HAWASSA CITY ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT GRADE 8TH CHEMISTRY

COMPENSATIONAL LESSON

UNIT 5

CALCULATION BASED ON FORMULA

OUTCOME

After completing this unit you will able to:

 Understand atomic mass, molecular mass , formula mass,

molar mass, percentage composition of a compound ,
empirical formula and molecular formula:
 Know how determine molecular or formula mass of a given
atomic mass of element ,percentage composition
;empirical formula and molecular formula of a compound,
 Demonstrate scientific inquiry of this unit ,observation,
classification ,compare and contrast asking problem
solving apply concept,

5.1 CHEMICAL FOR MULA

A chemical formula is a short hand representation of a molecule or a compound

chemical formula provides information about:

what the component is, types of elements in compound , show the proportion
in terms of number of atoms or in terms of each element , what molecular or
formula mass of compound, e.t.c

chemical formula enables us to calculations on determining molecular mass,

formula mass, molar mass, percentage composition of compound , etc

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 5.2 ATOMIC MASS

The mass of an atom is too small and inconvenient for handling so that we
use the relative atomic mass it expressed in atomic mass unit (a.m.u)

Average atomic mass :- is the weighted average of the atomic mass of the
naturally occurring isotopes of an element. It depend on the mass and the
relative abundance of each isotope

Example:-

1. calculate the average of atomic mass of chlorine which is naturally l

occurred 35Cl and 37Cl in the ratio 3:1(atomic mass: 35Cl= 35.0 ,37Cl=37.0)

solution
( . ) ( . )
Average atomic mass of chlorine = = 35.5 a. m. u

5.2.2 molecular mass and formula mass

molecular mass and formula mass are the same. molecular mass is the sum of
the total relative atomic mass of the individual atom of molecules . formula
mass is for formula units to calculate molecular or formula mass we use the
following stapes:

step:1 indentify each kinds of atoms present in the formula

step:2 decide the number of each kind of atom per formula

step:3 multiply the number of atoms with their respective atomic mass

step: add all the product obtained

Example

1. calculate the molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6)?

(atomic mass H= 1,C=12,O=16 )
Stap : 1and2 C6H12O6
Stap:3 C=6×12 =72, H=1×12=12, O= 6×16= 96

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 step:4 molecular mass of glucose =72+12+96=180a.m.u

there fore molecular mass of glucose is 180 a.m.u

2/ calculate the formula mass of sodium chloride NaCl

(atomic mass Na=23 Cl=35.5)

soltion

step1 and 2: NaCl

stepe:3 Na= 1×23=23, Cl= 1×35.5=35.5

step :4 formula mass of NaCl =23+35.5=58.5

Exercise:

1. calculate the molecular mss of the following molecules.

(atomic mass:H=1, N=14, O=16 , Cl=35.5)
a/ HC1 b/ H2O c/ NO2
2. calculate the formula mass of the following ionic compound
. (atomic mass: H =1 , C=12 , Mg= 24, Ca=40)

A/ CaO

B/ Mg(OH)2

c/ CaCO3

5.3 THE MOLE CONCEPT

5.3.1 WHAT IS MOLE?

since atoms and molecules are very small scaling factor is called mole

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mole:- is the amount of a substances that contains the same number of particles
as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12

amole any substance is a quantity contain 6.02x1023 particles, these atoms can be
atom, ions, molecules or formula unit, the number 6.02x10 is called Avogadro’s
number.

Avogadro’s number = 6.02x1023 particles

Example:-

Amole of Number of atoms or ions

Carbon atom ,C 6.02x10 atom
Water molecule (H2O) 6.02x10 molecules
Sodium ion (Na+) 6.02x10 ion
Carbonate ion (CO3) 6.02x10 ion

5.3.2 molar mass (M) and number of mole (n)

Molar mass (M):- is the mass of one mole of a substance denoted by M expressed
by the unit gram per mole(g/mol)

we can calculate the mass of atom molecules or compounds form molar mass

mass of substance = given of mole x molar mass g/mol

Example

1. calculate the masses of 2.5mole of sodium atom .(atomic mass :Na=23)

1mol of sodium =23 g/mol

2. 5mol of sodium= x

Cross multiplying and solve “x”

gives x= 2.5mo ofna x 23gm/1mol of Na

=57.5gm

Number of mole:-

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to calculate number of mole of substance form a given mass.

Number of mole (n) = or n = Where n = mole ,m= given mass ,

M= molar mass

Example:

1. How many moles are there in 81 g of Aluminum, Al?

(atomic mass Al=27)
Given required solution
M = 27gm/mol
m = 81 gm n= ? n= =81gm/27gm/mol
= 3 mole of Al
The number of mole of substance from a given number of particles is calculated
using the relation:

Number of mole = given number of particles / 6.02×1023 particle/mol

Example

1. How many moles are 9.033x1023 molecules of ammonia NH3?

Solution

given number of molecules =9.033x1023 NH3 molecules

. ×
number of moles of NH3 = =1.5 mole of NH3
. × /

2. what is the number of molecules of water in 27gm of water ?

(atomic mass :H=1, 0=16 )

Given solution

M (of H2O) =18 gm/mol Number of molecule(of H2O) = /

× 6.02 ×
23
10

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 m (of H2O) = 27gm =9.033×1o23 molecule of water

5.4 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPOUND

Percentage composition of compound is the number of parts by mass of each

element in one hundred parts by mass of a compound

Mathematically percentage composition is calculated:

percentage composition = × 100%

Stapes to determine percentage composition :

step1: identify the elements and number of atoms of each element in formula

step2: calculate the total mass of the elements in one mole of the compound (a)

step3: calculate the total mass of the compound (b)

step4: divide (a) by (b) then multiply by 100 , % composition as x100

Example:

1. calculate the percentage composition of magnesium carbonate MgCO3

(atomic mass mg=24, C=12 ,O=16)
Solution

step 1; element Mg =1, C=1, O=3

step 2: mass Mg =24x1=24, C=1x12=12 , O=3x16=4 8gm

step3; molar mass of MgCO3 = 24+12+48 =84gm

step4: % of Mg = ×100= 28.57%

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 % of C = ×100= 14.29%

% of O = ×100= 57.14% ,total sum %composition = 100%

Exercise:

1. calculate percentage composition by mass of each element in

a/ Ca(NO3)2 B/ NaOH C/ Fe2(SO4)3

2. calculate percentage composition by mass of nitrogen (N)in each of the

following fertilizers?

a/ DAP (NH4) HPO4 B/ (NH2)2CO (urea)

5.5 Determination of formulas

Molecular formula:- is the formula that shows the actual number of each type
of element present in a compound

empirical formula; shows the types and the number of atoms in a molecule in
the lowest possible ratio( simplest formula).

In some case molecular formula is the same as their empirical formula

Example:

Name of molecule Empirical formula Molecular fomula

Water H2O H2O
Glucose CH2O C6H12O6
Acetic acid CH2O C2H402

Exercise:

change the molecular formula of the following in to their empirical formulas

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Molecular formula C6H6 C4H8 H20 C8 H16 C6H12
Empirical fomula - - - - --

5.5.1 Determining empirical formula of a compound

To determine the empirical formula of a compound we use the following steps

step1: write the symbol of each element

step2; write the given mass or percentage under each symbol

step3; divide the given mass by its molar mass to get mole

step4: divided each obtained mole by the smallest mole of element

step5: write the number obtained as the subscript of the symbol if not whole

number multiply it by suitable integer

 Empirical formula

Example

1. what is the empirical formula of the compound composed of 92.3%

carbon and 7.7% hydrogen? (atomic mass ; C=2, H=1)

solution

step1: C H

step2: 92.3gm 7.7gm

. .
step3: = 7.7 = 7.7

. .
step 4: =1 =1
. .

step 5: the empirical formula of the compound is = CH.

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Exercise

1. what is the empirical (simplest) formula of the compound composed of

52.94% aluminums and 47.06% oxygen ? (atomic mass A1=27 0=16)

5.5.2 Determine molecular formula of a compound

Molecular formula=(empirical formula) x n

=> n=

Molecular mass = empirical formula mass x n

where n is greater or equal to 1

to deter mine molecular formula use the following steps

1. determine empirical formula

2. calculate the molecular formula mass
3. divided the molecular mass by the empirical formula mass to get the
number that should multiply the empirical formula (n)
4. multiply the empirical formula by (n)

Example
1. what is the molecular formula of a compound having % composition of
85.75% carbon and 14.9% hydrogen who molecular mass is 140?
(atomic mass C=12 , H=1)
solution

first determine empirical formula

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Step 1 C H
Step 2 85.75 % or gm 14.9% or gm
85.75 14.9
Step 3 = 7.145 = 14.9
12 / 1 /
Step4 .
=1 14.9
. =2
7.145
Step 5 C=1 H= 2

Empirical formula is CH2

After determine empirical formula follow step to get the molecular formula

Step 1 Empirical formula is = CH2

Step 2 . empirical formula mass = (1×12)+(2x1)=14

Step3 n= = =10

Stap 4 Molecular formula=(empirical formula) x n

= (CH2) X 10

= C10H20 , so molecular formula is C10H20

Exercise

1. Determine molecular formula of a compound having a simplest formula of

CH and formula mass of 78.
2. What the empirical formula of a compound found to contain 32.38%
sodium , 22.65% sulphur and 44.49 % oxygen?

Key terms
 Atomic mass .molar mass
 Atomic mass unit . mole
 Average atomic mass
 Avogadro’s number
 Empirical formula
 Formula mass 10
 Molecular mass, formula
 Percentage composition
Unit summary
 Relative atomic mass is measured in atomic mass unit (a.m.u)
 Molecular mass is the sum of the Relative atomic mass of each atom in molecule
 Formula mass is the sum of the Relative atomic mass of each atom in ionic compound
 Mole is amount of the substance that contain the same number of particle
 Empirical formula is the simplest formula

CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET FOR GRADE 8TH UNIT 5

I. Say true if the statement is correct and say false if it not

1.
One mole of any substance contained 6.02×10 23particles of that substance
2.
Atomic mass unit is used as a unit to describe the molar mass of a substance.
3.
Molecular formula is the short hand representation of molecules of an element
or compound
4.
The atomic number that serves as to know the property of it.
5.
Atomic mass is the same to molar mass
6.
Mole of substance represents amounts of substance
7.
The sum of percent of all atoms in a compound is nearly 100%
8.
Empirical formula shows all atom pre Sent in the compound
9.
We can determine exact mass of an atom
10.
There is only 3 atoms of oxygen in Fe2O3
II.
GIVE SHORT ANSWER
11.
Calculate the molecular mass of lime stone CaCO3?
12.
What is the percentage composition of C in CO2 ?
13. 38.9 g of compound is made of 32.0 g of Nitrogen and 6.9 g of hydrogen . what
is the empirical formula of this compound ?
14. What is the percent by mass of manganese in MnO2?
(atomic mass Mn= 55 O=16)
15. Avogadro’s number is ----------------

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