Unit-4

Subject: Basic Electrical Engineering

(KEE-101)
B. Tech
1st Semester, Session: 2020-21 (ODD)
JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida.

Electrical Machines (Rotating)

Prepared by: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy,
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, U.P, India.
 Topics

• DC Generator

• DC Motor

• 3-Phase Induction Motor

• 1- Phase Motor

• 3- Phase Synchronous Motor

• 3- Phase Generator (Alternator)

 DC Generator

• It is an electrical machine.
• Used to convert mechanical input to electrical output.
• The nature of electrical output is DC.
• Three basic quantities are essential in case of any rotating machine;
✓ Magnetic Field (B)
✓ Mechanical Force (F)
✓ Conductor carrying current (I)
• Principal of a Generator: Dynamically Induced EMF
• Generated emf (e) in a conductor of length (l) moving with a velocity (v) in a magnetic fiel (B) is
given by
𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣sin 𝜃
Where, θ= angle made between v and B

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Principle of DC Generator

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 DC Machine- Construction

Cross sectional view 3-D view

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 DC Machine- Construction [contd.]

❖ YOKE: The yoke is usually made of solid cast steel whereas the pole pieces are composed of stacked
laminations.

❖ POLES: Provides the support for the field winding in order to generate the magnetic flux inside the machine.

❖ FIELD WINDING:

• The function of the field system is to produce uniform magnetic field within which the armature rotates.

• Field coils are mounted on the poles and carry the DC exciting current. The field coils are connected in
such a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity.

• The MMF developed by the field coils produces a magnetic flux that passes through the pole pieces, the
air gap, the armature and the frame.

• Practical DC machines have air gaps ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 DC Machine- Construction [contd.]

❖ARMATURE CORE:
The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field poles. It consists of
slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 to 0.6 mm thick) that are stacked to form a cylindrical
core.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 DC Machine- Construction [contd.]

❖ARMATURE WINDING:

• The slots of the armature core hold insulated conductors that are connected in a suitable
manner. This is known as armature winding.

• This is the winding in which “working” EMF is induced.

• The armature conductors are connected in series-parallel; the conductors being connected in
series so as to increase the voltage and in parallel paths so as to increase the current.

• Depending upon the manner in which the armature conductors are connected to the
commutator segments, there are two types of armature winding in a DC machine viz.,

(a) Lap Winding

(b) Wave Winding

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 DC Machine- Construction [contd.]

❖ARMATURE WINDING (contd.)

(a) Lap Winding:

Number of parallel paths (A) = Number of poles (P)

(b) Wave Winding

Number of parallel paths (A) = 2

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 DC Machine- Construction [contd.]

❖Commutator

• A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating voltage generated in the
armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes.

• The commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica sheets and
mounted on the shaft of the machine.

❖Brushes

• The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the rotating commutator
and stationary external load circuit.

• The brushes are made of carbon and rest on the commutator.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
EMF Eqn. of DC Machine
 Torque Equation of DC Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Torque Equation of DC Motor (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Types of DC Motors

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Condition for Maximum Power Developed in a DC Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Separately Excited DC Motor
Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Numerical on DC Generators (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 3-Phase Induction Motor: Introduction

• Works on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction.

• Also termed as rotating transformer.

• Also termed as Asynchronous motor.

• Does not run at the synchronous speed.

• Singly excited machine [supply is provided only in the stator terminals]

• Knows as work horse of Industries, since it the most widely used motor.

• Types of 3-Phase Induction Motor;

a) Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
b) Slip Ring Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 3-Phase Induction Motor: Construction

• Mainly consists of 2-parts;

1) Stator

2) Rotor

(a) Squirrel Cage Rotor

(b) Wound Rotor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 3-Phase Induction Motor: Construction (contd.)

❖Stator

• Consists of stator core and stator windings.

• The core is laminated and slotted.

• The 3-phase windings are housed in the slots.

• The 3-phase windings are wounded in such a manner that the winding of each phase are mechanically
displaced from each other by 120°

• Upon providing electrical supply in the stator windings the alternating current produces alternating flux.

• The interaction of alternating fluxes of each windings producing a resultant magnetic field in the stator
winding which is rotating in the space.

• This field is termed as Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF).

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 3-Phase Induction Motor: Construction (contd.)
❖Rotor

• The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on its outer periphery. The
winding placed in these slots (called rotor winding) may be one of the following two types:

(i) Squirrel cage type

(ii) Wound type

• It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots on its outer periphery. One copper or
aluminum bar is placed in each slot. All these bars are joined at each end by metal rings called end
rings.

• This forms a permanently short-circuited winding which is indestructible. The entire construction
(bars and end rings) resembles a squirrel cage and hence the name.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 3-Phase Induction Motor: Construction (contd.)

Squirrel Cage Type Rotor

• The rotor is not connected electrically to the supply but has current induced in it by transformer
action from the stator.

• Those induction motors which employ squirrel cage rotor are called squirrel cage induction motors.
Most of 3-phase induction motors use squirrel cage rotor as it has a remarkably simple and robust
construction enabling it to operate in the most adverse circumstances.

• However, it suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque.

• It is because the rotor bars are permanently short-circuited and it is not possible to add any external
resistance to the rotor circuit to have a large starting torque.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Squirrel Cage Type Rotor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Wound Rotor

• It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carries a 3- phase winding, similar to the one on the

stator.

• The rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slots and is usually star-connected.

• The open ends of the rotor winding are brought out and joined to three insulated slip rings mounted

on the rotor shaft with one brush resting on each slip ring.

• The three brushes are connected to a 3-phase star-connected rheostat.

• At starting, the external resistances are included in the rotor circuit to give a large starting torque.

These resistances are gradually reduced to zero as the motor runs up to speed.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Working Mechanism

• When 3-phase stator winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is set up which

rotates round the stator at synchronous speed Ns (= 120 f/P).

• The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which as yet, are stationary.

• Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor, EMF’s are induced in the rotor

conductors.

• Since the rotor circuit is short-circuited, currents start flowing in the rotor conductors.

• The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field produced by the stator.

Consequently, mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Working Mechanism (contd.)
• The sum of the mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors produces a torque which tends to
move the rotor in the same direction as the rotating field.

• The fact that rotor is urged to follow the stator field (i.e., rotor moves in the direction of stator
field) can be explained by Lenz’s law.

• According to this law, the direction of rotor currents will be such that they tend to oppose the cause
producing them.

• Now, the cause producing the rotor currents is the relative speed between the rotating field and the
stationary rotor conductors.

• Hence to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as that of stator
field and tries to catch it.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Working Mechanism (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Slip of an Induction Motor
• The rotor can never reach the speed of stator flux i.e.; synchronous speed Ns.

• If it did, there would be no relative speed between the stator field and rotor conductors, no induced rotor currents and,
therefore, no torque to drive the rotor. The friction and windage would immediately cause the rotor to slow down.

• Hence, the rotor speed (N) is always less than the stator field speed (Ns). This difference in speed depends upon load on the
motor. The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating stator field and the actual rotor speed N is called slip.

• The quantity Ns - N is sometimes called slip speed.

• When the rotor is stationary (i.e., N = 0), slip, s = 1 or 100 %.

• In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 0.1% to 3% so that it is essentially a constant-
speed motor.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Effect of Slip on Various Parameters of a 3-phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Effect of Slip on the frequency of rotor induced currents

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Effect of Slip on the rotor induced EMF

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Effect of Slip on Rotor Reactance

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Effect of Slip on Rotor Impedance, Rotor Current and Rotor Power Factor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Torque Equation of 3-Phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Torque Equation of 3-Phase Induction Motor (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Torque – Slip Characteristics of 3-Phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Torque – Slip Characteristics of 3-Phase Induction Motor (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Torque – Slip Characteristics of 3-Phase Induction Motor (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Equivalent Circuit of 3-Phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Equivalent Circuit of 3-Phase Induction Motor (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Equivalent Circuit of 3-Phase Induction Motor (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Power Equations at various stages of 3-Phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Numerical Problems on 3-phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Numerical Problems on 3-phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Numerical Problems on 3-phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Numerical Problems on 3-phase Induction Motor

Q. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 400 V Induction Motor has 6-poles and operates with a slip of 3% at a certain load.
Determine the following;

(i) The speed of rotor

(ii) The frequency of rotor current

(iii) The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to stator.

(iv) The speed of rotor magnetic field with respect to the rotor.

(v) The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to the stator magnetic field.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Numerical Problems on 3-phase Induction Motor

Solution:

(i) The speed of rotor (Nr) = Ns(1-s)

(ii) The frequency of rotor current (fr) = sf

(iii) The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to stator = speed of the rotor itself

(iv) The speed of rotor magnetic field with respect to the rotor = (120 x fr)/P

(v) The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to the stator magnetic field = 0 (as the rotor magnetic
field and the stator magnetic field are rotating at the same speed in the same direction the relative speed is
zero).

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Numerical Problems on 3-phase Induction Motor

Previous Year University Question: 2018-19 (ODD)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Single Phase Induction Motor

• It is a singly excited machine.

• Works on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction.

• The motor is not self starting.

• The magnetic field produced by a 1-phase AC supply does not

produce a rotating magnetic field, hence torque is not generated in the

rotor.

• Theory for non self starting property;

1. Double Revolving Field Theory

2. Cross Field Theory

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Double Revolving Field Theory

• An alternating sinusoidal flux (ϕ = ϕm cos wt) can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each equal
to one-half of the maximum value of alternating flux (i.e., ϕm/2) and each rotating at synchronous
speed (Ns = 120 f/P, w = 2pf) in opposite directions.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Principle of Operation

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Method of Starting 3-Phase Synchronous Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 How to make the motor self starting?

• To make a single-phase induction motor self-starting, we should somehow produce a revolving stator

magnetic field.

• This may be achieved by converting a single-phase supply into two-phase supply through the use of an

additional winding known a Auxiliary Winding.

• When the motor attains sufficient speed, the starting means (i.e., additional winding) may be removed

depending upon the type of the motor.

• As a matter of fact, single-phase induction motors are classified and named according to the method

employed to make them self-starting.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Types of 1-Phase Induction Motor

• Split-phase motors-started by two phase motor action through the use of an auxiliary or starting

winding.

• Capacitor motors-started by two-phase motor action through the use of an auxiliary winding and

a capacitor.

• Shaded-pole motors-started by the motion of the magnetic field produced by means of a shading

coil around a portion of the pole structure.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Basic Idea of Starting

• As with a 3-phase supply, a 2-phase balanced supply also produces a rotating magnetic field of constant

magnitude.

• With the exception of the shaded-pole motor, all single-phase induction motors are started as 2-phase

machine.

• Once so started, the motor will continue to run on single-phase supply.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Split-Phase Induction Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Split-Phase Induction Motor working

• When the two stator windings are energized from a single-phase supply, the main winding carries
current Im while the starting winding carries current Is.

• Since main winding is made highly inductive while the starting winding highly resistive, the
currents Im and Is have a reasonable phase angle a (25° to 30°) between.

• Consequently, a weak revolving field approximating to that of a 2-phase machine is produced

which starts the motor.

• The starting torque is given by;

Ts = k Im Is sin (α)

• Where, k is a constant whose magnitude depends upon the design of the motor.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Split-Phase Induction Motor working (contd.)

• When the motor reaches about 75% of synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch opens the circuit
of the starting winding.

• The motor then operates as a single-phase induction motor and continues to accelerate till it
reaches the normal speed.

• The normal speed of the motor is below the synchronous speed and depends upon the load on the
motor.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Capacitor-Start Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Capacitor-Start Motor

• The capacitor-start motor is identical to a split-phase motor except that the starting winding has as
many turns as the main winding.

• Moreover, a capacitor C is connected in series with the starting winding.

• The value of capacitor is so chosen that Is leads Im by about 80° (i.e., α~ 80°) which is
considerably greater than 25° found in split-phase motor.

• Consequently, starting torque (Ts = k Im Is sin α) is much more than that of a split-phase motor
Again, the starting winding is opened by the centrifugal switch when the motor attains about 75%
of synchronous speed.

• The motor then operates as a single-phase induction motor and continues to accelerate till it
reaches the normal speed.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Capacitor-Start Motor (contd.)

• Although starting characteristics of a capacitor-start motor are better than those of a split-phase motor, both
machines possess the same running characteristics because the main windings are identical.

• The phase angle between the two currents is about 80° compared to about 25° in a split-phase motor.
Consequently, for the same starting torque, the current in the starting winding is only about half that in a split-
phase motor.

• Therefore, the starting winding of a capacitor start motor heats up less quickly and is well suited to applications
involving either frequent or prolonged starting periods.
• Capacitor-start motors are used where high starting torque is required and where the starting period may be long
e.g., to drive:
(a) compressors
(b) large fans
(c) pumps
(d) high inertia loads

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor

• This motor is identical to a capacitor-start motor except that starting winding is not opened after starting so
that both the windings remain connected to the supply when running as well as at starting. Two designs are
generally used.

• In one design, a single capacitor C is used for both starting and running. This design eliminates the need of
a centrifugal switch and at the same time improves the power factor and efficiency of the motor.

• In the other design, two capacitors C1 and C2 are used in the starting winding.

• The smaller capacitor C1 required for optimum running conditions is permanently connected in series with
the starting winding.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor

• The much larger capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with C1 for optimum starting and remains in the
circuit during starting.

• The starting capacitor C1 is disconnected when the motor approaches about 75% of synchronous speed.

• The motor then runs as a single-phase induction motor.

• The starting winding and the capacitor can be designed for perfect 2-phase operation at any load. The motor
then produces a constant torque and not a pulsating torque as in other single-phase motors.

• Because of constant torque, the motor is vibration free and can be used in;

(a) hospitals

(b) studios and

(c) other places where silence is important.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Shaded Pole Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Shaded Pole Motor (contd.)

• The shaded-pole motor is very popular for ratings below 0.05 H.P. (~ 40 W) because of its extremely

simple construction.

• It has salient poles on the stator excited by single-phase supply and a squirrel cage rotor.

• A portion of each pole is surrounded by a short-circuited turn of copper strip called shading coil.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Shaded Pole Motor (contd.)

• During the portion OA of the alternating-current cycle

Fig.(i), the flux begins to increase and an EMF is
induced in the shading coil.
• The resulting current in the shading coil will be in such
a direction (Lenz’s law) so as to oppose the change in
flux. Thus the flux in the shaded portion of the pole is
weakened while that in the unshaded portion is
strengthened as shown in Fig. (ii).
• During the portion AB of the alternating-current cycle,
the flux has reached almost maximum value and is not
changing. Consequently, the flux distribution across the
pole is uniform See Fig. (iii) since no current is flowing
in the shading coil. As the flux decreases (portion BC of
the alternating current cycle), current is induced in the
shading coil so as to oppose the decrease in current.
• Thus the flux in the shaded portion of the pole is
strengthened while that in the unshaded portion is
weakened as shown in Fig. (iv).

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Shaded Pole Motor (contd.)

• The effect of the shading coil is to cause the field flux to shift across the pole face from the
unshaded to the shaded portion.

• This shifting flux is like a rotating weak field moving in the direction from unshaded portion to the
shaded portion of the pole.

• The rotor is of the squirrel-cage type and is under the influence of this moving field. Consequently,
a small starting torque is developed.

• As soon as this torque starts to revolve the rotor, additional torque is produced by single-phase
induction-motor action.

• The motor accelerates to a speed slightly below the synchronous speed and runs as a single-phase
induction motor.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Shaded Pole Motor (contd.)

❖Characteristics

1) The salient features of this motor are extremely simple construction and absence of centrifugal
switch.

2) Since starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low, these motors are only suitable for
low power applications e.g., to drive:

(a) small fans

(b) toys

(c) hair driers

(d) desk fans etc.

3) The power rating of such motors is up to about 30 W.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 3-phase Synchronous Motor
• It is a doubly excited machine.
• Stator: 3-phase AC supply.
• Rotor: DC supply.
• Works on the principle of Magnetic Locking.
• The motor runs at a synchronous speed.
Ns= (120f)/P
where f = frequency of supply in Hz
P = number of poles
• A synchronous motor is not self starting.
• Synchronous motor is that it can be made to operate over a wide range
of power factors (lagging, unity or leading) by adjustment of its field
excitation.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Construction of 3-phase Synchronous Motor

(i) Stator houses 3-phase armature winding in the slots of the stator core and receives power from a

3-phase supply.

(ii) Rotor has a set of salient poles excited by direct current to form alternate N and S poles.

The exciting coils are connected in series to two slip rings and direct current is fed into the winding

from an external exciter mounted on the rotor shaft.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Principle of Operation

❖ A synchronous motor is not self starting as the ❖ Started by applying external force
magnetic locking between the stator and rotor poles is to the rotor, such that the stator
not effective. South pole is facing opposite to and
Rotor North Pole.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Method of Starting 3-Phase Synchronous Motor

1. By using a DC Motor or DC source

2. By using a AC Motor

3. By using Damper Winding

• A synchronous motor cannot start by itself. In order to make the motor self-starting, a squirrel cage

winding (also called damper winding) is provided on the rotor.

• The damper winding consists of copper bars embedded in the pole faces of the salient poles of the rotor.

• The bars are short-circuited at the ends to form in effect a partial squirrel cage winding. The damper

winding serves to start the motor.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Damper Winding Mechanism

❖Working mechanism of Damper Winding

• To start with, 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding while the rotor field winding is left unenergized.

• The rotating stator field induces currents in the damper or squirrel cage winding and the motor starts as an
induction motor.

• As the motor approaches the synchronous speed, the rotor is excited with direct current.

• Now the resulting poles on the rotor face poles of opposite polarity on the stator and a strong magnetic
attraction is set up between them.

• The rotor poles lock in with the poles of rotating flux.

• Consequently, the rotor revolves at the same speed as the stator field i.e., at synchronous speed.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Application of Synchronous Motor

(i) Synchronous motors are particularly attractive for low speeds (< 300 r.p.m.) because the power

factor can always be adjusted to unity and efficiency is high.

(ii) Overexcited synchronous motors can be used to improve the power factor of a plant while

carrying their rated loads.

(iii) They are used to improve the voltage regulation of transmission lines.

(iv) High-power electronic converters generating very low frequencies enable us to run synchronous

motors at ultra-low speeds. Thus huge motors in the 10 MW range drive crushers, rotary kilns and

variable-speed ball mills.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Synchronous Condenser

• A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited

and, therefore, behaves as a capacitor.

• An over-excited synchronous motor running on no-load in

known as synchronous condenser.

• When such a machine is connected in parallel with induction

motors or other devices that operate at low lagging power factor,

the leading kVAR supplied by the synchronous condenser partly

neutralizes the lagging reactive kVAR of the loads.

• Consequently, the power factor of the system is improved.

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
Comparison between 3-Phase Induction Motor & Synchronous Motor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 3-Phase Alternators

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Construction: Stator

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 Construction: Rotor

Non Salient Pole Type or Cylindrical

Salient Pole Type Rotor
Type Rotor

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 EMF Eqn. of an Alternator

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.
 EMF Eqn. of an Alternator (contd.)

Faculty: Mr. Amit Kumar Roy, Asst. Professor, EE Dept., JSSATEN, U.P, India.