples of a symmetrically-divided enclosed
garden in the western Islamic world and among the earliest examples in the Islamic world more
generally.
4. Mughal gardens
The Mughal gardens of present-day India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, are derived from Islamic
gardens, geometric design was often more rigidly formal. Due to a lack of swift-running rivers,
water-lifting devices were frequently needed for irrigation. Early Mughal gardens were built as
fortresses, like the Gardens of Babur, with designs later shifting to riverfront gardens like the Taj
Mahal.
5. Ottoman gardens
Berat and Elbasan, Albania: Evliya Çelebi's 17th century travel book Seyahatnâme contains
descriptions of paradise gardens around the towns of Berat and Elbasan, Albania. , very few
traces of the refined oriental culture of the Ottoman era remain here today. Çelebi describes the
town of Berat as an open town with appealing homes, gardens, and fountains, spread over seven
green hills. Çelebi similarly describes the town of Elbasan as having luxurious homes with
vineyards, paradise gardens and well-appointed parks, each with a pool and fountain of pure
water.
6. Persian gardens
The building of Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan was completed by Safavid Shah 'Abbas II at 1647, with a
reception hall and a fifteen-acre garden. It was located among other royal gardens between the
Isfahan palace and the Chahar Bagh Avenue. Three walkways lead to the reception hall in the
garden, and a rectangular pool within the garden reflects the image of the hall in water
Another example of Persian gardens is Shah-Gul Garden in Tabriz also called the "Royal Basin",
built by one of Iran's wealthy families or ruling class in 1785 during the Qajar period, when
Tabriz became a popular location for country estates.
It is centered around a square lake of about 11 acres. On the south side of the lake,
fruit trees surround it,
and seven risen stepped terraces originate from these rows of trees.
A modern pavilion was built on an eighteenth-century platform at the center of the lake. This
garden is one of the few gardens still surviving in Tabriz.
 2. MUGHAL GARDENS

 Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the Mughals in the Persian style of
architecture.

 The Mughal gardens introduced by the Mughal emperor Babur developed until the late
Mughal period

 This style was heavily influenced by the Persian gardens particularly the Charbagh
structure.

 These gardens were not only designed as architectural masterpieces, but also hosted
activities that transformed the culture of cities across time

 Babur visited the Timurid and Uzbek gardens in Samarkand, Kabul, and Herat before
coming to Hindustan. He left a description of Samarkand and its fascinating gardens,
which probably inspired him to develop a meaningful relationship between architecture
and urban landscape design:
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUGHAL GARDEN
1. AXIAL GEOMETRY One of the key features of a Mughal garden is its highly structural
geometry. Respecting the axis is cardinal rule for implementing a Charbagh geometry. The word
literally translates to four gardens.
2. A FOCAL POINT One of the most important feature of mughal gardens is having a huge
focal point. The Shalimar Bagh has a summer pavilion and the Taj Gardens have the Taj Mahal.
3: RUNNING WATER OR POOLS Flowing water and pools is another common theme of a
Mughal garden with reference to the four rivers that flowed through the Garden of Eden. The
joint reflection of the sky and trees in a pool is symbolic of everything man admires in nature, a
representation of life. Mughal gardens feature canals and pools along the axes, as well as
fountains and waterfalls.
4: ORNAMENTAL DETAILING God is indeed in the details. The Mughal gardens include
symbolic ornamental detailing inspired from the Quran and family history, juxtaposed (two
things placed tpgether to see contrast) with more secular references like zodiac symbols,
numerology and local craftsmanship.
GARDENS:
1. The Aram Bagh is the oldest Mughal Garden in India, originally built by the Mughal
Emperor Babur in 1528, located about five kilometers northeast of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India.
Babur was temporarily buried there before being interred in Kabul.
It is one of the earliest Mughal gardens, built by Emperor Babar for his daughter Zahra. Also
called Ram Bagh.
The garden is a Persian garden, where pathways and canals divide the garden to represent the
Islamic ideal of paradise, an abundant garden through which rivers flow.
The Aram Bagh provides an example of a variant of the charbagh in which water cascades (kes-
kades) down three terraces in a sequence of cascades. (waterfall, falling in stages, from a rocky
surface)
Two viewing pavilions (decorative building, shelter, used for rest, in a garden)face the Jumna
river. The garden has numerous water courses and fountains.

2. Chauburji Gardens
Chauburji Lahore is a monument which has four towers and due to these towers it is called as
Chauburji in the local language. Four means char and tower means burj.
Basically, it was an entry point to a Mughal garden which was built by a woman Zeb un Nisa.
She was the daughter of Mughal ruler Aurangzeb Alamgir.
It is constructed in the year 1646 and it was a typically Mughal style’s building.
It was a lush green area of the Lahore city but all its greenery has been disappeared from its soils.
It is just a roundabout now to facilitate the traffic and shows the view of an old structure. There
are very less of items are still retains like the enamel’s tile. These tiles were used in its
decoration with the blue ceramics and Arabic words. The night view of the Chauburji Lahore is
not very impressive as a huge number of peoples use it for sleeping. There is no control over the
peoples for entrance so a large number of peoples use it for sleeping purpose.

3. Lahore Fort
Lahore Fort also known as Shahi Qila is located in the north-western corner of the historical city
of Lahore.
Though irregular in the scheme the fort measures about 427 meters east-west and 335 meters
north-south excluding the fortification wall added later during the Sikh rule of Maharaja Ranjit
Singh (1799 – 1839 A.D)
During the Lodi period (1451–1526), a number of buildings were added to the fort.
Mirza Kamran, son of Babur, resided here.
The present layout of the fort dates to the reign of Akbar, who also resided there between 1584
and 1598.
He replaced the mud wall with a brick fortification (Akbarnāma, 2:317).
The fort is irregular in plan, measuring about 1400 feet east–west by 1115 feet north–south.
The successors of Akbar, particularly Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb, added new buildings
along the northern wall.
Except for part of the original boundary wall, the eastern gateway and the structure behind
Diwan-i Aam belong to the Akbar period.
The Makatib Khana and Jahangir quadrangle, designed by Abdul Karim Mamur Khan, belong to
Jahangir’s reign. The picture wall of Lahore Fort was begun during Jahangir's reign and
completed during Shah Jahan’s. Shah Jahan surpassed his predecessors in the construction of
new buildings in Lahore Fort. The buildings in the Shah Jahan quadrangle include Diwan-i Aam
on the north and the sleeping chamber and royal bath on the south side.
The courtyard is designed in the chahārbāgh style.
Further west from the Shah Jahan quadrangle lies a paein bāgh, a rest and recreation place for
the ladies of the harem.
The Shish Mahal quadrangle is the most ornate part of the imperial palace.
Aurangzeb’s contribution to the Lahore Fort is limited to the Alamgiri Gate, which was built
simultaneously with the Badshahi Masjid. The Lahore Fort is a World Heritage Monument.

4. Shalimar Garden
Shalimar Garden was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Lahore in 1642.
To irrigate the Garden, a canal named “Shah Nahar” meaning Royal canal, was brought from a
distance of over 160 kilometers.
The canal intersected the Gardens and discharged into a large marble basin (bay-sun) in the
middle terrace. From this basin, and from the canal, rise 410 fountains, which discharge into
wide marble pools.
It is a credit to the creativity of the Mughal engineers that even today scientists are unable to
comprehend how the fountains were operated.
In 1981, Shalimar Garden was included as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the
Lahore Fort.
The Mughal garden is characterized by enclosing walls,
a rectilinear layout (moving in straight lines or line) of paths and features, and large expanses of
flowing water.
The Shalimar Gardens cover 16 hectares, and is arranged in three terraces descending from the
south to the north.
Originally, the gardens had seven ascending terraces, but now only three remain spread
over an area of about 42 acres.There is a marble pavilion under which water flows and
cascades down over a carved, marble slab creating a waterfall effect. Across the waterfall is
a marble throne.
At the end of the second terrace is a beautiful structure called Sawan Bhadon. Shalimar
Garden, also written Shalimar Garden, was built by the great Mughal emperor Shah
Jahan.
Construction began in 1641 A.D. and was completed in a year. Shalimar Garden is a great
example of Mughal architecture.
There are three successive terraces in the middle of the garden, raised one above the level
of the other by a height of 12 or 15 feet (4 or 5 m).
These terraces were named as:
Farah Baksh means Bestower of Pleasure. (Upper Terrace)
Faiz Baksh means Bestower of Goodness. (Middle Terrace)
Hayat Baksh means Bestower of life. (Lower Terrace)
Shah Nahar Canal. Engineers brought Shah Nahar (Royal canal), later also known as Hansti
canal (Laughing canal) from Rajpot (present day Madhpur in India), a distance of over 161
kilometers, to irrigate the Gardens. The canal intersected the Gardens and discharged into a large
marble basin in the middle terrace.
410 Fountains. From that basin, and from the canal, rise 410 fountains, which discharged into
wide marble pools. The flowing of the fountains rendered the surrounding area cooler, a an
appreciated relief for visitors during Lahore's blistering summers, with temperatures sometimes
exceeding 120 degrees Fahrenheit. A credit to the ingenuity of the Mughal engineers, even today
scientists have been unable to fathom how the fountains operated originally. The architects
distributed 410 fountains as follows:

The upper level terrace has 105 fountains.

The middle level terrace has 152 fountains.
The lower level terrace has 153 fountains.
Trees of the Gardens
Some of the varieties of trees planted include:
Almond
Apple
Apricot
Cherry
Gokcha
Mango
Mulberry
Peach
Plum
Poplar
Quince Seedless
Sapling of Cypress
Shrubs
Sour & sweet oranges
5. Hazuri Bagh
In the 19th century which was the last time of MughalcEmpire Sikh captured this city for few
decades.
Ranjit Singh was the Maharaja of Sikh community. The city of Lahore got Capital status of the
Sikh Kingdom later on British took the charge.
Maharaja ordered for its construction and it was a place where he enjoys the evenings, dance of
Tawaifs and also attends his audience.
Hazuri Bagh is a lush green garden which provides sitting place to the citizens of Lahore.
Faqir Aziz ud din took a major role in the construction of this Hazuri Bagh and he lived near the
Bhati gate. It reflects the typical Mughal style. Jamadar Khusal Singh and Khilafa Noor ud din
were few other names who constructed it.
By the passage of time this area got damages which were not repaired or reconstructed again. In
the evening the poets of the country get to gather at this point and present their poetry. On every
evening of Sunday local folk music is also presents to the audience. Once it was a place where
Mughal King gave the briefing to their troops.
The Mughals are known for their love for beauty and nature. The Mughals were infatuated with
gardens, forts, mosques and mausoleums, where they lived they erected a structure in any of the
above form.
7.Shahdara Bagh
Shahdara can be translated as “the way of kings”. Shah translates as “king” and dara translates as
the way of kings.
In the 15th century, Shahdara was the entrance gate of the Lahore and Mughal Emperor. It hosts
several historic Mughal architectural sites.
These include the Akbari Sarai, the Tomb of Jahangir (who was the Emperor from 1605 to
1627), the tomb of his consort Nur Jahan, as well as the tomb of his brother-in-law Asif Khan.
Shahdara Bagh is also home to Kamran’s Baradari (Kamran Ki Baradari).
Although this site was originally built on the Ravi River bank, the river changed course, covering
the site near the Ravi Bridge. Shahdara is divided into old and new towns.
Shahdara served two functions in the early Mughal period.
One was a resting place for the Mughal camp after crossing the Ravi along the road from Lahore
towards Kashmir, Kabul, or the hunting grounds of Sheikhupura.
The other was a (Rae)recreation zone across the river from the Lahore citadel (fort, Qalah).
Between 1527 and 1645, Shahdara experienced an extraordinary transformation of land use,
whereby its character changed from a site for pleasure gardens to a royal funerary landscape.
The royal tombs of the fourth Mughal emperor, Jahangir (d.1627 at Rajauri and buried in the
Dilkusha garden), his brother-in-law Asaf Khan (d. 1641), and his wife, Nur Jahan (d. 1645),
were constructed within close proximity (nearby) to each other.
The relationship among the three tombs and serai is unique in that it is unmatched by that of
other Mughal funerary complexes, where one garden usually dominates the area, and the spatial
relationships among gardens are less evident.
6. Tomb of Jahangir
Tomb of Jahangir is the mausoleum built for the Mughal Emperor Jahangir who ruled from 1605
to 1627. It’s located in spacious walled Garden of Empress Nur Jahan called Dilkusha at
Shahdara on the bank of river Ravi, three mile northwest of the town.
This tomb was built and completed by Emperor Shah Jahan at the cost of ten lac of Rupees in
1637 A.D.
The tomb is a monument of surpassing beauty, the finest ornament of Lahore and the more
magnificent Mughal edifice in the Indo-Pak Sub-continent after the Taj Mehal at Agra.
The mausoleum features prominently on the Pakistan Rupees 1,000 denomination bank note.
Presently, the tomb gardens are used to play cricket and also serve as a picnic spot for families
visiting from various surrounding areas.
3. JAPANESE GARDENS
The art of garden making was probably imported into Japan from China or Korea.
2. JAPANESE GARDENS Much of the landscape of Japan, an island nation, consists of
mountains and oceans.
These ever-present mountains and oceans are reduced to two of the primary and enduring
components of the Japanese Garden — rocks and water.
In traditional Japanese gardens these elements has been created in miniature forms, often in a
highly abstract and stylized way.
Spirit of Japanese Garden -Nature is the ideal in Japanese gardens. They idealize it, even
symbolize it, but never create something that nature itself cannot.
From ancient times to the present, living in harmony with nature has reflected the in Japanese
gardens as per seasons.
A traditional garden will usually have an irregular-shaped pond, or, in larger gardens, two or
more ponds connected by a channel or stream, and a cascade (keskaid), a miniature version of
Japan's famous mountain waterfalls.
ELEMENTS OF JAPANESE GARDENS
1. WATER – •Japanese gardens always have water, either a pond or stream, or, in the dry rock
garden, represented by white sand.
•In Buddhist symbolism, water and stone are the ying-yang, two opposites which complement
and complete each other
•In traditional gardens, The ponds and streams are carefully placed according to Buddhist
geomancy, the art and science of putting things in the place most likely to attract good fortune.
2. ROCKS AND SAND •Rock, sand and gravel (small pieces of rock) are an essential feature of
the Japanese garden.
•Rocks are traditionally classified as tall vertical, low vertical, arching, reclining, or flat.
• Rocks and water also symbolize yin and yang, (in and yōin Japanese) in Buddhist philosophy;
the hard rock and soft water complement each other, and water, though soft, can wear away rock.
•Rough volcanic rocks are usually used to represent mountains or as stepping stones . •Smooth
and round sedimentary rocks (suisei-gan) are used around lakes or as stepping stones
. •Hard metamorphic rocks are usually placed by waterfalls or streams.
6. •Rocks should vary in size and color but from each other, but not have bright colors, which
would lack subtlety.
 • Rocks are arranged in careful compositions of two, three, five or seven rocks, with three being
the most common.
FISH •The idea of using fish in landscape garden is borrowed from Chinese garden. •Goldfish
were introduced to Japan in the 16th century.
3.. GARDEN BRIDGES Bridges first appeared in the Japanese garden during the Heian period.
Bridges could be made of stone (ishibashi), or of wood, or made of logs with earth on top,
covered with moss (dobashi); they could be either arched (soribashi) or flat (hirabashi).
Bridges can be painted red if it is used for temple garden, as per Chinese tradition. (1866)
4. GARDEN FENCES, GATES, AND DEVICES
made fenses, walls for protection beauty
A shishiodoshi is garden device, made of bamboo and wood, designed to scare away birds. As
the bamboo tube fills with water, it clacks against a stone, empties, then fills with water again.
5. TREES AND FLOWERS
•Plants are chosen according to aesthetic principles,
•Plants are used either to hide undesirable sights or to serve as a backdrop to certain garden
features, or to create a picturesque scene, like a landscape painting or postcard.
•Trees are carefully chosen and arranged for their autumn colors.
•Mosses often used to suggest that the garden is ancient.
•Flowers are also carefully chosen by their season of flowering.
•. Some plants are chosen for their religious symbolism, such as the lotus, sacred in Buddhist
teachings, or the pine, which represents longevity.
•The trees are carefully trimmed to provide attractive scenes, and to prevent them from blocking
other views of the garden sculpted trees and bushes at a Residence.
AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES
Japanese gardens largely followed the Chinese model, but gradually developed their own
principles and aesthetics. Some basic principles are:
1. Miniaturization - The Japanese garden is a miniature and idealized view of nature. Rocks can
represent mountains, and ponds can represent seas.
2. Concealment - ('hiding and revealing.') The Zen Buddhist garden is meant to be seen at all
once, but the promenade garden is meant to be seen one landscape at a time, like a scroll of
painted landscapes unrolling. Features are hidden behind hills, trees groves or bamboo, walls or
structures, to be discovered when the visitor follows the winding path. "
3. BORROWED" SCENERY (SHAKKEI)- Smaller gardens are often designed to incorporate
the view of features outside the garden, such as hills, trees or temples, as part of the view. This
makes the garden seem larger than it really is.
4. ASYMMETRY - Japanese gardens are not laid on straight axes, or with a single feature
dominating the view. Buildings and garden features are usually placed to be seen from a
diagonal, and are carefully composed into scenes that contrast right angles, such as buildings
with natural features, and vertical features, such as rocks, bamboo or trees, with horizontal
features, such as water.
PURPOSE & STYLES
Earlier the gardens were designed for recreation and aesthetic pleasure of emperors and nobles,
while the gardens of Buddhist temples were designed for contemplation (ghor o fikar) and
mediation
1. POND GARDEN known as "lake-spring-boat excursion garden“.
It was imported from China during the Heian Period Elements of pond garden –•Lake •Islands.
These gardens had large lakes with small islands, where musicians played during festivals and
ceremonies.
Eg - Heian- jingū and Daikaku-ji Temple in Kyoto. Heian-jingū is a recreation of the old
imperial pond garden of Kyoto GARDEN STYLES
2. THE PARADISE GARDEN The Paradise Garden appeared in the late Heian Period.
They were meant to symbolize Paradise or the Pure Land (Jōdo), where the Buddha sat on a
platform contemplating a lotus pond.
Elements of paradise garden – •A lake island known as Nakajima •a Buddha hall •Arching
bridge Features – These gardens featured a lake island called Nakajima, where the Buddha hall
was located, connected to the shore by an arching bridge.
Eg - The most famous surviving example is the garden of the Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in Temple,
built in 1053, in Uji, near Kyoto. Temple in Uji, near Kyoto. a paradise garden in Kyoto.
3. HERMITAGE GARDEN
A hermitage garden is a small garden usually built by a samurai or government official who
wanted to retire from public life and devote himself to study or meditation. Elements of these
gardens
– •Garden – traditional garden features •Rustic house •Winding path Features –
The garden is attached to a rustic house, and approached by a winding path, which suggests it is
deep in a forest. It may have a small pond, a Japanese rock garden, and the other features of
traditional gardens, in miniature, designed to create tranquility and inspiration.
Eg. - An example is the Shisen-dō garden in Kyoto, built by a bureaucrat and scholar exiled by
the shogun in the 17th century. It is now a Buddhist temple. Shisen-dō, built in Kyoto, in the
17th century, one of the best examples of a hermitage garden
4. DRY ROCK GARDENS/ ZEN GARDENS
– These are meant for meditation and in these gardens.
Elements of rock/ zen gardens –
•White sand •Raked gravel (small pieces of rocks)
Features – These gardens have white sand or raked gravel in place of water, carefully-arranged
rocks, and sometimes rocks and sand covered with moss.
Eg - The most famous example is Ryōan-ji Temple in Kyoto. Rosan-ji garden, Kyoto Zuihō-in
garden, Kyoto
5. TEA GARDENS
The style of garden takes its name from the path to the teahouse, which is supposed to inspire
the visitor to meditation to prepare him for the ceremony.
– •Outer garden •Gate •Covered arbor •Inner garden •Moist and green pathway Features –
There is an outer garden, with a gate and covered arbor where guests wait for the invitation to
enter. § They then pass through a gate to the inner garden, where they wash their hands and rinse
their mouth, as they would before entering a Shinto shrine, before going into the teahouse itself.
§
The path is always kept moist and green, so it will look like a remote mountain path, and their
are no bright flowers that might distract the visitor from his meditation. A teahouse and roji, or
tea garden, at Ise Jingu.
6.. PROMENADE GARDENS
These gardens were meant to be seen by following a path clockwise around the lake from one
carefully-composed scene to another.
Elements of promenade gardens – •Scenery – mountains ,temples •Pathway , fences,
bamboo ,buildings Features –
These gardens used two techniques to provide interest;
"borrowed scenery", which took advantage of views of scenery outside the garden, such as
mountains or temples, incorporating them into the view so the garden looked larger than it really
was;
and "hide-and-reveal," which used winding paths, fences, bamboo and buildings to hide the
scenery so the visitor would not see it until he was at the best view point.
Eg - Edo Period gardens also often feature recreations of famous scenery or scenes inspired by
literature; Suizen-ji Jōju-en Garden in Kumamoto has a miniature version of Mount Fuji, and
Katsura Villa in Kyoto has a miniature version of the Ama-no- hashidate sandbar in Miyazu Bay,
near Kyoto. Katsura Imperial Villa, the prototype for the promenade garden Two hills covered
with trimmed bamboo grass which represent Mount Lu in China. This feature is in Kōraku-en
Garden in Tokyo
7. COURTYARD GARDEN
These small gardens were originally found in the interior courtyards of Heian Period and palaces.
Elements of courtyard garden – •Stone Lantern •A Water Basin •Stepping Stones •Plants
Features –
These tiny gardens were meant to be seen, not entered. These were designed to give a glimpse of
nature and some privacy to the residents of the rear side of the building.
Eg. - A good example from the Meiji Period is found in the villa of Murin-an in Kyoto.
4. ROOF LANDSCAPE
People have been planting rooftops since the beginning of recorded history. The earliest records
go back to the ancient ziggurats of Mesopotamia, built between 4,000 and 600 B.C. The Hanging
Gardens of Babylon are probably the most famous ancient plantings, with landscape terraces
boasting trailing plants reaching a planted roof that was 75 feet above the ground. This living
mountain in the desert was an engineering marvel.

Fast forward to the late 20th century. Although rooftop gardens were planted and enjoyed mainly
as a novelty for the wealthy, in the mid-1970s a new system was developed in Germany.
A roof garden is a garden on the roof of a building.
Besides the decorative benefit, roof plantings may provide food, temperature control,
hydrological benefits, architectural enhancement, habitats for wildlife, recreational opportunities,
and in large scale it may even have ecological (mahooliyati fawaid) benefits.
The practice of cultivating food on the rooftop of buildings is sometimes referred to as rooftop
farming.
Types of Roof Garden:
1. Extensive Green Roof: is a low-maintenance green roof garden that has a thin, light-weight
growing medium.
This type of green roof is characterized by its vegetation, which is often limited to mosses
(Mosses (kaai) are non-flowering plants which produce spores and have stems and leaves, but
don't have true roots) , herbs, small plants and flowers, desert grasses, and succulents.
(sakeu,lents)
Because it has a growing medium depth of around 3 to 6 inches, an extensive green roof is easier
to install and cost-efficient, and generally doesn’t require an irrigation system to survive.

2. Semi-Intensive Green Roof: boasts a mix of both the intensive and extensive green roofs. It
is characterized by a growing medium depth of around 6 to 12 inches to host a much richer
ecology.
Greenery in this type of rooftop garden consists of small plants, grasses, herbs, small shrubs, and
groundcovers that require occasional irrigation and moderate maintenance.
A semi-intensive green roof is able to retain more stormwater than an extensive green roof and,
at the same time, provides the potential for a formal roof garden effect.
Its design makes it ideal for long-term care facilities, daycare play spaces, and urban picnic
areas.
3. Intensive Green Roof | Roof Garden : is more of a rooftop garden or sky park than anything
else.
This roof garden design is characterized by deep soils that have a growing medium depth of
more than 6 inches. A variety of vegetation can be grown in an intensive roof garden, from small
to large plants, shrubs, groundcovers, and even small trees.
It can support small home gardens, playgrounds, full-scale parks, and even vegetable gardens.
But this rooftop garden type also requires intensive care, with regular professional maintenance
and advanced irrigation systems.
ELEMENTS OF ROOF LANDSCAPE GARDEN
1. Keep it Open:
small rooftop looks big if you are not going to fill it with a lot many things. A transparent glass
instead of a parapet wall, fences, or railing will be great!
2. Create Some Privacy:
If you have an open terrace, then growing climbing plants for privacy would be a great idea.
Clematis, Climbing roses, and English Ivy are some of the best options you have! You can also
use a bamboo screen, drapes or set up a wooden frame.
3. Grow Tall Plants and Trees
If you have a large rooftop, you can plant tall trees and shrubs to utilize the space to the fullest.
Growing bamboos and grasses is a good combination if you want to make it low maintenance.
4. Plant Carefully
When it comes to rooftop garden design, ensure you maintain the diversity in the size of the
plants. A few large plants, shrubs, and small trees, ground covers, annuals must be there. Also,
buy containers of different sizes, as this will give a great look to your rooftop garden.
5. Add Furniture
Decide in advance what kind of furniture you would like to purchase. Would you like to lounge
on the roof terrace or want to have dinner there? You must make a choice in the initial stage.
Furniture that fits the style and theme of your roof garden would be more appropriate.
6. Add a Focal Point
Anything can be a focal point that draws attention. A water feature, tall tree, a beautiful
arrangement of container plants, or simply a statue would be a great addition to the roof garden.
7. Introduce Lights
It is important that your rooftop garden is well-lit during the evening, especially near the
stairwell or door. Moreover, lighting a roof will make it look larger during dusk
8.Use No More than Three Colors
Always choose one color as an accent shade and one or two more hues that follow. Using several
different colors for walls, floor, railings, furniture, or containers can make your rooftop look too
busy and cluttered.
A color combined with a neutral color works best. Neutral colors like white, gray, beige, indigo
also accentuate the beauty of plants.
9. Utilize the Vertical Space
Utilize vertical space to add more appeal to your rooftop garden. Hang planters on the walls, use
railing planters, and grow a lot of climbers.
11. Nice Floor is Important
Don’t avoid the flooring. Choose a type that fits your budget, suits the climate you live in, and
accommodates the theme of the rooftop garden.
5. FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANDSCAPE
A garden is a planned space which is set aside for the display, cultivation and enjoyment of
plants as well as other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made
materials. Depending on the layout, the gardens are categorized into two types viz., formal
garden and informal garden.
Formal Garden
A formal garden is a neatly ordered garden having geometric and symmetric patterns which are
laid out carefully in planned matter.
The simplest formal garden would be a box-trimmed hedge enclosing a flowerbed of simple
geometric shape.
The most elaborate formal gardens contain radiating avenues, path of gravel, lawns, plant-
beds, statuary, water pools of geometric shapes with fountains etc.
Trees, shrubs and other foliage in a formal garden should be carefully arranged, shaped and
continually trimmed.
The lawns and hedges in a formal garden must always be kept neatly clipped.
Pavements for pathways and terraces may be of bricks, stones or concrete. The furnishings and
accessories should be arranged in formal manner.
The basic principles which should be observed while constructing the formal garden are as
follows:
1. Symmetry: Symmetrical layout the main principle behind formal garden. No matter the
overall scale or the shape of the garden, if one draws a line down the middle of the garden, it’s
one side should the mirror image of the other. Symmetry enables the garden to impose order,
balance and harmony onto the changing canvas of nature.
2. Flat Ground Plane: Most of the great formal gardens throughout history underwent
considerable leveling of the terrain (piece of land) through terracing and step ramps. A formal
garden requires a flat plane to create the most visual impact.
3. Well-Planned Pathways: Walking around or through a formal garden, is the best way to
appreciate it. Ideally, paths are wide enough to accommodate two people side by side. Gravel,
(gr-aa-vl) bajri, stone, and brick are good choices for paving. A sailor edge of brick set three
inches above the finished pathway provides a well-drained planting bed and defines the edge.
Grass paths also work well for formal gardens. Pathways outline the geometric shapes of the
planting beds and interlock to form the overall pattern of the garden.
4. Strong Axis: Paths provide visual sight lines or axes that lead to dramatic end points, which
are typically punctuated with a statue, arch, gate that arrest and captivates the eye. To frame an
axial view (a view that leads to the focal point) , sculptural forms of evergreen plants are placed
at the entry and exit.
5. Enduring (durable) Structural Appeal: Even after the annuals fade and the perennials
(plants that can live for three or more growing seasons) disappear for the winter, a formal garden
still holds the gaze with the underlying architecture of its design. The elegant arrangement of its
path and beds; the beauty of its brickwork, stonework, pots, fountains or statuary provide a
beautiful picture even in the winter months. Evergreen forms also help to hold its configuration
and preserve its beauty in any season.
6. Defined Borders: One of the most intriguing aspects of any formal garden is its enclosure.
Many formal gardens are conceived as a series of rooms defined by tall, clipped hedges (a fence
or boundary formed by closely growing bushes or shrubs) or brick walls.
A typical formal garden shows presence of following garden features:
Terrace: Since a level of the site is regarded as a requisite for comfort, a raised viewing platform
called ‘terrace’ made its appearance in Persian gardening tradition. These terraces were used to
view the enclosed orchard or paradise form a ceremonial tent. In gardening, a terrace is an
element where a raised flat paved or graveled section overlooks a prospect. A raised terrace
keeps a house or main building dry and provides a transition between the hard materials of the
architecture and softer ones of the garden.
Pathways: Pathway facilitates the moving in a garden. Garden paths are the routes, which
connect different parts of the garden and give access to other garden features and resources that
reside in it. While serving the practical purpose, paths also add aesthetic appeal to the gardens.
Many gardens are highlighted by their paths that accentuate the planning and other features.
Topiary: Topiary is the art of creating sculptures in the medium of clipped trees, and shrubs. The
trees and shrubs used in topiary are evergreen have small leaves or needles with dense foliage
and show compact or columnar growth habits. Common plants used in topiary include Pinus spp,
Thuja spp., Taxus spp., Polyalthia spp., Eugenia spp., Clerredendron spp., Justicia spp.,
Eranthemum spp. Etc. Shaped wire cages are sometimes employed in modern topiary to guide
untutored shears, but traditional topiary depends on patience and a steady hand; small-leaved ivy
can be used to cover a cage and give the look of topiary in a few months.
Hedge: A hedge is a line of closely spaced shrubs and tree planted and trained in such a way, that
they form a barrier or mark the boundary of the area. It is a simple form of topiary. Hedges used
to separate a road from the adjoining fields or one field from another.
Arches: It is one of the important garden features. It is an arc which is supported by pillars and
covered totally by clipping and training the climbing plants like Ipomoea spp., Rose spp.,
Clitoria spp. Etc.
Pergola: (perr gla) A pergola is a garden feature forming a shaded walk or passageway of pillars
that support cross beams and a sturdy open lattice, upon which woody vines are trained. Pergolas
may link pavilions or may extend from a building’s door to an open garden feature such as an
isolated terrace or pool. Sometimes, it may be entirely free-standing structures providing shelter
and shade to a length of walkway.
Statuary: Sometimes the statuary also becomes a part of the formal garden and beautifies it. A
statue is a full-length sculpture of a person, an animal or an event, which is close to life-size or
larger. Statues serve dual purpose. They serve as memorials of great people who have
contributed to the welfare of the society or as decorative status not only to beautify the garden
but also the edification of the visitor.
Landscaping: It refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land.
Landscaping is the use of ornamental plants & other elements to fulfill aesthetic & functional
purposes. It is both science and art which requires good observation and designing skills. A good
landscaper first understands the elements of nature as well as construction and then blends them
accordingly.
Pavilion: It refers to a free-standing structure sited at a short distance from the main residence,
whose architecture makes it an object of pleasure. They often resemble to small classical temples
and are built for pleasure and relaxation.
Parterre: (Parter) A parterre is a formal garden construction on a level surface consisting of
planting beds, edged in stone or rightly clipped hedging and gravel paths arranged to form a
pleasing symmetrical pattern. Many times, it becomes a part of open theatre and ‘orchestra seats’
or ‘stalls’.
Sylvan (sil-van) theater: A sylvan theater which is also knows as Greenery Theater is a type of
outdoor theater, situated in a wooden setting. Often adorned with classical columns and statues, a
sylvan theater may substitute the lawn and can be used for seating. Sylvan theater includes
elaborate arrangements of shrubs, flowers and other greenery.
2. INFORMAL GARDEN
Informal garden is an exotic attempt to mimic the nature. It is a landscape casually designed with
few straight lines having a nice mixture of foliage, colors, textures, heights and varieties.
Informal gardens act as a temporary sanctuary that offers a relaxed ambience from day-to-day
stressful life.
An informal garden is looser and generally uses only natural materials. The lines are softer and
more fluid and the planting is less rigid.
Informal style garden • There is no symmetry in the design • It is also called British style of
gardening • There is no replication • The variety of elements used in this garden is more •
Elements like Umbrellas, seats, cascades, rockery, water pool etc..
• Contrast to formal style • Natural and holistic • Asymmetric, as per the available land •
Irregular in shape of water bodies • Have curved or wavy paths • Have scattered waterfalls,
lakes, islands, cascades, rocks, huts and umbrellas
• Have no trimmed plants or the bordered pits • Have plants grouped in contrast or rhythmic
colours, shapes or sizes • Have all the garden elements and adornments with out any restrictions
in style of arrangements.
Advantages • The designer can use his imagination to create a wide range of designs • Existing
place need not be altered drastically since symmetry is not essential • Available plant or
decorative material can be used • The garden can be mixed and mashed with other styles like
Japenese and Zea styles.
Disadvantages • Visitors need more time to appreciate the concept of the designer. • A sense of
continuity in the garden needs to be created.
Planning a Garden • A careful planning is necessary before going to design a garden Climatic
consideration • The annual rainfall, temperature, frost etc. should be considered while making a
design of gardens. • Suitable plants have to be selected according to the environmental
conditions
Soil consideration • Plant growth essentially depends on soil type, drainage, soil texture and soil
pH.
Design consideration • While designing a garden, its immediate surroundings is considered. •
Detailed plan should be drawn, showing good and bad views, the direction of prevailing winds
and shelter.
Frequent noise should be avoided by planting more trees along the margin of the garden • The
existing area should be minimum but enriched with plants • Foundation areas should be allotted
for attractive shrubs and herbaceous perennials because primary attention of viewers. • Outdoor
living areas should be away from the garden
Maintenance consideration • All gardens need care and attention to keep them in good
condition • Be realistic about the man power • Choose the plants that need less care • Separate
areas are also allotted for growing sacred flowers, vegetable gardening and flowers for personal
decorations.
Types of Informal Garden
Within the informal garden styles, variations have been evolved. Cottage gardens, woodland
gardens and meadow gardens are a few of these variations.
1. Cottage Gardens/Kitchen Gardens
These are the real working gardens that yield edible crops including fruits, vegetables, herbs as
well as flowers. Flowers are the essential part of any working garden as they attract bees and
other insects to the vegetable garden to ensure good crop pollination. Cottage garden flowers
also attract birds that help control harmful insect populations. Cottage Gardens traditionally have
pathways weaving throughout the garden beds to facilitate tending and harvesting crops.
Informal fencing and operational gates prevent domestic and wild animals from traipsing through
the gardens and destroying the crops.
2. Wild & woodland Gardens
Wild and woodland garden is a naturalistic style designed to provide a beautiful and relaxing
type of garden and provide a habitat suitable not only for plants but also for local animals. These
gardens usually include a water source and safe shelter to attract a range of wildlife. Small trees
and shrubs provide an abundance of nesting place for birds and hibernating insects. Suitable
plants include those that retain their seeds through the winter as a food source for wildlife.
3. Meadow & Wildflower Gardens
Meadow and wildflower gardening is a modern type of informal gardening. It uses localized
plants in a garden setting. These types of gardens are often the best way to plant an area that
doesn’t lend itself to more conventional cultivation. Wildflower gardening is helpful to conserve
native species threatened by erosion of natural habitats. It’s not possible to create habitats
exactly, but growing even small area of wildflowers contributes to the conservation and attracts
varieties of insects and other beneficial wildlife into the garden.
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
1. ENERGY- EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE
2-GREEN ROOF CONCEPTS
3- GARDEN DESIGN (SMALL HOUSES, VILLAS, FARM HOUSES)
3-COMMERCIAL LANDSCAPE (HOSPITALS, THEME PARLS, INSTITUTIONS,
SHOPPING MALLS)

https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/gardens-ancient-egypt
https://www.gardenvisit.com/landscape_architecture

https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-landscape-design-2131075

https://www.careerindia.com/courses/unique-courses/what-is-landscape-architecture-scope-
career-opportunities-011630.html

https://fdocuments.net/document/history-of-landscape.html