Physics | Class 12 | 1

Sample Paper-1
Answers
Section-A 12. (c) 2
As we know, 2prn = nl
1. (d) zero Given,            n = 2
The electric potential at a distance ‘r’ from the dipole \ 2pr2 = 2l
p cosθ = 2 × de-Broglie wavelength
is V =
4 πε0r 2 13. (d) Photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle
where, p = dipole moment, nature of light. Number of emitted photoelectrons
r = distance of the point from the centre of the dipole depends upon the intensity of light.
q = angle between p and r
14. (c) The energy gap for germanium is less
For point on the equatorial line, q = 2p
(0.72 eV) than the energy gap of silicon (1.1 eV) and
So, V=0
2. (b) 4.5 × 10-3 N silicon is preferred over germanium for making
Here, q1 = 1 × 10-7 C, q2 = 2 × 10-7 C, semiconductor devices.
r = 20 cm = 20 × 10-2 m 15. (c) The capacitance of a capacitor filled partially with
q1q2 a dielectric of thickness t is given by
As F=
2
4πε0r ε0A
C=
d − t [1 − 1 / K ]
9 × 109 × 1 × 10−7 × 2 × 10−7
=
(20 × 10−2 )2 For metals, K = ∞

  ε0A
1 ∴ C=
∵ = 9 × 109N-m2 /C2  d −t
 4 πε 0 

Now, if the capacitor is filled completely with a
= 4.5 × 10-3 N
metallic slab, then t = d.
3. (b) does not depend on the frequency of incident
light but depends on the intensity of the incident ∴C = ∞ i.e., when a charged capacitor filled fully with
light. a metallic slab, then capacitor is short circuited i.e., it
4. (d) nucleus will no more work as a capacitor.
-5
5. (a) 10 T 16. (b) Combination of lenses helps to obtain desired
Here, I = 1 A, x =2 cm = 0.02m magnification. It also enhances the sharpness of
µ0I the image. Since the image formed by the first
Magnetic field, B = lens becomes the object for the second, the total
2πx
magnification of the combination is a product of
4 π × 10−7 × 1 -7 -5
= = 100 × 10 = 10 T magnification of individual lenses.
2π × 0.02
6. (a) Copper Section-B
-5
7. (b) 24p × 10 T . 17. Depletion layer: The small region in the vicinity of
B = m0nI the junction which is depleted of free charge carrier
-7 -5
= 4p×10 × 200 × 3 = 24p × 10 T and has only immobile ions is called depletion layer.
8. (b) U = -2K Potential barrier: The accumulation of negative
2 charges in p-region and positive charges in n-region
1 e
Kinetic energy, K = mv 2 =
2 8πε0r set up a potential difference across the junction,
which acts as a barrier is called potential barrier.
e2
and potential energy, U = −
4πε0r In forward biased p-n junction,

⇒ U = -2K (i) width of depletion layer decreases.

9. (c) mutual induction (ii) value of potential barrier decreases.
10. (c) 18. (i) Since, photoelectric current depends intensity
11. (c) Induced electric current is more in B than in C. of incident radiation and does not depend on the
When the end of coil A is connected to an AC source, frequency of incident radiation. Therefore, when
the induced electric current will be more in B than in frequency of incident radiation is increased to double,
C as the number of turns in the coil is more in B than then photoelectric current remains same. This is
in C. shown in the following graph:
2 |
20. Let a potential difference V is applied across the ends
of a conductor, then each free electron will experience
Photoelectric a force.
current
E

V1 = V V1 = 2V
Frequency  

(ii) Kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons,

→
→ → → →
1 eE →
K= m 2max = hn ⇒ K ∝ n F = -eE Þ a = - [∵ F = m a ] …(1)
2   m  
Average of all random velocities under this
Hence, on increasing the frequency of incident
acceleration is the drift velocity.
radiation to double, kinetic energy of emitted → → →
photoelectrons also will increase to double. This is → v1 + v2 + … + vN
⇒   vd =
shown below: N
→ → → → → →
→ (u1 + a τ1 ) + (u2 + a τ2 ) + … + (uN + a τN )
⇒ vd =
N
K
ν0 → → →
→ u1 + u2 + … + uN →  τ + τ + …+ τ
N

Frequency (ν)
⇒ vd
= +a 1 2

N  N 
 
ν0 ⇒    v→ = 0 + → →
a τ= a τ
d 
where, n0 =threshold wavelength. From eq. (1),
→
19. The refractive index of a transparent medium is → eE
⇒ vd = − τ
inversely proportional to the wavelength of incident m
light. The relationship between the two is given by,
21. (i) The frequency of reflected and refracted light
µ = λ0/λ remains same as the frequency of incident light
where, because frequency only depends on the source
   µ = Refractive index of medium, of light.
  λ0 = Wavelength of incident light in vacuum (ii) Since, the frequency remains same, hence there
and  λ = Wavelength of incident light in medium is no reduction in energy.
8
Given, velocity of light in air, c = 3 × 10 m/s, Or
8
Velocity of light in glass, vg = 2 × 10 m/s Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal
reflection.
The refractive index of glass is given by, µg = c/vg.
When a light ray, travelling from denser to a rarer
Where c is speed of light in vacuum. medium is incident at an angle greater than the critical
The refractive index of air is given by, µ = c angle, then it is reflected back into the same medium.
a This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
va
∴ The refractive index of glass w.r.t. air will be

a
µg
µg =
µa
a va 3 × 108
∴ µg = = = 1.5
vg 2 × 108
Core
We know that aµg = 1/sinC
where, C is the critical angle for the interface.
Light Cladding
∴ 1/sin C = 1.5 ray

⇒ sin C = 1/1.5 ⇒ C = sin-1 (0.66) Optical fibre

Common
O Err ! r
Several students could not get angle C correctly from
Optical fibres are fabricated in such a way that light
reflected at one side of the inner surface strikes the
other at an angle larger than critical angle. Even, if
1
= m well understood. fibre is bent, light can easily travel along the length.
sin C
Optical fibre is used in communication system.
 Physics | Class 12 | 3
Section-C Here, magnitude of force on charge at point B due to
kQq
22.  Dm = Mass of a-particle - Mass of total number of charge at point A is FBA =
proton and neutron a2
= 4.002800 - 2 × (1.007825 + 1.008665) Similarly, magnitude of force on charge at point B
= 4.002800 - 4.03298 = - 0.0301 u kQq
due to charge at point C is FBC =
\ Binding energy = Dmc2 a2
= 0.0301 × 931 MeV Also, the magnitude of force on charge at point B
= 28.09 MeV
due to charge at point D is
Or
(i) A
 s we know that, the density of nuclear matter is kQ 2 kQ 2
FBD
= =
the ratio of of nucleus and its volume. i.e., ( 2a )2 2a 2
Mass FBA
Density =
Volume
Let m be the average mass of a nucleon and R be
the nuclear radius. Mass of the radius = mA
where, A = mass number of element.
4 3 4
( )
3
Volume of nucleus= pr = p R0 AȌ FBC
3 3
Let F is resultant of FBA and FBC.
4
= p R 03A kQq  kQq 
3 ∴   = F 2⋅  F=
BA F=
BC 
a 2
  a2 
\ Nuclear density (r) = mA =
m
∴ The resultant electric force on charge Q is
4 3 4
pR ⋅ A pR3
3 0 3 0 kQ 2 kQq kQ 2
Fnet =
F+ =2 +
3m 2a 2 a2 2a 2
=
4 pR03 KQ  Q
= 2q +  N
2  2
As, m and R0 are constants; density r of nuclear    a 
matter is the same for all elements. (ii) The potential energy of the system is given by
(ii) Graph of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as
   U = UAB + UBC + UCD + UDA + UAC + UBD
a function of their separation is given in the figure.
W0 kQq kQq kQq kQq kq 2 kQ 2
= + + + + +
    a a a a 2a 2a
Potential energy (MeV)

+100
  kQq  kq 2 kQ 2 
= 4  + + 
  a 
 2a 2a 
0    
r (fm)
24.   (i) The trajectory, traced by the a-particles in the
–100
0 r0 1 2 3
coulomb field of target nucleus, has the form as
shown below:
Repulsive Attractive
Inferences from above plot:
(i) The nuclear forces between two nucleons falls
rapidly to zero as their distance is more than a
few femtometers.
For a separation greater than r0, the force is
(ii) 
attractive and separations less than r0, force is
repulsive.


23. (i) Force acting on charge Q placed at point B, is due b Target nucleus
to charges placed at points A, C and D.
          
d

The size of the nucleus was estimated by
observing the distance (d ) of closest approach,
of the a-particles. This distance is given by:
1 (2e )(Ze )
d= ⋅
4 π ε0 K

where, K = kinetic energy of the a-particles


when they are far away from the target nuclei.
4 |
(ii) Quantum Condition: The stationary orbits are 28.   (i) When a coil of area of cross-section A having N
those in which momentum of electron is an number of turns is rotating with angular velocity
integral multiple of h/2p, ω in uniform magnetic field B, then magnetic
flux linked with coil,
nh
i.e., mvr = φ = BA cos θ
2π φ = BA cos ωt[∵ θ = ωt]
where n = 1, 2, 3, … Induced emf (e) in the coil,
Integer n is called the principal quantum dφ d
number and this relation is called Bohr’s ε = −N = −N BA cos ωt
dt dt
quantum condition.
= NBA ωsin ωt
25. (i) V = E - Ir
e = e0 sin ωt  [where, e0 = NBAω]
When, I = 0, V = E  (ii) Given, number of spokes = 100, length, l = 0.5 m,
⇒ E=6V ω = 120 rev/min,
(ii) E = V + Ir  B = 4 × 10– 4 T and θ = 30°
E
⇒   6=4+1×r 1 1
= E BH=l 2ω Be cos q .l 2ω  [∵ BH = Be cosθ]
r = 2Ω 2 2
26. (i) Magnetic field at P due to the wire A, 1 3 120
m0 I = × 4 × 10- 4 × × (0.5)2 × 2p ×
B1 = 2 2 60
2 px   = 5.43 × 10 V–4

Similarly, magnetic field at P due to the wire B, Or

m0 I According to the question,
B2 =
Ȍp d - x 
µ0IR 2
Net magnetic field at P will be, B1 = B2 =
2(R 2 + x 2 )3/2
m0 I m0 I
BP= B1 -= B2 -
2px 2p (d - x ) (1) (1) B B2
m I (d - 2x )
= 0 R x R
I I
   2p (d - x ) x  O P O B1
P
(ii)  Graph showing variation of the magnetic
field with distance is given below:
x

(2) I I (2)

O R O R



m0IR 2 2
⇒ B = B12 + B12 = B1 2 = [∵ B1 = B2]
2(R 2 + x 2 )3/2 
                 

  
27. Let, charge on capacitor plates at time t, q = It
BX

∴ Electric field between plates, tan=
q = 1
BY
q It
E= = ⇒ q = 45° with either B1 or B2.
AE0 AE0

It
Section-D
or AE =
E0 29. (i) (c), (ii) (c), (iii) (d) or (iv) (c)
30. (i) (b) 1.33
A,
Now, electric flux through the area 1  1 1 
2 From formula, = (µ − 1)  − 
f R R 
A It  1 2
φE = ×E =
2 2ε0 Since, R2 → ∞

d φE R1 = 10 cm, f = 30 cm
∴ Displacement current = ε0    
dt 1  1 1
= (µ − 1)  − 
d  It  I 30  10 ∞ 
= ε0   
  = 4
dt  2ε0  2
⇒     µ = = 1.33
3
 Physics | Class 12 | 5
(ii) (b) -60 cm (ii) Since A = 60° (For equilateral glass prism)
From formula, A
At minimum deviation, r= = 30°
1 1 1 2
= +
f f1 f2 3
We have given that, A 45°
= =i
4
1 1 1
⇒ = + sin45°
30 20 f2 \ = m = 2
sin30°
   
⇒     f2 = − 60 cm Thus, speed of light in the prism
c 3 × 108
(iii) (d) 2 = = = 2.1× 108 m/s
 2 2
By the lens maker's formula, Or
1  1 1  (i) Interference of Light Waves : When two light
= (µ − 1)  − 
f R R  waves of same frequency travel simultaneously
 1 2
in the same direction then, due to their
For biconvex lens, R1 is positive and R2 is negative.
superposition, the resultant intensity of light
at any point in space is different from the sum
1  1 1 
Now, = (µ − 1)  +  ( R= of intensities of the two waves. At some points
R /2 R R  1 R=
2 R)
 1 1 the resultant intensity is maximum while
at some other points it is minimum (nearly
2 1 1
⇒ = (µ − 1)  +  Þ m = 2.
R R R  L M N
(iv) (a) -30 cm B
From formula,
1 1 1 D
= + S1
f f1 f2

1 1 −2 S B
= − = ⇒ f = −30 cm
60 20 60
S2
D
Or

(a) v / u
B
Section-E darkness). The re-distribution of light intensity
due to the superposition of two light waves is
called ‘interference of light’.
31. (i) Two thin lenses of focal length f1 and f2 are kept
in contact. The interference is said to be ‘constructive’
A B at points where the resultant intensity is
maximum and ‘destructive’ at points where the
resultant intensity is minimum or zero.

O P I I1 TiP
Phase difference for destructive interference is odd
v
          u v1 [i.e., (2n + 1)p] and for constructive interference is even
Let O be the position of object and u be the [i.e. 2np].
object distance. The distance of the image,
which is at I1, for the first lens is v1. This image (ii) The distance of bright fringes from the central
serves as object for the second lens. maximum on the screen is given by
Let the final image be at I. Then we have,
Dλ
x =m
, m = 0, 1, 2, ....
1 1 1 d
= - and Ȍ= - where m = 0 corresponds to the central maximum.
f1 v 1 u Ȍ2
1
xd
\ λ= .
1 1 1 1 1 mD
Adding, we get f + f = v - u = f
1 2
(10−3m) × (2 × 10−3m)
For m = 1, λ1 =
1 1 1 1 × (2.5 m)
\ = +
f f1 f2 = 8 × 10-7 m
  
\    P = P1 + P2 = 8000 Å (infrared)
6 |
8000 Å Capacitance of parallel
For m = 2, λ2 =
2 plate capacitor: Let us
consider a parallel plate
= 4000 Å (visible)
capacitor filled with a
8000 Å medium of dielectric
For m = 3, λ3 = E
3 constant K as shown in the
= 2666 Å (ultraviolet) figure.
8000 Å Electric field between the
For m = 4, λ4 =
4 plates is
= 2000 Å (ultraviolet) σ Q
= E =
32. (i) T
 he capacitance of condenser is proportional e0 K e0KA
   
to the area and inversely proportional to the ⇒ Potential difference between the plates is
distance between its plates. If a medium of
Qd
dielectric constant K is filled in the space between V =E ⋅ d =
e0 KA
the plates, its capacitance becomes K times the     
capacitance when there is air between the plates. Q Q e A
⇒ C= = = K 0
After inserting the dielectric medium, let their V Qd d
e0KA
capacitances become C ′ and C ′ .
1 2
If air is as the medium between the plates, then K = 1.
K e0 A
For C 1′ C=1′ KC
=
d e0 A
, ⇒ C0 =
   d
 2K 1K 2  e0 A
For C 2′ , C 2′ =  33. (i) X → Capacitor
 K +K  d
 1 2
Reactance X= 1 1
C 2 acts as if two capacitors each of
area A/2 and C =
ωC 2pfC 
separation d are connected in series combination. (ii) Graph showing variation of voltage and current
According to the question, C 1′ = C 2′ with time over one cycle of AC for X is given ahead:

K e0 A  2K 1K 2  e0 A
⇒ =  f
d  K +K  d
 1 2  I

2K 1K 2
⇒   K=
K1 + K2 O
 2
t1 t
(ii) Properties of Equipotential Surface:
(a) N
 o work is done in moving a test charge from

one point to another over an equipotential
surface. (iii) 
Reactance of the capacitor varies inversely
(b) E
 lectric field is always normal to the proportional to the frequency
equipotential surface at every point. 1
i.e. XC ∝ .
(c) Two equipotential surfaces can never intersect f 
each other.
(d) Equipotential surfaces are closer in regions
of strong field and farther in regions of weak
field. (Any two)
Or

(i) Equipotential Surface: A surface drawn in an
(iv) Phasor diagram for the device X:
electric field at which every point has the same
potential, is known as equipotential surface. f
Vm sinωt1
(ii) Capacitor is an arrangement required to increase
I
the capacity of a conductor so that a large ωt1
amount of charge can be stored in it without
Im sin (ωt1 + π/2)
changing its dimensions.
 Physics | Class 12 | 7
Or Diagram of an AC Generator
(i) Labelled diagram of a step-up transformer is given Coil Axle

below:

N S

Slip
rings
Alternating emf

Working: When an alternating voltage is applied
to the primary, the resulting current produces Carbon
brushes
an alternating magnetic flux which links the
Let N be the number of turns in the coil, A be the
secondary coil and induces an emf.
area of face of each arm, B be the magnitude
Induced emf across primary coil, of the magnetic field, q be the angle which
→
dφ normal to the coil makes with field B at any
eP = - NP
dt  instant t and w is the angular velocity with
which coil rotates.
Induced emf across secondary coil,
The magnetic flux linked with the coil at any
d φ eS NS instant t will be,
eS = - NS = = r
dt eP NP = φ NAB= cos q NAB cos ωt


(a) The core of the transformer is laminated to By Faraday’s rule, the induced emf is given by:
dφ d
minimise the eddy currents.  E=
- - [NAB cos ωt ]
=
dt dt
(b) Thick copper wire is used in windings to ⇒=E NAB sin ωt ⋅ω
reduce the heat loss. 
⇒ =E E0 sin ωt [Here, E0 = NABw]
(ii) Principle of AC Generator: The working of 
When a load of resistance R is connected across
an AC generator is based on the principle of
the terminals, a current I flows in the external
electromagnetic induction. When a closed coil is circuit.
rotated in a uniform magnetic field with its axis E E sin ωt
∴ =I = 0 = I0 sin ωt
perpendicular to the magnetic field, the magnetic R R
flux linked with the coil changes and an induced E0
where, I0 =
emf and hence a current is set-up in it. R

Sample Paper-2
Answer
Section-A 3. (b) saturation current
4. (c) 10-7m
1. (c) 105 V
–6 5. (d) can be in equilibrium in two orientations, one
Here, q = 100 µC = 100 × 10 C, r = 9 m
1 q stable while the other is unstable.
From V= ,
4 πε0 r 6. (c) 0 and 0
→ →
9 −6 7. (a) B ⊥ v
V = 9 × 10 × 100 × 10 5
= 10 V
9 Magnetic field produced by charges moving with

O
→ ∧
 µ0  →
Common Err ! r → v× r
velocity v , at a distance r is B =   ⋅ q 2
 4π  r
Most of students forget to convert cm into m.
→ →
2. (a) net charge enclosed and permittivity of the Therefore B ⊥ v .
medium 8. (d) The stability of atom was established by the model.
8 |
9. (a) is in phase with the emf. magnet leaves the coil. Only in option (b), polarity is
In purely resistive AC circuit, current and voltage are changing.
in same phase.
12. (a) n2.
10. (d)
13. (b) Less work function means less energy is required
11. (b)
for ejecting out the electrons.
14. (d) At 0 K, germanium offers infinite resistance and
it behaves as an insulator.
15. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
The polarity of emf will be opposite in the two cases 16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
while the magnet enters the coil and while the explanation of A.

Section-B
17. S.No. Basis of Difference Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor
1. Formation The addition of impurity with a pure It is formed by the doping of impurity
semiconductor does not take place. in a pure semiconductor.
2. No. of free electrons The number of free electrons present The number of electrons and holes are not
and holes in the conduction band is equal to the equal.
number of holes in the valence band.
18. (i) (a) Kinetic energy of fastest electron, When two conductors are connected in parallel, the
potential drop across both the conductor is same.
hc
KEmax
= -W V V V
l Hence, vd = = = ...(1)
1 R1A1 ρl ρl
6.6 × 10- 34 × 3 × 108 × A1
= -19
- 4.2 × 1.6 × 10 A1
- 10 
2000 × 10
V V V
vd = = = ...(2)
= 1.6 × 10-19 (6.2 - 4.2) J = 2.0 eV 2 R2A2 ρl ρl
× A2
  (b) KE of slowest electron = 0 eV A2

(ii) No change in the energy of emitted electrons as Thus, from eqs. (1) and (2), it is clear that the drift
it does not depend on intensity. velocities of electrons in two conductors are equal.
(iii) No emission as E(6.2 eV) < W (6.5 eV) 21. Given,
Refractive index of media, A = 2
19. According to the mirror equation, we have
Refractive index of media, B = 2
1/v + 1/u = 1/F
where, u = distance to the object from the mirror
or mA = 2 and µB = 2
v = distance of the image from the mirror hand
µA 2
F = focal length of the mirror. m= =
∴ µB 2
Applying new cartesian sign convention, we get
1
F = - ve and u = -ve Now, critical angle, sin C =
µ
Given, F < u < 2F
1 2 1
1 1 1 ∴ sin
= C = =
When u = - F, we get = − =0 2 2 2
v ( −F ) ( −F )
2
⇒ v=∞  1 
From the mirror formula, when u = -2F Thus, C = sin−1   = 45°
 2
1 1 1
⇒ + = Or
−2F v −F
Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal
1 1 1 −1
⇒ = − = reflection.
v 2F F 2F
When a light ray, travelling from denser to a rarer
∴ F < u < 2F, ∞ < v < 2F medium is incident at an angle greater than the
20. According to the question, two conductors are critical angle, then it is reflected back into the same
made of same material and have equal lengths but medium. This phenomenon is called total internal
different cross-sectional areas A1 and A2. reflection.
 Physics | Class 12 | 9

15.4 × 1011
= years = 4.9 × 104 years.
7
3.15 × 10

Common Err ! r O
Students often do silly mistakes in calculations.
Core
23. Required work done = - potential energy of the system
1  q1q2 q2q3 q3q1 
Light Cladding W=
-  + + 
4 pe0  r12 r23 r31 
ray      
Optical fibre 1  q( -4q ) ( -4q )(2q ) q (2q ) 
W=
-  + + 
Optical fibres are fabricated in such a way that light ⇒ 4 pe0  a a a 

reflected at one side of the inner surface strikes the
other at an angle larger than critical angle. Even, if ⇒ 1  4q 2 8q 2 2q 2  1 10q 2
W=
- - - + =+
fibre is bent, light can easily travel along the length. 4 pe0  a a a  4 pe0 a
 
Optical fibre is used in communication system.
10 × (1.6 × 10-10 )2
⇒ 9 109 ×
W =× =2.304 × 10-8 J
Section-C 10 × 10-2
22. (i) The alpha decay of
238
U is given by
92
24. (i) 
According to Rutherford’s experiment, following
A A−4
Z X →Z − 2 Y + 24He . The energy released in this observations were made:
2 (a) Most of the a-particles passed through the
process is given by Q = (mU - mTh - mHe) C
gold foil without any appreciable deflection.
Substituting the atomic masses as given in the data, (b) Only 0.14% of incident a-particles scattered
we find by more than 1°. But about 1 a-particle in every
Q = (238.05079 - 234.04363 - 4.00260) u × c2 8000 particles deflected by more than 90°.
  = (0.00456 u)c2 Thus, all these leads to the conclusion that
  = (- 0.00456 u) (931.5 MeV/u)
atom has a lot of empty space and practically
  = 4.25 MeV
the entire mass of the atom is confined to
(ii) If 92 U spontaneously emits a proton, the decay
238

an extremely small centered core called

process would be 238
92
U→ Pa + 11H
237
91 nucleus, whose size is of the order from
10-15 m to 10-14 m.
The Q for this process to happen is
= [mU - mPa - mH] c
2 (ii) Radius of nucleus, r = r0A1/3

= (238.05079 - 237.05121 - 1.00783) u × c2 Also, we know that

2
= (- 0.00825 u) c Mass mA
    Density = =
= - (0.00825 u) (931.5 MeV/u) Volume 4 3
pr
= - 7.68 MeV 3
where, m = mass on a nucleus,
Thus, the Q of the process is negative and therefore A = mass number of nucleus.
it cannot proceed spontaneously. We will have to Again,
supply in energy of 7.68 MeV to a 92 238
U nucleus to mA
Density =
make it emit a proton. 4
p (r A1/3 )3
Or 3 0
Number of deuterium atoms in 2.0 kg = 6.02 × 1026 mA 3m
   = =
26 4 3
Number of reactions =
6.02 × 10
= 3.01 × 1026 pr0 A 4 pr03
2 3
Energy released in one reaction = 3.2 MeV Hence, nuclear density is independent of A.
Total energy released, 25. Resistance of the upper arm CAD
E = 3.01 × 1026 × 3.2 MeV = 9.632 × 1026 MeV = 2 Ω + 3 Ω= 5 Ω
26 -13
    = 9.632 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 J
13 A
    = 15.4 × 10 J
2
If t second is the required time during which the 3
bulb glows, then 2A
E = Pt gives C D
13
E 15.4 × 10 3 2
t= = = 15.4 × 1011 s
P 100 B
10 |
Resistance of the lower arm CBD For 2 s < t < 4 s,
= 3 Ω + 2 Ω= 5Ω  1−1 
E2 = − 4.5 × 10 × 
−2
=0
As the resistance of both arms are equal, therefore 4 − 2
same amount of current flows in both the arms. E2
A \ =
I2 = 0
1A 1A R
2 3 For 4 s < t < 6 s,
2A D
4.5 × 10−2  0 − 1 
C 1A I3 = − ×  A = 2.6 mA
8.5 6 − 4 
3 2
1A B So, the current induced in the loop is given in the
table as:
Current through each arm CAD or CBD = 1 A
0<t<2s 2s<t<4s 4s<t<6s
Potential difference across C and A is
E (V) - 0.023 0 + 0.023
VC - VA =(2 Ω ) (1 A) =2V ...(1)
I (mA) - 2.6 0 + 2.6
Potential difference across C and B is
Graph showing induced current as a function of time:
VC - VB = (3 Ω ) (1 A) = 3V
...(2)
Subtracting eq. (1) from eq. (2), we get

VA - VB = 3 V - 2 V = 1 V

26. The magnetic field due to circular loop at point O is

given as
m0 I m0 I
=BP = and BQ
2R 2R 
Or
∴ Bnet = BP2 + BQ2 = BP 2 (i) Magnetic moment associated with a current (I )
 [∴ BP = BQ ]
carrying circular coil of radius r having N turns,
m0 I m0 I can be given as,
= × 2=
=
2R R 2 M = NIA 

⇒ M= NI pr 2
BP BP
and tan θ = = = 1 (ii) According to Biot-Savart’s law,
BQ BP

∴   θ = 45°
27.   (i) T he speed of electromagnetic waves in a material
medium is given by
1 1
v= =
µε µ0µr ε0εr

(ii) (a) Microwaves, range 0.1 m to 1 mm.
(b) Infrared rays, range 1 mm to 700 nm.
28. Given, radius of circular loop, r = 12 cm = 0.12 m,
Resistance, R = 8.5 W → →
→ m Id l × r
We have, area of the circular loop = pr2 dB = 0
4p r 3
= 3.14 × (0.12)2 m2 = 4.5 × 10-2 m2
 
µ0Idl
dφ d dB =
Also, E =− = − (BA) 4 πr 2
dt dt
dB⊥ components due to diametrically opposite
dB B − B1 components cancel out. Only dBx components
=−A = − A⋅ 2
dt t2 − t1 refrain,
For 0 < t < 2 s, m0Idl
 1−0 dBx= ⋅ cos q
E1 = − 4.5 × 10 ×  4 pr 2
−2
     
 2 − 0
B = ∫ dBx
= - 2.25 × 10-2 V     
After solving,
E − 2.25 × 10−2
\ I1 = 1 = A µ0IR 2
R 8.5 B= , along X -axis
= - 2.6 × 10
-3
A = - 2.6 mA     2(R 2 + x 2 )3/2
 Physics | Class 12 | 11
Section-D The angles of incidence and refraction at first face
AB are i and r1. The angle of incidence at the second
v0
29. (i) (a) face AC is r2 and the angle of emergence is e.
2 The angle between the emergent ray RS and incident
(ii) (d) full wave rectified ray PQ is called angle of deviation (d).
(iii) (a) zero d = (i + e) − (r1 + r2)
I
∵ r1 + r2 = A
(iv) (c)
∴ d = (i + e) − A
t
If m is the refractive index of material of the prism,
30. (i) (a) Violet then
Less is the wavelength, more is the dispersion. d = (m − 1) A
(ii) (b) it gets reflected from second and third surface This is the angle through which a ray deviates on
and emerges from the first surface. passing through a thin prism of small refracting
(iii) (c) 0.0385, angle A.
δb − δr 53 − 51 1 If the angle of incidence is increased gradually,
Dispersive power = = = = 0.0385 then the angle of deviation first decreases, attains
δy 52 26
a minimum value (dm) and then again starts
increasing.
(iv) (b) 45°,

Angle of deviation
Given, A = 60°, m = 2 δ

 A + δm 
sin   δm
 2 
µ=   i=e
⇒ A
sin
2 i e
Angle of incidence
 60° + δm 
sin   When angle of deviation is minimum, the prism is
 2 
2= said to be placed in the minimum deviation position.
⇒
60° There is only one angle of incidence for which the
sin
  2 angle of deviation is minimum.
 60° + δm  1 When d = dm (prism in minimum deviation position)
⇒ sin  = e=i
 2  2
  and r2 = r1…(1)
60° + δm r1 + r2 = A
⇒ = 45° r+r=A
   2
A
or r=
δm = 90° − 60° = 30° and δm = 2i − A 2

30° = 2i - 60° Also, we have

A + d = i + e…(2)
i = 45°
Putting d = dm and e = i in eq. (2), we get
Or
A + dm = i + i
(b) lesser than the focal length of eyepiece  A + δm 
i=
Section-E ⇒

 2 


31. (i) Refraction of ray of light through a triangular glass sin i

prism: From Snell’s law, µ =
sin r
The figure below shows the passage of light
through a triangular prism ABC.  A + δm 
sin  
 2 
∴ µ=
A
sin
2
This relation is called a prism formula.
(ii) Given that,
R1 = − 20 cm = − 0.2 m
R2 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
P = 5.0 D
12 |
From lens maker’s formula, As intensity is the square of the amplitude,
 1 1  φ
P = (µ − 1)  −  I = 4E02 cos2  
 R1 R2  2
   
 1 1  Note that I0 = E02
− 5 = (µ − 1)  −
 − 0.2 0.2 
φ
 − 1 − 1 Hence, I = 4I0 cos2  
− 5 = (µ − 1)  2
 − 0.2 
(ii) Given, size of aperture, a = 3 mm = 3 × 10- 3 m
 − 2
− 5 = (µ − 1)  Wavelength of light, λ = 620 nm = 620 × 10- 9 m
 0.2 
Distance from screen, D = 1.5 m

− 5 = ( µ − 1 ) × − 10
Size of one maxima/minima (except the central),
− 5 − 10 = − µ × 10
l
d= D
15 3 a
µ= =
10 2
620 × 10- 9 m -4
Or =d × 1.5 m = 3.1 × 10 m
3 × 10- 3 m
(i) Difference between Interference and Diffraction:
(a) Interference pattern has number of equally Now, the required separation has four fringes.
spaced bright and dark bands while diffraction Hence, the distance is
pattern has central bright maximum which is
× 4 = 1.24 × 10 - 3m
-4
twice as wide as the other maxima. 4d = 3.1 × 10
(b) Interference is obtained by the superposition of   = 1.24 mm

O
two waves originating from two narrow slits.
The diffraction pattern is the superposition Common Err ! r
of the continuous family of waves originating Students often forget to convert quantities in SI unit.
from each point on a single slit.
A O B

O
32. (i) q q p
Common Err ! r r
Some students do not know the correct difference Let P be an axial point at distance r from the centre
between interference of light and diffraction of light. of the dipole. Electric potential at point P will be
1 ( −q ) 1 q

Derivation: Consider two coherent sources of V = V1 + V2 = ⋅ + ⋅
4 πε0 r + a 4 πε0 r − a
light S1 and S2. The two sources of light will
produce an interference pattern on the screen q  1 1  q 2a
MN. Consider a point P on the screen. Let φ be =  − = ⋅
4 πε0  r − a r + a  4 πε0 r 2 − a 2
the phase difference due to the path difference  
S2P - S1P. Young’s arrangement to produce 1 p
= ⋅ [ p = q (2a)]
interference pattern is shown in figure. 4 πε0 r − a 2 
2
 
For a far away point, r >> a
1 p 1
\V= ⋅ or V ∝
4 πε0 r 2 r2
Thus, due to a dipole potential at a point is V ∝ 1/r2.
(ii) Let A → area of each plate and C1 and C2 are
capacitance of each slab.
ε A
Let initially, C = C = 0 = C
1 d 2

The electric field from the light at each of the

After inserting respective dielectric slabs.
sources S1 and S2 can be written as,
E1 = E0 sin wt and E2 = E0 sin (wt + φ) C′1 = KC...(1)
where, each source of light has maximum ε0 ( A / 2 ) ε0 ( A / 2 )
and C 2′ = K 1 + K2
electric field strength E0. d d
At P, by principle of superposition, ε0A
Ep = E1 + E2 = E0 sin wt + E0 sin (wt + φ) = (K 1 + K 2 ) ;
2d
φ  φ C
= 2E cos sin  ωt +  C 2′ = (K + K 2 )
2  2 2 1 …(2)
 Physics | Class 12 | 13
From eqs. (1) and (2), we get But, VR IR=
= ,VL IX L=
,VC IXC
C′1 = C′2
C V= (IR )2 + (IX L - IXC )2
⇒ KC = (K + K 2 )
2 1
1 V
⇒ K= (K + K 2 ) R 2 + (X L - XC )2
=
2 1 I

Suppose, a resistance R, an inductance L and

33. (i)  Impedance of LCR circuit,
capacitance C are connected in series to a source V
of alternating emf e given by Z = = R 2 + (X L - XC )2
I
=e e0 sin ωt
Graph for variation of an impedance with frequency
 et I be the instantaneous value of current in
L
is as follows:
the series circuit. Then voltage across the three
components are:
XC > X L XL > XC
(a) VL = X LI . It is ahead of current I in phase by
90°

Impedance
(b) VR = RI . It is in phase with current I.

(c) VC = XC I . It lags behind the current I in phase

by 90°.

f0 f (Frequency) 

(ii) At resonance, X L = XC

At resonance, voltage across inductor is equal

to voltage across capacitor in magnitude only
but both are on opposite polarities.
Hence, phase difference between VL and VC is
180°.
(iii) As in case of DC supply, the current is
V
independent of frequency. So, the value of
current is 1 A but in AC supply, the current is
VR 0.5 A as the value of impedance increases and
VL hence value of current decreases.
I V 200
f For DC, R= = = 200 Ω
I 1
VL

ωt
–
VC

V Ȍ
For AC, Z= = = Ȍ Ω
I Ȍ

Z
= R 2 + ω2L2
VC
→ →
⇒ 400 ℵ (200)2 4 2
(50)2L2
As it is evident from the figure, VL and VC are in
opposite direction. Hence, their resultant will be Ȍ ℵ f
→ →

→
(VL - VC ) . Using the law of parallelogram, V and ⇒ = 40000 + 4 p2 × 2500L2
160000
R
→ →
→
(VL - VC ) resultant is equal to the applied emf e as 12
L2 =
⇒ π2
given by the diagonal of the parallelogram.
Assuming X L > XC ⇒VL >VC 12 2 3
⇒ L= or H
π π
Net voltage, V ℵ VȌ2 (V V )2
where, VL , VC and VR are potential differences
Common Err ! r O
Students generally don’t revise graph for variations.
across L, C and R respectively.
14 |
Or Energy Losses in a Transformer
(i) Transformer is a device which converts high (a) Eddy current in iron core of transformer
voltage AC into low voltage AC and vice-versa. It facilitate the loss of energy in the form of
is based upon the principle of mutual induction. heat.
When a variable current is passed through one of (b) Total fluxes linked with primary do not
the two inductively coupled coils, an induced emf completely pass through the secondary
which denotes the loss in the flux or flux
is set up in other coil.
leakage.
(c) Due to heating, energy loss takes place in
copper wires of primary and secondary coils.
(d) The energy loss takes place in magnetising
and demagnetising the iron core over every
AC
source
P S cycle. 
(ii) Given, power = 1200 kW = 1200 × 1000 W
V = 220 V, R
= 0.5 Ω
 
     Laminated cores 
=VP 4000
= V, VS 220 V, distance = 20 km
Working: When an alternating current is passed           Power = IPVP
through the primary coil, the magnetic flux through
the iron core changes, which does two things, ⇒       1200 × 1000 =
IP × 4000 ⇒ IP = 300 A
produces emf in the primary coil and an induced
emf is set-up in the secondary coil. If we assume ∴ = (IP )2 × R (2lines)
Power loss
that the resistance of primary coil is negligible, then
the back emf will be equal to the voltage applied to = (300)2 × 0.5 × 20 × 2= 18 × 105 W
the primary coil.  = 1800 kW

Sample Paper-3
Answer
Since mp = mn , hence lp = ln
Section-A As ma > mp, therefore la < lp
1. (b) 1 mF As me < mn , therefore ln < le
Equivalent capacitance in series, Hence, la < lp = ln < le
1 1 1 1 4. (b) 10.2 eV
= + +
C s C1 C2 C3 As we know that,

−13.6
1 1 1 1 3+2+1 6 En = eV
= + + = = n2
Cs 2 3 6 6 6
In ground state, energy
1 −13.6
= 1 ⇒ Cs =1 mF E1 = = −13.6 eV

Cs
12
2. (b) pE and in first excited state,
Work, W = pE(cosq1 - cosq2)
−13.6
E2 = = −3.4 eV
 p is placed parallel to the uniform electric field. 22
∴ q1 = 0° Hence, required energy = E2 − E1
and q2 = 90° (given) = −3.4 − ( −13.6) = 10.2 eV
W = pE(cos0° - cos90°)
5. (a) 5.65 × 10-5 T
= pE(1 - 0)= pE
µ0IR 2
B=
3. (c) le > l p = ln > l a 2(R 2 + x 2 )3/2

h
de-Broglie wavelengths, λ = Here, I = 12.5 A, R =3 cm = 3 ×10-2m
2mK
x = 4 cm = 4×10-2 m
1
For the given value of K , λ ∝ 4 π × 10−7 × 12.5 × (3 × 10−2 )2
m B=
3/ 2
2 (3 × 10−2 )2 + (4 × 10−2 )2 
1 1 1 1  
λ p : λ n : λe : λ α = : : :
mp mn me mα = 5.65 × 10-5 T
∴
 Physics | Class 12 | 15
6. (b) 69.2 J T -1. Section-B
Here, N = 300, I = 15 A, r =7cm = 7×10-2m
2 17. Note that thermally generated electrons (ni ~ 1016 m-3)
∴ M = NIA = NI × pr
are negligibly small as compared to those produced
= 300 × 15 × 3.14 × (7 × 10-2)2
-1 by doping.
= 69.2 JT
Therefore, ne ≈ ND.
7. (b) Attractive
Since nenh = ni2,

TiP ∴ Number of holes, nh = (2.25 × 1032)/(5 × 1022)

Parallel currents attract and anti-parallel current repel    ≈ 4.5 × 109 m-3
in nature. 18. (i) (a) Threshold frequency: The minimum value
-10 of frequency of incident radiation (light)
8. (d) 4.77 × 10 m
Given; radius of innermost orbit, r1 = 5.3 × 10-11 m that can cause photoemission from a given
Let r3 be the radius of n = 3 orbit. photo sensitive surface is called threshold
Then,      r3 = n2r1 = (3)2 × 5.3 × 10-11 m frequency.
-10
 = 4.77 × 10 m (b) Stopping potential: The minimum negative
9. (c) 50 Hz i.e., retarding potential, given to the anode i.e.,
Given, I = 100 sin314t collector plate for which the photocurrent
From the given equation, stops or becomes zero is called stopping
w = 314   ⇒  2pn = 314 potential.
314 (ii) Graph of photocurrent versus anode potential,
∴ν= = 50 Hz
2π
E
10. (a) µ0ε0
B

1 E
Speed of light, c = ; Also, =c
µ ε0 B
0

E
Therefore, µ0ε0 is dimensionless.
B   

11. (d) there is a constant current in the counter- 19. Magnifying Power of Compound Microscope:
clockwise direction in A.
Angular magnification or magnifying power of
Coil A be carrying a constant current in counter-
compound microscope is defined as ratio of angle
clockwise direction. Because of that, when A moves
towards B, current induced in B is counter-clockwise made at eye by image formed at infinity to the angle
direction as per Lenz’s law. The current in B would made by object, if placed at distance of distinct vision
stops when A stops moving. from an unaided eye.
12. (c) a-scattering experiment
L D 
13. (b) The specific charge (e/m) of the positive rays Magnification, m = 1 + 
fo  fe 
is not universal constant because these rays may
consist of ions of different elements. where L is length of the tube of microscope.
14. (b) Intrinsic + Pentavalent = n-type
semiconductor   impurity semiconductor 1 1
As, m ∝ and m ∝
  (Neutral) (Neutral) (Neutral) fo fe
15. (a) The capacity of a parallel plate condenser is
given by, ∴ Both eyepiece and objective must be of smaller
focal lengths, so that magnification is higher.
Q ...(1)
C=
V 
TiP
1 Angular magnification and magnifying power are same.
Electric field intensity becomes times [as, K = E0/E],
K 20. Given, E1 = 1.5 V, E2 = 2.0 V,
therefore potential V also becomes 1/K times.
Hence, from eq. (1), capacity becomes K times. r1 = 0.2 W, and r2 = 0.3 W,
Thus, electric field decreases and capacitance E1
  r1
increases when condenser is filled with insulated
medium of some dielectric constant.
16. (a) Focal length of lens immersed in water is
 
four times the focal length of lens in air. It means
r2
fw = 4fa = 4 × 10 = 40 cm. E2
16 |
E 1r2 + E 2r1 1
1
Now, E eq =  3 3 3
r1 + r2 R =  M ....(1)
 4 πρ 
1.5 × 0.3 + 2.0 × 0.2 0.85 If m = Mass of one nucleon
= = = 1.7 V
0.2 + 0.3 0.5 M = mA, where A = mass number (Z + N)

Putting the value of M in eq. (1), we get
r1 r2 0.2 × 0.3
and req =
= 1
1
r1 + r2 0.2 + 0.3  3 3
R =  (mA)3
 4 πρ 
0.06
= = 0.12 Ω We know that
     0.5
1
21. The refractive index of a transparent medium is R = R0A 3
inversely proportional to the wavelength of incident
light. The relationship between the two is given by, 1
1 1
µ = λ0/λ  3 3
Hence, R0A 3 =  (mA)3
where,  4 πρ 
   µ = Refractive index of medium, Cubing both sides
  λ0 = Wavelength of incident light in vacuum
3
and  λ = Wavelength of incident light in medium R03A = mA
mA
8    4 πρ
Given, velocity of light in air, c = 3 × 10 m/s,
8 3m
Velocity of light in glass, vg = 2 × 10 m/s or ρ=
4 πR03
The refractive index of glass is given by, µg = c/vg.
Where c is speed of light in vacuum. Hence, nuclear density r, over a wide range of nuclei
is constant and independent of mass number A.
The refractive index of air is given by, µ = c Or
a
va
(i) As we know that, the density of nuclear matter is
∴ The refractive index of glass w.r.t. air will be the ratio of of nucleus and its volume. i.e.,
a
µg Mass
µg = Density =
µa Volume
a va 3 × 108 Let m be the average mass of a nucleon and R be
∴ µg = = = 1.5 the nuclear radius. Mass of the radius = mA
vg 2 × 108
where, A = mass number of element.
4 3 4
We know that aµg = 1/sinC
( )
3
Volume of nucleus= pr = p R0 AȌ
3 3
where, C is the critical angle for the interface.
∴ 1/sin C = 1.5 4
= p R 03A
-1 3
⇒ sin C = 1/1.5 ⇒ C = sin (0.66)
\ Nuclear density (r) = mA m
Common
O
Err ! r
Several students could not get angle C correctly from
4 3
pR ⋅ A
3 0
=
4
pR3
3 0
1 3m
= m well understood. =
¿ C 4 pR03
Or As, m and R0 are constants; density r of nuclear
1 matter is the same for all elements.
⇒ i = sin−1  1 
 
Refractive index, µ = C (ii) Graph of potential energy of a pair of nucleons
siniC µ as a function of their separation is given in the
b figure.
As µ = a + .
λ2 W0
Potential energy (MeV)

Hence, critical angle would also be different for +100

different colours/wavelengths of light.

Section-C 0
r (fm)

22. Mass of nucleus,

–100
M = Volume of nucleus × Nuclear density 0 r0 1 2 3
M=V×r
Repulsive Attractive
4
M = πR 3ρ Inferences from above plot:
3 (R = radius of the nucleus)
(i) The nuclear forces between two nucleons falls
3M rapidly to zero as their distance is more than a
R3 =
4 πρ few femtometers.
 Physics | Class 12 | 17
For a separation greater than r0, the force is
(ii)  25. Taking loops clockwise as shown in figure:
attractive and separations less than r0, force is
repulsive.
23. (i) Work done in moving a charge q from
a to b = 0
Work done in moving a charge q from c to d = 0
This is because electric field is perpendicular to the
displacement.
Now, work done from b to c = - work done from d 
to a total work done = 0
Using Kirchhoff’s loop law in ABCDA,
ε A
(ii) Before the metal sheet is inserted, C = 0
d   - 80 + 20I1 + 40 (I1 - I2) = 0

After the sheet is inserted, the system is equivalent ⇒ 3I1 -2I2 = 4 ...(1)
to two capacitors in series, each of capacitance Using Kirchhoff’s loop law in DCFED,
ε A 4ε A
C ′ = 0 = 0 = 4C   - 40 (I1 - I2) + 10 I2 - 40 = 0
(d / 4 ) d
⇒ - 4I1 + 5I2 = 4 ...(2)
1 1 1 2
Equivalent capacitance = + = From eqs. (1) and (2), we get
Ceq 4C 4C 4C
  I1 = 4A and I2 = 4A
4C Thus, I40 = I1 - I2 = 0A
C=
eq = 2C
2
 and I20 = I1 = 4A
nh
24. Since, mvr = ....(1) 26. Let F1 is force per unit length between A and C.
2π
But centripetal force = electrostatic force m0 2 I × I
\ F1 =
4 p 2r
mv 2 1 e2
\ =
r 4 πε0 r 2 Let F2 is force per unit length between B and C.

e2 m0 I × I
⇒ r=  ....(2) \ F2 =
4p r
4πε0mv 2
F1 F1
From eqs. (1) and (2), we get
r r
e2
r=
2
 nh 
4 πε0m   F2 F2
 2πmr  2l
l l

ε0n 2h 2
⇒ r=
πme 2 A B C
2 me 4
Now net force on ‘C ’ per unit length is
1 e
Potential energy, PE = − ⋅ =−
4 πε0 r 4ε02 n 2h 2 m0 I 2
F1 +=
F2 (1 + 1)
2 4p r
1 1  nh 
Kinetic energy, KE = mv 2 = m   2m0 I 2
2 2  2πmr  = = F (given)
2 2 2 2 4 4p r 
n h π m e
= Now fig.
8 π2mε02 4 4
n h

me 4
\ KE =
8ε02n 2h 2
Total energy = KE + PE

me 4  me 4 
= + −
    8 ε02n 2h 2  4 ε02n 2h2 

me 4
=−
8ε02n 2h 2
   
18 |
m0 2I 2
F1′ = Repulsive force between A and C =
4 p 2r
F=
2 F=
′ 2 A reactive force between B and C

 m0 2I 2 
\ Net force on ‘C’ , F ′1 - F ′2 = 0 ∵ F=
1′ F=
2′

 4 p 2r 

  
\ Net force on ‘C ’ is zero.
Or
27. The oscillating charge produces an oscillating Magnetic field due to a current carrying loop at a
electric field and an oscillating electric field produces
point on its axis:
magnetic field which is then produces an oscillating
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field at
emf. An oscillating voltage (emf) produces an
→
oscillating magnetic field and so on. This in turn
P due to current element I d l at C,
produces an oscillating electric fields and so on. This
m0 I dl sin 90°
oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate dB =
each other as the wave propagates through space. 4p r2
   
In this way the oscillating charges produce an µ0 I dl
electromagnetic waves. dB =
4π r 2
An oscillating L-C circuit can produce electromagnetic 
waves of frequency as charge oscillates across the
capacitor’s plates in this circuit. The frequency of
oscillation is given by

ν = 1 / 2 π LC
 
This frequency is equal to the frequency of EM waves.
The sketch of linearly polarised EM wave propagating
in Z-direction is shown in figure. → 

Resolving d B into horizontal and vertical

components, resultant magnetic field at P,
m0 I dl
=B ∫ dB=
sin φ ∫ sin φ
4p r 2

m0 I
= sin φ ∫ dl
4p r 2
 

    Direction of Propagation →

R
Also, sin φ =
R + x2
2
A plane electromagnetic wave travelling along Z-axis
In this figure, we see that dark line curve shows dl = 2πr
→
m0IR 2
electric field E and dotted curve shows magnetic ∴ B= [ r = (R 2 + x 2 )]
→ 2(R 2 + x 2 )3/2
field B . These change continuously. Electromagnetic 
For a coil of N turns,
waves is produced have the direction perpendicular
→ → µ0NIR 2
to E and B . B=
2(R 2 + x 2 )3/2 
28. Self Inductance: Self inductance of a coil is numerically
equal to the emf induced in that coil when the current Direction of the magnetic field at this point P can be
in it changes at a unit rate. Alternatively, the self determined by the right hand thumb rule.
inductance of a coil equals the flux linked with it when
a unit current flows through it.
Section-D
The work done against induced emf is stored as 29. (i) (d), (ii) (d) (iii) (b) or (d) (iv) (a)
magnetic potential energy. 30. (i) (a) We know that,
The rate of work done, when a current I passing
focal length of combination,
through the coil, is
dW  dI  1 1 1 1 1 1
= | ε | I = L I = + ⇒ = +
 dt  f f1 f2 80 20 f2
  dt

∴ W = ∫ dW = ∫ I LIdI = 1 LI 2 80
0
2 f2 = − cm = − 26.7cm
3
 Physics | Class 12 | 19
(ii) (b) diverging lens i.e., r = MN − MN ...(2)
(iii) (b) single convex lens MC MI 
(iv) (d) between F and optical centre Now, by Snell's law
Or n1 sin i = n2 sin r
For real image or for small angles
Given m = – 3 n1 i = n2r
Substituting i and r from eqs. (1) and (2), we get
 m = −v
u n1 n2 n2 − n1 ...(3)
+ =
v OM MI MC 
∴ = −3
u Here, OM, MI and MC represent magnitudes
by lens formula, of distances. Applying the cartesian sign
convention.
1 1 1
= -- OM = -u, MI = +v, MC = +R
f v u
Substituting these in eq. (3), we get
1 --1 1 n2 n1 n2 − n1
= -- − = ...(4)
20 3u u v u R 
Eq. (4) gives us a relation between object and
1 -- 4
= image distance in terms of refractive index of
20 3u
the medium and the radius of curvature of the
--4 × 20 --80 curved spherical surface.
u= = = 26.66cm
3 3  Apply above relation to refraction through a
Or lens.
(a) red colour     From the figure (a),

Section-E
31. (i) 
Figure shows the geometry of formation of
image I of an object O on the principal axis of a
spherical surface with centre of curvature C, and
radius of curvature R . The rays are incident from
a medium of refractive index n1 to another of
refractive index n2.

n1 n2 n2 − n1
+ =
OB BI 1 BC 1 ...(5)

A similar procedure applied to the second interface
ADC gives  [see fig. (b) and (c)]

We have, for small angles,
MN
tan∠NOM =
OM
MN
tan∠NCM =
MC
MN
tan∠NIM =
MI
Now, for ∆NOC, i is the exterior angle.
Therefore,
i = ∠NOM + ∠NCM
MN MN ...(1)
i= +
OM MC 
Similarly,
r = ∠NCM - ∠NIM
20 |
n2 n1 n2 − n1 (ii) Given, wavelength,
− + = ...(6)    λ = 500 nm = 500 × 10- 9 m
DI 1 DI DC 2
 Width of single slit
For a thin lens BI1 = DI1.
   d = 0.2 mm = 0.2 × 10- 3 m
Adding eqs. (5) and (6), we get λ
Angular width of central fringe = 2 ×
n1 n1  1 1  d
+ = (n2 − n1 )  + ...(7)

OB DI  BC 1 DC 2 
 2 × 500 × 10- 9 10- 6
= =
Suppose the object is at infinity, i.e., OB → ∞ and
0.2 × 10-3 2 × 10- 4
DI = f, eq. (7) gives 1
= = 5 × 10- 3 radian
n1  1 1  200
= (n2 − n1 )  +  ...(8)
f BC
 1 DC 2 Let distance between the slit and screen be 1 m.

Linear width of central fringe of single slit
By the sign convention
= 5 × 10- 3 × 103 mm = 5 mm
BC1 = +R1
DC2 = -R2 Number of double slit fringe accommodated in
So, eq. (8) can be written as 50
central fringe
= = 10 fringes.
5
1  1   n 
f
(
= n21 − 1 )  R1 − 
R2 
∵ n21 = 2 
 n1 
...(9)
32. (i) E
 lectric flux: It is defined as the total number

 1   of electric field lines that are normally pass

through that surface.
Eq. (9) is known as the lens maker's formula.
Total electric flux φ over the whole surface S due

TiP
→
to an electric field E is given as
The focal length of a lens is minimum when it is placed → →
in vacuum. When it is taken in some other medium focal =φ E.d S 
∫= ∫ EdS cos q
length increases. s

It is a scalar quantity.
(ii) Finding position of image formed by convex
spherical glass surface. (ii) From the given problem, q is the point charge
Given, at a distance of d/2 directly above the centre of
R = 20 cm, the square side.

n2 = 1.5,
n1 = 1,
u = -100 cm d
q
from eq. (4),
n2 (n2 − n1 ) n1 d/2
= +
v R u

1.5 1.5 − 1 1
= +

v 20 −100 ( ) Now, construct a Gaussian surface in the form
of a cube of side d to evaluate the amount of
1.5 0.5 1 electric flux.
= −
v 20 100 We can calculate the amount of electric flux for
v = 100 cm six surfaces by using Gauss’s law.
Hence, v = 100 cm, a real image on the other → →
q
.d S
side, 100 cm away from the surface. =
φE ∫s E= e0
Or
For one surface of the cube, amount of electric
(i) The features to distinguish is given as:
q
(a) In Young’s experiment, width of all the fringes flux is given as φE ′ =
6e0
are equal but in diffraction fringes, width of
central fringe is twice the other fringes. (iii) If the point charge is moved to a distance d from
(b) The intensity of all the fringes are equal in the centre of the square and side of the square
interference fringe but intensity of fringes go is doubled, but amount of charge enclosed into
on decreasing in diffraction as we go away the Gaussian surface does not change.
from the central fringe. Hence, the amount of electric flux remains same.
 Physics | Class 12 | 21
Or 33. (i) Diagram of AC generator
Let two capacitors of capacitances C1 and C2 of Permanent Rectangular
potentials V1 and V2 are connected in parallel. magnet coil

According to the figure given below:

Motion B C

Field Field

N S

A D Motion
R2
Slip rings
(rotate with coil)
B2
After connecting the charges redistribute in such a
way that the potential differences across C1 and C2 R1
Carbon
G
become equal. B1
brushes (fixed)
Shaft
Hence, before connection, charges are
Q1 = C1V1, Q2 = C2V2 Let N be the number of turns in the coil, A be the
Common potential after connection, area of face of each arm, B be the magnitude
Q1 + Q2 of the magnetic field, q be the angle which
V= - →
C1 + C2 normal to the coil makes with field B at any

C 1 V1 + C 2 V2 instant t and w is the angular velocity with
Hence, V= …(1)
C1 + C2 which coil rotates.

The magnetic flux linked with the coil at any
After sharing, let the charges be Q'1 and Q'2.
instant t will be,
Q '1 C 1 V C 1
⇒    = = …(2) = φ NAB= cos q NAB cos ωt
Q '2 C 2 V C 2
 By Faraday’s rule, the induced emf is given by:
(i) Hence, the total energy stored in the two
dφ d
capacitors before they are connected together E=
- - [NAB cos ωt ]
=
dt dt
will be
⇒=E NAB sin ωt ⋅ω
1 1
U =U 1 + U 2 = C 1 V12 + C 2 V22 ....(3)
2 2  ⇒ =E E0 sin ωt [Here, E0 = NABw]

(ii) When the two capacitors are connected in
parallel together, total charge on the capacitor, 200cm2 =
(ii) Given, A = 200 × 10-4 m2 =
2 × 10-2 m2

Q = Q1 + Q2 = C1 V1 + C2 V2 B 3.0 × 10 -2 T
N = 20 , ω =50 rad s -1 , =

Total capacitance, C = C1 + C2
E0 NBA ω
Maximum emf, =
Hence, total energy after they are connected
parallel, =20 × 3.0 × 10-2 × 2 × 10-2 × 50 = 0.6 V
2 2
1Q 1 (C 1 V1 + C 2 V2 )
U′
= = …(4) E 0 0.6
2 C 2 C1 + C2 I0
Maximum current, = = A
 R R
(iii) Subtracting eq. (4) from eq. (3), we get
Or
2
1 1
U − U ´ =  C 1 V12 + C 2 V22  −
(
 1 C 1 V1 + C 2 V2 ) We know that P = i V cos f where cos f is the power
2 2  2 C1 + C2 factor. To supply a given power at a given voltage,
if cos f is small, we have to increase current
C C (V - V )2 accordingly. But this will lead to large power loss
DU =1 2 1 2 is a positive quantity,
 
2(C 1 + C 2 ) (I2R) in transmission.
where, ∆U is the loss of energy in sharing (ii) Suppose in a circuit, current I lags the voltage by
charges. an angle f. Then power factor cos f = R/Z.
Since ∆U is positive, there is always a loss
We can improve the power factor (tending to 1) by
of energy arises, Hence, when two charged
making Z tend to R. Let us understand, with the
capacitors are connected together, energy loss
comes in the form of heat radiations due to help of a phasor diagram how this can be achieved.
electric current while charging. Let us resolve I into two components. Ip along
22 |
component because it is in phase with the voltage
and corresponds to power loss in the circuit.
I
It’s clear from this analysis that if we want to
I improve power factor, we must completely
neutralise the lagging wattless current Iq by an
equal leading wattless current I ′q. This can be done
by connecting a capacitor of appropriate value in
parallel so that Iq and I′q cancel each other and P is
effectively Ip V.
Iq Iq (iii) Given, cos f = 0.5



cos f = cos 60°
the applied voltage V and Iq perpendicular to the

\ f = 60°
applied voltage. Iq is called the wattless component
Thus, the phase difference between voltage and
since corresponding to this component of current, current of the circuit is 60°.
there is no power loss. Ip is known as the power

Sample Paper-4
Answer
= 499 × 600 Am-1
Section-A
= 2.994 ×105Am-1
1. (a) spheres
≈ 3×105Am-1
For a collection of charges, whose total sum is not
7. (d) provide electromagnetic damping
zero, equipotentials at large distances must be
spheres only. The coil of a moving coil galvanometer is wound
2. (b) electric field intensity over metallic frame to provide electromagnetic
-15 damping, so it becomes dead beat galvanometer.
3. (c) 4 × 10 Vs
8. (a) 106ms-1
hc
Here, eV = −W 9. (b) XL < XC
λ
10. (b) cellular phone communication
hc h c  W
\ 0. 5 e = − W ⇒ 0. 5 =  − ...(1) 11. (a) maximum in situation (i)
6 × 10−7 e  6 × 10−7  e
  12. (c) 13.6 eV
h  c  W The minimum energy required to free the electron
Similarly, 1.5 =  − ...(2)
e  4 × 10−7  e from the ground state of the hydrogen atom is
 
called the ionisation energy of hydrogen atom. Its
From eqs. (1) and (2), value is 13.6 eV.
h c 1 1 h 12 × 10−7 13. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
1=  −  ⇒ = = 4 × 10−15 Vs
e 10−7 4 6 e 3 × 108 Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
4. (b) stationary 14. (a) In half wave rectifier, only one diode is used. Diode
5. (b) Attractive is biased only when ac is in positive half cycle. For
negative half ac cycle, the diode is reversed biased
TiP and there is no output corresponding to that. Since
Parallel currents attract and anti-parallel current repel for only one-half cycle, we get a voltage output,
in nature. because of which it is called half wave rectifier.
15. (c) Equivalent capacitance of parallel combination
6. (b) 3 × 105Am-1
is Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 and in series, it will be
Here, n = 500 turns/m
I = 1.2A, mr = 500 1 1 1 1
= + +
Cs C 1 C 2 C 3
Magnetic intensity,
-1 -1
H = nI = 500 m ×1.2A = 600 Am 16. (a) Microscope is an optical instrument which forms
As mr = 1 + c a magnified image of a small nearby object and thus,
where, c is the magnetic susceptibility of the material. increases the visual angle subtended by the image at
or c = (mr - 1) the eye so that the object is seen to be bigger and
Magnetisation, M = cH distinct. Therefore, angular magnification for image
= (mr -1)H = (500 - 1) × 600 Am-1 is more than object.
 Physics | Class 12 | 23
Section-B 20. Let a potential difference V is applied across the
ends of a conductor as shown. If n is the number of
17. Since, antimony is a pentavalent impurity, hence
when it is added to a pure semiconductor crystal of free electrons per unit volume, then charge crossing
silicon (Si), then n-type semiconductor is obtained. area A in time Dt.
Energy level diagram of n-type semiconductor is ∆Q = Ne = (n Avd ∆t) e

given below: x  vdt

E
EC

≈ 0.01eV A
E0

EV

DQ neAvd Dt
⇒ =I =
Dt Dt 
0T>0K ⇒ I = ne Avd
18. (i) From surface A, photoelectrons are not emitted. 21. (i)
So, the value of threshold frequency is greater
than the frequency of the incident radiation.
(ii) From surface B, photoelectrons are just emitted. O F P
So, the value of threshold frequency is equal to
the frequency of the incident radiation.
(iii) From surface C, photoelectrons with some Convex lens
kinetic energy are emitted. So, the value of (ii)
threshold frequency is less than the frequency
of the incident radiation.
O

Justification: Threshold frequency is the F
minimum frequency of light which causes
electron emission from a metal surface. No
electron emission means that the frequency of
Concave lens
the light is less than the threshold frequency and
electron emission means that the frequency of Or
the light is more than the threshold frequency. For telescope,
19. (i) The focal length of original equi-convex lens is f. Focal length of objective lens, fo = 150 cm
Let the focal length of each part after cutting Focal length of eye lens, fe = 5 cm
be F. fo
∴ m== 150
1 1 1 1 2 = 30
Here, = + ⇒ = fe 5
f F F f F
1 1 1
F For objective lens, − =
⇒ f= ⇒ F = 2f vo uo fo
2
Power of each part will be given by 1 1 1
⇒ = −
1
P = ⇒P =
1

1.5 vo −3000 ( )
F 2f
1 1 1
(ii) From lens maker’s formula, we have ⇒ = −
vo 1.5 3000
 1 1 
P = (m - 1)  -  vo = 1.5 m
R R 
 1 2

 1  1   
hi vo
R R and  ∴ Magnification, =
5 = (1.55 - 1)  -     ho uo
 R  -R     R = -R 

vo
2 hi = × ho
or =5 0.55 × uo
R    
0.55 × 2 ⇒ 1.5
R= × 100 = 0.05m
5 3000

= 0.22 m = 22 cm    Hence, height of the tower = 5 cm
24 |
Section-C (b) Electric field is always normal to the equipotential
22. Graph of Variations of Binding Energy per Nucleon: surface at every point.
10 (c) 
Two equipotential surfaces can never intersect
56Fe
16O 32S
each other.
100Mo 127
12C
I 184W 197An
238U
8
Binding energy per

4He 18O (d) Equipotential surfaces are closer in regions of

nucleon (MeV)

strong field and farther in regions of weak field.

14N
6 6Li
 (Any two)
4
24. (i) 
Bohr’s postulate for stable orbits, states the
3H
2 electron in an atom, revolves around the
2H nucleus only in those orbits for which its angular
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 l
momentum is an integral multiple of (here, h
Mass number (A) 2p
Figure shows binding energy per nucleon Ebn versus the = Planck’s constant).
mass number A for a large number of nuclei. We notice h
mvr = n (n = 1, 2, 3, ..... ) ....(1)
the following main features of the plot: 2p
(i) The binding energy per nucleon, Ebn is practically
As per de-Broglie hypothesis,
constant, i.e., practically independent of the atomic
number for nuclei of middle mass number (130 < A < h h
= l= ....(2)
170). The curve has a maximum of about 8.75 MeV for     p mv 
A = 56 and has a value of 7.6 MeV for A = 238. For a stable orbit, we must have circumference
(ii) Ebn is lower for both light nuclei (A < 30) and heavy of the orbit,
nuclei (A > 170). 2ℵr n (where, n = 1, 2, 3, .....)
Thus, the decrease of the binding energy per nucleon
 h  h
for nuclei with high mass number is due to increased \
2pr =n or mvr = n
 mv  2p
coulomb repulsion between protons inside the
nucleus. which is same as eq. (1).
Or Thus, de-Broglie hypothesis shows that formation
–27
1 u = 1.6605 × 10 kg of stationary pattern for integral ‘n’ gives rise to
To convert it into energy units, we multiply it by c2 stability of the atom.
and find that energy equivalent This is exactly the same as Bohr’s postulate to
1.6605 × 10-27 × (2.9979 × 108)kg m2/s2
= define stable orbits.
1.4924 × 10-10J
= (ii) We know that, energy of electron in n th orbit is,
−10
1.4924 × 10 13.6
= eV En = - eV
−19
1.602 × 10 n2
9
= 0.9315 × 10 eV = 931.5 MeV
For n = 1, E 1 = - 13.6eV
or 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2
16
DM = 0.13691 u = 0.13691 × 931.5 MeV/c2 13.6 -13.6
For 8 O, Similarly, for n = 4, E 4 = - eV= eV
= 127.5 MeV/c2 (4)2 16

16
Thus, the energy needed to separate 8O into its
\ Energy difference, DE = E 4 - E 1
constituents is 127.5 MeV/c2.
 13.6 
23. (i) Q > 0,    (ii) Q < 0 = - - ( -13.6) eV
16
           
Also, energy of photon is
DE
DE = hn ⇒ n=
  h

 13.6  1.6 × 10-19

Hence, n = - + 13.6 ×
 16  6.62 × 10-34

\ n 3.1 × 1015 Hz
=

Properties of Equipotential Surface: TiP

(a) No work is done in moving a test charge from one Use mind map to make this type of questions easier to
point to another over an equipotential surface. recall.
 Physics | Class 12 | 25
25. (i) 
According to the question, we can draw the m0I 1 I 2a 2
= (towards right)
combination as given below: 2px (x + a )
 
E1
27. (i) 
In microwave oven, the frequency of the
I1 r1 I1
microwave is selected to match the resonant
Eeq frequency of water molecules. This leads to
the vibrations of these molecules. As these
A I B1 B2 I C A I req I C vibrations increase with time, the temperature
I2 E2 I2 increases leading to production of heat and this
is the heat which is responsible for the cooking
r2
food in the oven.
Current drawn from cell-1, (ii) As, microwaves are short wavelength radio
E1 – V waves, with frequency of order of GHz. Due to
I1 = short wavelength, they have high penetrating
r1
  power with respect to atmosphere and less
Current drawn from cell-2, diffraction in the atmospheric layers. So, these
E2 −V waves are suitable for the RADAR systems used
I2 = in aircraft navigation.
r2
28. The energy of a capacitor is stored in the electric
Resultant current, I = I1 + I2 field between its plates. Similarly, an inductor has
Putting values of I1 and I2, we get the capability of storing energy in its magnetic field.
E 1r2 + E 2r1 r +r  I (Increasing)
I= –V  2 1 
r1r2  rr 
 12 

E 1r2 + E 2r1  rr 
or V= –I 1 2  ...(1) L
dl
r1r2 r +r 
   2 1  dt

Now, V = Eeq - Ireq ...(2) An increasing current in an inductor causes an emf

between its terminals.
On comparing eqs. (1) and (2), we get
The work done per unit time is power,
E 1r2 + E 2r1 r1r2
E eq = req = dW dI
r1 + r2 and r2 + r1 P= = − εI = −LI
   dt dt 
r1r2 2×2 dW dU
(ii) req = ℵ 1 From dW = -dU or = - , we have
r1 + r2 2+2 dt dt

dU dI
Current through external resistance, R is = LI or dU = LI dI
dt dt
E eq 5 5 The total energy U supplied while the current
I= = = A
R + req 10 + 1 11  increases from zero to a final value I is
I 1 2
5
= U L=∫0IdI 2 LI
Now, voltage across R = × 10 = 4.54 V.  
11 1 2
∴ W= U= LI  ... (1)
26. According to right hand screw rule, force on AD is 2
m I I a m NI Bl
F1 = 0 1 2 (towards right) The magnetic field, B = 0 ⇒ I=  …(2)
2px l m0N

m0N 2A
A a B
The self-inductance, L = …(3)
l1 a l 
a l2
Putting values of L and I in eq. (1)
2
1 m0N A B 2l 2 B 2 (Al )
x
D a C
⇒ Um = × × =
2 l m 2N 2 2m 0
Force on BC is 0
m0I 1 I 2a Um 1B2
F2 = (towards left) ⇒ =
2p(x + a )
 Al 2 m0
The forces on AB and DC are equal and opposite, so Um
they will cancel each other. where, = energy density.
Al
Thus, net force on loop is
m0I 1 I 2a  1 1  1 B2
=FR - ∴ Um =
2p  x x + a 
 2 m0
26 |
Or Section-E
Let the current in the third wire A3 be in same
31. (i) F
 igure shows the geometry of formation of image
direction as that of A1 and A2. So, it will experience
I of an object O on the principal axis of a spherical
attractive force due to both.
surface with centre of curvature C, and radius of
curvature R . The rays are incident from a medium
1.5I of refractive index n1 to another of refractive index
I 2I n2.
F31 F32
x d–x
A1 A3 A2
d

The force on A3 due to A1 is

m0 I × 1.5I × l
F=
31 ⋅
2p x
where, l = unit length of conductor wire A2
and x = distance between A1 and A3 
Similarly, force on A3 due to A2 is
We have, for small angles,
MN
m0 1.5I × 2I × l tan∠NOM =
F32
= ⋅ OM
2p (d - x )
MN
According to question, F31 = F32 tan∠NCM =
MC
m0 1.5I 2l m0 3I 2 MN
⇒ ⋅ = l tan∠NIM =
2p x 2p (d - x ) MI
1.5 3 Now, for ∆NOC, i is the exterior angle.
⇒ =
x d -x Therefore,
⇒     d - x = 2x i = ∠NOM + ∠NCM
or d MN MN ...(1)
x= i= +
3 OM MC 
Yes, the net force acting on A3 depends on the
Similarly,
current flowing through it.
r = ∠NCM - ∠NIM
Section-D i.e., r = MN − MN ...(2)
29.
(i) (a) By adding pentavalent impurity MC MI 
(ii) (b) C oncentration of electrons is more than that Now, by Snell's law
of holes. n1 sin i = n2 sin r
(iii) (a) Concentration of electrons is less than that of or for small angles
holes.
Or n1 i = n2r

(d) 0 K Substituting i and r from eqs. (1) and (2), we get
At 0 K temperature, semiconductor behaves as an n1 n2 n2 − n1 ...(3)
+ =
insulator, because at very low temperature, electrons OM MI MC 
cannot jump from the valence band to conduction Here, OM, MI and MC represent magnitudes
band. of distances. Applying the cartesian sign
(iv) (c) Both a. and b. convention.
30. (i) (c) interference OM = -u, MI = +v, MC = +R

(ii) (b) wavefront Substituting these in eq. (3), we get
n2 n1 n2 − n1
A
 wavefront is the locus of points having the same − = ...(4)
v u R 
phase of oscillation.
Eq. (4) gives us a relation between object and

(iii) (a) T
 he intensity decreases in proportion for the
image distance in terms of refractive index of
distance squared.
the medium and the radius of curvature of the

(iv) (b) is a geometrical method to find a wavefront curved spherical surface.
Or Apply above relation to refraction through a
(c) converging spherical lens.
 Physics | Class 12 | 27
    From the figure (a),
TiP
The focal length of a lens is minimum when it is placed
in vacuum. When it is taken in some other medium focal
length increases.
(ii) Finding position of image formed by convex
spherical glass surface.
Given,
R = 20 cm,
n2 = 1.5,

n1 n2 n2 − n1
n1 = 1,
+ = u = -100 cm
OB BI 1 BC 1 ...(5)
 from eq. (4),
A similar procedure applied to the second interface n2 (n2 − n1 ) n1
= +
ADC gives  [see fig. (b) and (c)] v R u

1.5 1.5 − 1 1
= +

v 20 −100 ( )
1.5 0.5 1
= −
v 20 100
v = 100 cm
Hence, v = 100 cm, a real image on the other
side, 100 cm away from the surface.
Or
When plane wavefront coming from distant source
illuminates the slit of size (= d ), each other point
within the slit becomes the source of secondary
wavelets and these wavelets superpose on each
other to generate the maxima and minima on the
screen; path difference between the rays, directing to
the point P on the screen can be given as :

n2 n1 n2 − n1
− + = ...(6)
DI 1 DI DC 2 

For a thin lens BI1 = DI1. 
Adding eqs. (5) and (6), we get
n1 n1  1 1 

+ = (n2 − n1 )  +  ...(7)
OB DI  BC 1 DC 2 
 In ∆ABT
Suppose the object is at infinity, i.e., OB → ∞ and
BT D
sin=
q =
DI = f, eq. (7) gives AB a
n1  1 1  Path difference, ∆ = a sin q
= (n2 − n1 )  +  ...(8)
f  BC 1 DC 2 
 Condition of Minima: If slit AB is divided into the
By the sign convention equal halves (or in even parts) each of size d/2, for
BC1 = +R1 every point in part AM, there is a point in part MB
that contribute the secondary wavelets out of phase
DC2 = -R2
(i.e., 180°). So, net contribution from two halves
So, eq. (8) can
be written as
becomes zero and hence intensity falls to zero for
1  1   n  path difference
f
(
= n21 − 1 )  R1 − 
R2 
∵ n21 = 2 
 n1 
...(9)
    ∆ = nl
 1   ∴ a sin θ = nl
Eq. (9) is known as the lens maker's formula. where, n is integer except n = 0.
28 |
Condition of Maxima: If slit AB is divided into three The width of the secondary maxima,
equal parts (or in odd parts). First two-third of the = yn - yn - 1
β
slit having a path difference λ/2 between them
cancel each other, and only the remaining one-third nD l (n - 1)D l Dl
= - =
of the slit contributes to the intensity at the point   a a a
between two minima, so for path difference Since β is independent of n, all the secondary
 1 maxima are of same width β. The central maxima
D=  n +  l extends up to the distance y1 (the distance of first
 2 
secondary minima) on both sides of the centre of
 1 the screen.
We have, a sin =
q n +  l Therefore, the width of the central maxima, b0 = 2y1
 2
From eq. (3) setting n = 1, we have
where, n is integer except n = 0
Dl
y1 =
a

2D l ...(4)
Therefore, β0 =
a 
It follows that β0 = 2β i.e., the central maxima is
twice as wide as any other secondary maxima or
minima.

!
Divide derivation into steps and then proceed.
      
32. (i) E
 quipotential surfaces for an electric dipole and
The wavelets from points A and B will have a path two identical positive charges are given as:
difference equal to BN.
From the right-angled ∆ANB, we have
BN = AB sin q
or BN = a sin q
Suppose that the point P on the screen is at such a
distance from the centre of the screen that BN = l
(a) (b)
and the angle θ = q1. Equipotential surface for (a) an electric dipole,
λ = a sin q1 (b) two identical positive charge

or sin q1 =
l (ii) Given, area of plate, A = 6 × 10-3 m2
a Separation between the plates, d = 3 mm
-3
Such a point on the screen will be the position of    = 3 × 10 m
first secondary minimum. (a) Capacitance, C = e0A/d
-12 -3 -3
For nth minimum at point P, = (8.85 × 10 × 6 × 10 /3 × 10 )
-12
nl = 17.7 × 10 F.
sin qn = ...(1) (b) Given, voltage supply, V = 100 V
a
-12
\ Charge, Q = CV = 17.7 × 10 × 100
If yn is the distance of the nth minimum from the -10
= 17.7 × 10 C
centre of the screen and D is the distance between
the slit and the screen, then from right-angled ∆COP, (c) 
 A sheet of thick mica with k = 6 is inserted.
-10
we have \ New charge Q ′ = kQ = 6 × 17.7 × 10

OP -8
tan qn =    = 1.062 × 10 C
CO Or
y Let two capacitors of capacitances C1 and C2 of
or tan qn = n ... (2)
potentials V1 and V2 are connected in parallel.
D 
In case qn is small According to the figure given below:
sin qn = tan qn
Therefore, from the eqs. (1) and (2), we have
yn nl
=
   D a

nlD ...(3)
or yn =
  a 
 Physics | Class 12 | 29
After connecting the charges redistribute in such a The instantaneous value of alternating voltage
way that the potential differences across C1 and C2 applied is
become equal. V = V0 sin wt…(1)
Hence, before connection, charges are di
Q1 = C1V1, Q2 = C2V2 If i is the instantaneous current in the circuit and dt
Common potential after connection, is the rate of change of current in the circuit at that
Q1 + Q2 di
V= - instant, then instantaneous induced emf ε = − L
C1 + C2 dt

C 1 V1 + C 2 V2 According to Kirchhoff’s loop rule,
Hence, V= …(1)
C1 + C2 di
 V +e =0 ⇒ V = −L =0
dt
After sharing, let the charges be Q'1 and Q'2.
Q '1 C 1 V C 1 di di V
or V =L or =
⇒    = = …(2) dt      dt L
Q '2 C 2 V C 2

(i) Hence, the total energy stored in the two di V0 sin ωt
or, =
capacitors before they are connected together dt L
will be
V0 sin ωt
1 1 ⇒ di = dt
U =U 1 + U 2 = C 1 V12 + C 2 V22 ....(3) L
2 2 
Integrating with respect to time ‘t ’, we get
(ii) When the two capacitors are connected in
parallel together, total charge on the capacitor, V0 V0  − cos ωt 
i=
L ∫ sin ωt dt = 
L  ω

Q = Q1 + Q2 = C1 V1 + C2 V2 
Total capacitance, C = C1 + C2
− V0 V0 π 
Hence, total energy after they are connected = cos ωt = sin  − ωt 
ωL ωL 2 
parallel,
2 2 − V0
1Q 1 (C 1 V1 + C 2 V2 ) π 
U′
= = …(4) or, i= s in  − ωt  …(2)
2 C 2 C1 + C2 ωL 2 
 
(iii) Subtracting eq. (4) from eq. (3), we get This is the required expression for current.
2
1 1 (
 1 C 1 V1 + C 2 V2
U − U ´ =  C 1 V12 + C 2 V22  −
) or,
 π V
i = i0 sin  ωt −  where i0 = 0
 2 ωL
2 2  2 C1 + C2
This shows that the current flowing through the
C C (V - V )2
DU =1 2 1 2 is a positive quantity, circuit lags behind the applied voltage by a phase
2(C 1 + C 2 )
  angle of p/2.
where, ∆U is the loss of energy in sharing Graph of V and i versus wt for the circuit:
charges. V0
Since ∆U is positive, there is always a loss
V, i i0
of energy arises, Hence, when two charged
capacitors are connected together, energy loss
O π
comes in the form of heat radiations due to π/2 3π/2 2π
electric current while charging.
33. Expression for current i flowing in the AC circuit ωt
containing pure inductance: Let us consider a coil
of self inductance L and negligible ohmic resistance. Or
An alternating potential difference is applied across (i) A resistance R and a capacitor C are connected in
its ends. The magnitude and direction of AC changes series to a source
= Ȍ 0 sin ω .
periodically, due to which there is a continual change
in magnetic flux linked with the coil.
According to Faraday’s law, an induced emf is
produced in the coil which opposes the applied
voltage. As a result, the current in the circuit is
reduced i.e., the inductance acts like a resistance in
AC circuit.
30 |
Y VR
VR
V= I =
R
V R2 X 2
I

Peak value of voltage across capacitor,

V0XC
t VC I0=
= XC
X R 2 + XC2
/2 
VC
(b) We know that the voltage across the resistance,
then the voltage will be in phase with the current.
The voltage across the capacitance lag the
From diagram, by parallelogram law of vector current by 90°.
addition, So, the voltage across the resistance will be
ahead.
VR + VC =
V
(ii) (a) Here, L = 80 mH, C = 250 mF,
Using Pythagorean theorem, we get ω = 100 rad/s
2 and Vrms = 240 V
V= VR2 +V
=C
2
(IR )2 + (IXC=
)2 I 2 (R 2 + XC2 )
1
Reactance = ωL - 
V V ωC
=I
⇒ =
2 2 Z
R + XC 1
 = 100 × 80 × 10-3 -
2 2
   100 × 250 × 10-3
where, Z = R + XC is called impedance.

1
=8 - =7.96
Peak value of current, 25

  
V0 V0 Vrms 240
I= =  1  Irms
= = = 30.15 A
0
Z 2   XC =  Reactance 7.96 
R + XC2  ωC 
   (b) The total average power consumed by
(a) Peak value of voltage across resistance, circuit is zero.
l