pnereoneenerennnnererecenennnnnoneenneeneeeeneneneennnnenn eRe E eee eee Drereerceemmneennenreens SSON QUEUE Cu eo DREN Ee ROSROOSCCCCCSOCEE ESL: Oe UR OD DEERE EES BREOSOO Coe D EERE EUREORERESCEE! WAG UUNMRK BAO RWE SOO OB OREN OE SEE SORRESR CBOE Ky lscv7aa out AIR POLLUTION & con, ore ROL Module -2 Meteorology: Temperature lap stability, wind velocity & turbulence, plume behav measurement of meteorological variables, windrose diagrams, Plume Rise, estimation of effeigg Stack height and mixing depths. Development of air quality models-Gaussian dispersion mode] 8 Hours (L1,L2,L3) o_o ayy METEOROLOGY : Air pollutants emitted from various sources must be first transported ang diluted in the atmosphere. Then they may either undergo physical changes or photochemica) ‘ransformations. These rates of dilution, dispersion, photochemical reaction, transportation ete al} Processes are influenced by meteorological factors. Meteorological Variables Influencing Air Pollution : The important meteorological parameters that influence air pollution can be classified into Primary parameters and Secondary parameters, Primary parameters |. Wind direction and speed 2. Temperature 3. Atmospheric stability 4. Mixing height Secondary parameters: 1. Precipitation 2. Humidity 3. Solar radiation. 4. Visibility. Wind Direction and Speed: These parameters wind direction and speed will influence the drift or ‘transportation and diffusion of air pollutants discharged near the ground level. The higher the wind speed at or near the point of discharge of pollutants, the more rapidly are the pollutants carried away from the source, On the other hand, the pollutants will be concentrated near area of discharge wind speeds are low. ‘The air movement near the surface of the earth is retarded by friction, which ‘aries with surface roughness, The wind velocity profile even influenced by the time of the day. During day, solar heating causes thermal turbulence or eddies. These eddies cause increased turbulent mixing. This results in a more flat velocity profile in the day than that at night. Typical profiles during day and nicht are shown in fig below 2|Page MoDULE 2SOBRE PE COREE DOES SCORER EDEN EOE CESS EEUU UNECE ECON RREE ERR 5 5 = = 5 : y 5 = 5 = 5 5 = 5 5 5 5 S 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 c 5 5 5 5 5 5 & 5 5 5 5 5 = 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 SESE EEE EEOC OEE COO CUO CSCO OER e DP POSE ONE EEL CEE ESEERESESSREGEEEEE igcv732 SMH AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL ALTITUDE ABOVE GROUND Rates: ‘The rate of decrease in temperature with an altitude is known as the lapse rate. In a well mixed dry air, for every 1000 ft (300m) increase in altitude, the temperature decreases by about 3.3° F (1.8” C ). This value is @ normal lapse rate, Based on the meteorological data in the troposphere upto about 10 km, where the temperature decreases linearly with altitude, the Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) found to be about 6.5° C /1000 meter. The ELR, however is not always constant particularly in the lower troposphere, a zone up to an altitude of about 2 km there is considerable variation from the normal rate of 6.5° C/1000 mts. This is due to underlying surface and rate of radiation emanating from it. (On sunny days, because of strong solar heating from ground, the ELR often exceeds 10° C/1000 meters, although this is usually confined to the lowest 200m of the atmosphere, Extreme cases of atmosphere are characterized by a negative lapse rate, where temperature inereases with altitude. Adiabatic Lapse Rate(ALR): (he lapse rate of a parcel of dry air as it moves upward in @ hydrostatically ‘stable environment and expands slowly to lower environmental pressure without exchange of heat, is known as the “Adiabatic Lapse Rate’. Adiabatic Lapse Rate can be explained by the concept of an air parcel. As the air parcel rises in the atmosphere, it goes through a region of decreasing pressure and expands to accommodate the decreasing pressure. Since this process is usually rapid, ‘there is no heat transfer between air parcel and surroundings. Adiabatic Lapse Rate for dry air parcel is found to be 0.98’ C/ 100m ~ 10° C/ 1km. This rate is known as “Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate” DALR. In the presence of moisture in the atmosphere, a rising parcel of air may cool ‘until the particle pressure of water vapour equals the saturation vapour pressure of water. Then the lapse rate is known as “Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate” WALR. In warm tropical air the Wet ‘Adiabatic Lapse Rate is approximately one third of the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate. 3/Page MODULE 2 Prenreerrreneeeecerenonereeeenooneneneennreneenennenennnnnennneeneneneneeeeercenenereceenerrnnara SORSESCRCUER EGY, SEOKEEREBEED cles AIR POLLUTION & Conny, SX RUE SRE EU CRROUSERE ORE ELRROEREE ase iscv732 ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY ‘The dispersion of air pollutants discharged in to the atmosphere dependg largely upon the degree of atmospheric stability. A comparison of the Adiabatic Lapse Rate wig Environmental Lapse Rate gives the idea of stability of the atmosphere, | ISOTHERMAL INVERSION. ALTITUDE SALR When Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) and Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR) are exactly same, the rising parcel of air will have same pressure, temperature and density of the surroundings and would experience no buoyant force. Such an atmosphere is said to be “Neutrally Stable”, where a displaced mass of air neither tends to return to its original positions nor tends to continue its displacement, When ELR > DAER, the atmosphere is said to be “Super Adiabatic”, hence a rising parcel of air, cooling at the adiabatic rate, will be warmer and less dense than the surrounding environment. As a result, it becomes more buoyancy and tends to continue it's up word motion, Since vertical motion is enhanced by buoyancy, such an atmosphere is called “Unstable”. In such a condition air from different altitude mixes thoroughly. This is very desirable from point of view of preventing pollution. ‘and more dense than its surroundings and tends to fall back to its original position. Such an ‘atmospheric condition called “Stable” and lapse rate is said to be Sub-adiabatie. Under stable condition there is very little vertical mixing and pollutants can only disperse very slowly. As a result, their levels can build up very rapidly in the environment. A similar reasoning may be applied to the case of a saturated atmosphere referring to wet adiabatic lapse rate, proneeenennenpenennenennnneneeeeeneeenoeeeenennneeneeeneennneeeneneenereeeneeneee, MODULE 2 : : : & : : : 5 & 5 5 & & 5 5 5 5 5 5 & On the other hand, when ELR This condition occurs when ‘above the top of the stack and super adiabatic co ‘escape from top of the stack and they are the region above the ground. This sent 6. TRAPPING : = 5 5 = 5 5 5 5 = = 5 5 5 5 = 5 = 5 = ° = a & c 5 o & 5 © 5 © 5 E 5 5 5 5pS SOR SEE CORE E HERES BEE SEE SEER EEC EREECEESEEEULUL 1scv732 SMH ‘AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL This type of plume behaviour occurs when plume effluent is caught etween two inversions layers. Hence emitted plume can neither go up nor down and will be severely restricted to the unstable layer between the stable regions. Thus creating one of the worst ‘pollution situations. MEASUREMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES : 1. Wind Direction Recorder: ED —- --- = [ee ‘This instrument is the patented instrument of the NEERI for measuring wind direction. It employs a conventional wind vane to sense the direction, It is automatic, ‘mechanical, requiring no clectric current. The instrument continuously records on an attached chart the direction of ‘wind with time. ‘]) Surface Wind Direction : Four main types of vanes for measuring direction ; a) Flat Plate Vane: This consists of vertical plate which is mounted at one end of a counter weight at other end. shaft. Wind pressure acting ‘counter weight heading into b) Splayed Vane: In this which are joined at a actas| iret ight of with hydrogen ‘tacking these ballooi ‘Mylar balloon in tetrah ‘wind in an almost horizontal Di mn is an elongated captive balloon wit ORE E ORE CER EREREE KEKE REELG88 SR een sooeoeepeecnuseeNunoneeunneceeeoseoNbceehous, a s Aecv7a2 smn AIR POLLUTION & s 4) Radio and Radar: In radio method, a small radio transmitter is carried aloft by a freely balloon an is tracked with radar system, pulses of elcrcal energy emilted by radar are to it. ©) Smoke Trails: Information on wind directions aloft may be obtained by finding at intervals the Position in space of smoke trails released above the ground by rising rocket or an aero plane, 2. Wind Speed Recorder: {Instruments for measuring wind speed are called “anemometers”. If they are recording instruments they are known as “anemographs"” { NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research Institute) hag developed and patented a wind speed recorder. In instrument a four cup rotor is employed to sense the wind. The motion of cup is transferred after reducing is speed by gear system tothe pen whieh ‘makes rise and fall impression on chart paper. This rise and falls proportional to the wind speed, A typical wind speed recorder is as shown in fig below: i i i i i i i i i i i : i : i ; : i : : i i i i i i i : : i i : i i : : i iGU CUO CE DOE ES PEED OUD CRESS REESE EL CEE SERRE CSRS RROREEEEES sMH 'AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL §. Solar radiation measurement : Instruments used to measure the radiant energy from the sun are, Pyrheliometer, Solarimeter and Chemical actinometer. ‘WIND ROSE DIAGRAMS : ‘A wind rose is defined as “Any one of a class of diagrams designed to show the distribution of wind direction experienced at a given location, over a considerable period”. In other words, the wind rose shows the prevailing direction of wind. In its common form it consists of a circle from which eight or sixteen lines emerge, one for each direction. The length of each line is proportional to the frequency of wind form that direction and the frequency of calm conditions is entered in the centre. Wind roses are ‘constructed in number of ways. Some indicate the range of wind speeds from each direction, and some relate wind direction with other meteorological conditions. Wind roses may be constructed from the data obtained over given time period such as in constructing wind rose, it sto be kept in mind that wind direction shown on diagram refers fo the direction from which the wind is blowing. For example a line or bar extending to the north on the ‘wind rose indicates the frequency of wind blowing from the north. A typical wind rose diagram indicating wind speed is shown below: eennnnnnonenneeeceeennnmenneneeeneeererenenneeeeenerer PEO E EERE EEE EEE OOOO OEE EERE ELE ee Ene ere R PERE eee eee! Meee, A EUR ai ium a Special wind roses Sometimes constructed are: 1. Precipitation wind rose 2 Smoke windrose aS : dioxide Wind rose 4. Hydrocarbons wind rose : {In constructing the above diagrams instead of wind speed the Precipitation, Smoke, Sul Iphur dioxide, Hydrocarbons ete are attached to wind direction, 48 “Pollution Roses”, PLUME RISE AND EPEECTIVE HEIGHT OF THE STACK: es winn) —> = Pan | w2|PageLL DU CEECWUNWU WEE EON CUED EE CUE EUR RRO 5 asev732 ‘SMH ‘AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL 5 5 5 5 5 & 1. General Equation; ‘ = 5 t 5 5 Plume rise, : : : : : : 5 : © 5 Where, Qu Heat Emission Rate, kcal/s. s s u Average Wind Velocity, mis. 5 5 a, B and K Dimensional Constant 5 5 2 E e ‘According to Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory, i 5 a =0.25 pel K= 66.4. 5 . 5 = © s 2, Moses and Carson Equation 5 5 5 5 & 5 Ah= & 5 5 5 5 5 aa 5 iz Where Vs = Stack exit Velocity (m/s) E 5 Wind Speed (mvs) 5 5 Diameter of Stack at Exit (m) t Plume Rise Regression Co-efficients depends upon 5 Atmospheric Stability. S 5 £ 4 For Unstable: Lapse rate dT/dZ <- 12.2 Ci= 3.47 and C)= 10.53. 2 5 5 ‘ 5 : ForNeutral: Lapserate-12.2 < dT/Z<-1.5 C\= 0.35 and C,= 5.41. 5 | 5 5 5 = : For Stable: Lapse rate dT/d2 > - 1.5 C\= - 1.04 and C2= 4.58. 5 © £ £ 5 3. Holland’s Equation: & 5 5 ( 5 5 { & Vsd Ts-Ty t e 1.5 + 2.68x 107 x pd| = i Ta : ‘ ‘Where, Pp ‘Atmospheric pressure in millibars: 5 Ts Stack Gas Temperature ‘K s 7 Air Temperature °K s © The above equation is applicable for neutral condition. 5 t 13) Page MODULE 2 . 5 5 5 t SBOE CRORE UGC O BED SEE USEC CUO R EEC DE ROO ORE EEK ELC SURE EROEEOREBECEEECEEAh should be increased by 10 to 20% . Ah should be decreased by 20 to 10% . Ah= 084(124+0.09h) Wise; ‘Actual Hheight of Stack, (mm) Above equation (A) is applicable for s s © © & s S a S © a S 8 = = s 5 5 = S = = S 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 = S 5 . 5 5 = = = = 5 = 5 5 = 5 5 = S 5 5 s = = = 5 = 5 5 s = 5 5 = = 5 = 5 = S =sp OSHC ROC RC COREE ES SESE E DEORE COCR EEO U ER EE CRE EE CEES REE R SEER SSeS ESS = SME |AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL ‘Also the stack height design depends upon the local wind velocity conditions and the position of nearby buildings. Higher exit velocities will give more plume rise and therefore can be used as a means to reduce stack height, and hence installed cost of stack. ‘When the stack is down wind of the building and wind speeds arc high, it may bring plume to the ground level due to mechanical turbulence. Hence the stack height should be at least 2 to 2-5 times Rear See Central Pollution Control Board CPCB. has suggested the following ‘recommendations for height of chimney: © & 5 5 S 5 5 5 © s © © 5 5 5 5 = © 5 © 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 = 5 5 S 5 5 5 5 & 5 5 5 5 5(iv) For diewel yunerating #6 Kept hy 1840 4.4m mae tha eight OF n . Wl& 4 var « tD =a seh over! equationw/dele have heat dev fo sean ‘ron rootion anid verti dirwton Fem 1 jaiea , Wks, Ky, and Ka are eddy disfunion daetfiolents direatlons, conoentration of pollutant in Mn vy, and Vi are roapeativelY veluulty component, (her Flcky nw of diffusion shys, Cn the basis of above Mike li particulates < 20 pi)| eS CSCC U CEU CE COO U UE UE UU RENCE EERE CE KEU ULL U EERO E BOSE ECR EERER lecvrad’ sm AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL Mean Wind Speed m/s at height ‘hs’ of stack Effective Stack Height (m) = Down wind and Cross wind Horizontal Distances (m) Level of Computation of Concentration(m) Plumes Standard Deviation in Cross Wind Direction(m) Plumes Standard Deviation in Vertical Direction(m) ‘Ground Level Centre Line Concentration : If ground level concentration is reduced only in the Down wind horizontal direction ( i.e. x - direction), y =0. Hence above equation reduces to ; —— Goon aes: et2ea? nusy oz ‘Again when the effluent is discharged at ground level, the effective stack height ‘H’ is zero and equation further reduces to, Cx,0,0,0 mee musy oz In all above equations, cy and oz are functions of down wind distance x as well 1s stability. They can be read out from graphs shown below ; 108SUNN ORNKNOMNNNRNEEE WAL! agcv7aa & u t s x t S u a & c S 4 ny u e © « t S t t & & t t ry ry u t t s t t 5 5 5 5 5 t 5 5 o 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 S c 5 5 o o 5 c © c = © & © © s c © s £ © © t 5 c © & o SPEC DDEO UEC EE COOK bi CREED CESS BEE ESOBE COCR EUUESCREREOORREEEESKEEE conse a 1x & CONTROL peweense! uewuusenseeeeweee ee emit nae £120 m, The wind speed at ispersion parameters Exercise : A fhctory emits 25 g/s of $02 at an effects nwind, the paraanes the effective stack height is 3 m/s. Ata distance of down Concentration g/m’ of is the Gro ay and az are 104 m and 6} m respectively What i $0) along the centre line ut 1200 m downwind from the stach SOLUTION: 200m Given dai Qe ws x 12 Pe He 120m oy= 104m Us 3m = lm C1200, 0, 0,120 =? xe Yael Ground Level Concentration in Dow mind Horizontal Direction 1s given by, , Q was? €x,0,0H (g/m) =~ e nuay oz Substituting given data in above equation we get, Fr 2 2120/017 1200,0,0,120 ( g/m’) aoa ee 3.14 x 3.x 104x 61 6.04x10~* g/m? = 604x107 x 10° ng/m? CSO; 60 jug/m? For various atmospheric stability condition ut the Gaussian Model equations, a graphical profile of Ground Level Concentration C x, 0, 0, H given by following graph.: It should be noted that maximum Ground Level Concentration occurs at_ az =H / V2 provided az/ay is ‘constant with downwind distance x. ‘Maximum Ground Level Concentration value is given by cer (01H ieee mucH? SY Here, ¢=2.718 Distance from Stack —* eel Pegs MODULE 2 _PPnPrenranponnnononenereenpnnnennnsnnonnonennennnnnnnnnnVS pus SE SU OSU EU CEU KEGUCEOUREECKOEUNERU LEK ERURNNEUEERBECEREGE 5 poet st ov79 SMH AIR POLLUTION & CONTROL & | : | B } INBSNITELINESO a s t 5 ‘ 1 series of industries located along either a river or aroad ora strip. And 5 3 road along which pollutants are emited continously by heavy ‘raffic represents an infinite & $ ine source . ‘ 5 yen wind direction (x) is normal to line of emission (y), the Ground Level Concentration down {ind distance (x) of source emitting at height His given by, = ' 5 ‘ } 2a or 5 $ cx y,0H = 3 ' Qn) oru oH) 5 t 5 { where, Q Strength of Source per Unit Distance 5 ‘ 5 ‘ © $ Ifsource is at ground level i.e. H=0 above equation reduces to, 5 5 5 ‘ 201 5 £ cxy,0,0 5 ‘ Qn? o2u 5 t Fy + sn both equations, y’ doesnot appears because the concentration is wniformalong 7 direction at © £ a given down wind distance ‘x’ 5 ' = i 5 + Ex: The trafic density along a busy highway is 1600 vehicles/ht ‘and average vehicle speed is 70 & aan nc average CO emission pet vehicle is $0 e/6 Estimate the CO at 100m, 500m, and & 1000m downwind distances of highway, if wind speed normal to highway is 2.5 m/s. a S Given that: oz at 100mis 47m 5 oz at S00mis 18m, and & oz at 1000mis 32m. s S ‘Strength of souree per unit length (m) is, 5 Vehicle fT br 1 : Ql = 1600 (Se mee > ~ yi 70 km 1000 sm s vehicle = : QU = 114 gims. t ° 5 5 5 © © Balbere MopULe 2 Erorerennn! DUR GOES SUSE EES OSBESSUCKK DOCEEE ECON BEKELE LAU SOUS ESSERE ON OEDSECO UEN ROE REE NRE ‘sant Qnoru 2x lla Qn x2Sxoz 0.3638 Cxy,0,0 0.3638 ©1200, y, 0,0 senceee = 74 x 107? g/m, ANS. 47 03638 ~ = 202 x 1078 g/m, ANS.