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Traffic flow can be classified as either uninterrupted or interrupted. Uninterrupted flow occurs on roads without stops, while interrupted flow occurs at intersections where vehicles must stop. There are three major traffic variables: flow rate, speed, and density. Flow rate is the number of vehicles passing a point per unit time. Speed is the rate of motion, and can be a time mean or space mean. Density is the number of vehicles per length of road. Traffic analysis also considers other variables like headway and spacing. Capacity and level of service are used to describe the performance of roads and intersections. Travel demand forecasting uses a four-step model of trip generation, trip distribution, modal split, and traffic assignment.

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223 views

Reviewer For Transpo

Traffic flow can be classified as either uninterrupted or interrupted. Uninterrupted flow occurs on roads without stops, while interrupted flow occurs at intersections where vehicles must stop. There are three major traffic variables: flow rate, speed, and density. Flow rate is the number of vehicles passing a point per unit time. Speed is the rate of motion, and can be a time mean or space mean. Density is the number of vehicles per length of road. Traffic analysis also considers other variables like headway and spacing. Capacity and level of service are used to describe the performance of roads and intersections. Travel demand forecasting uses a four-step model of trip generation, trip distribution, modal split, and traffic assignment.

Uploaded by

cherriel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS SOLUTION:

Traffic flow
-is usually classified as either uninterrupted
or interrupted.

uninterrupted flow
- Flow occurring at long sections of road
where vehicles are not required to
stop by any cause external to the traffic
stream

interrupted flow.
-flow occurring at intersections or
driveways where vehicles are required to
stop by any cause outside the traffic stream -
such as traffic signs (STOP or YIELD),
traffic signal lights, etc.

MAJOR TRAFFIC VARIABLES


A. Flow rate or volume
B. Speed B. SPEED
C. Density or concentration is defined as rate of motion in distance per
unit time.
A. FLOW RATE OR VOLUME 2 types of speed are used:
-is defined as the number of vehicles 1. time men speed
passing a point during a specified period of 2. space mean speed.
time.
-It is often referred to as volume when 1. Time mean speed
measured over an hour. - Also called “spot speed”
- the arithmetic mean of the speeds of
vehicles passing a point within a given
interval of time.
FORMULA:
Where: q=flow rate
N=Vehicles
T-Time
-is often used as basis for establishing speed
limits. 2. Space mean speed
NOTE: -It is also called the harmonic mean speed.
-is used to describe the rate of movement of
a traffic stream within a given section of
road.
-It is the speed based on the average travel
time of vehicles in the stream within the
section.

FORMULA:

Example 3.2
The speed of 25 cars was observed. 10 cars
were noted to travel at 35 kph, 8 cars at 40
Example 3.2
kph, 2 cars at 50 kph, and 5 cars at 45 kph.
The speed of 25 cars was observed. 10 cars
Assuming that each car was traveling at
were noted to travel at 35 kph, 8 cars at 40
constant speed, determine the time mean
kph, 2 cars at 50 kph, and 5 cars at 45 kph.
speed.
Assuming that each car was traveling at

SOLUTION: constant speed, determine the time mean


speed.

SOLUTION:
jeepney. (Note: This assumption may not
C. DENSITY necessarily be true do to fluctuation of
-is defined as the number of vehicles in a passenger demand and variability of
given length of road at an instant point in passenger occupancy.)
time. SOLUTION:
-density proves to be the most difficult or
expensive to observe.
-Aerial photography is the most commonly
used method to get its exact values.

 OTHER TRAFFIC VARIABLES


1. Time headway 2. Spacing
-is defined as the time interval between -is the distance between two vehicles
passage of consecutive vehicles at a measure from the front bumper of a vehicle
specified point on the road with a unit of to that of another.
time per vehicles.

Example 3.5
During heavy traffic congestion, it was
Example 3.4 observed that the average spacing of
During morning peak hour, the average vehicles in queue in the innermost lane of
headway of UP-Katipunan jeepneys is EDSA is 6.5 m. Determine the jam density
estimated at 5 minutes. If the passenger of stopped vehicles.
demand during the same period is 240, SOLUTION:
determine whether there is a need to
increase the number of jeepney units (or
shorten the headway) for this route. Assume
that passenger demand is evenly distributed
within that period and the average
load/occupancy is 14 passengers per
3. Time occupancy CAPACITY AND LEVEL OF SERVICE
-It is defined as the total time of a detector is
Capacity
occupied divided by the total time of
-is defined as the maximum hourly rate at
observation.
which persons or vehicles can reasonably be
expected to transverse a point or uniform
section of a lane or roadway during a given
time period under prevailing roadway,
traffic, and control conditions.

level of service (LOS)


is a qualitative description of how a certain
facility is performing.
MODAL SPLIT
TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING Method of multiple choice
-all possible modes are identified and the
THE FOUR-STEP FORECASTING share of each mode is calculated.
MODEL
Binary choice
The classic forecasting model has the
-shows the sequence of modal choice
following submodels:
following a binary tree procedure.
a. Trip generation and attraction ROUTE ASSIGNMENT
b. Trip distribution
c. Modal split
d. Traffic assignment

THE ORIGIN-DESTINATION TABLE


(OD MATRIX)
Internal zones
-it is divided into a number of zones
normally defined by political or
administrative boundaries.
1. The Shortest Path
-”Dijkstra’s algorithm”
External zones
Example 8.3
-zones outside the study area, which may
Consider the road network shown in figure
greatly affect the trip patterns.
8.6(A). The nodes are labelled a to k. The
links have values in travel time in minutes.
Determine the shortest path (least travel
time) from a to k using Dijsktra’s algoritm.

SOLUTION:
more trips will be assigned to a route
providing shorter travel time or lesser cost.

Example 8.4
Suppose that 100 trips are to be distributed
among 4 routes with the following travel
times. Assign these trips using constant
assignment ratio.

The inverse of time for each route is


2. Network Assignment computed. This serves as the level of service
Based on this assumption, the methods used of the route. The assigned trips to each route
to assign the trips within the road network are obtained in proportion to this LOS.
are the following: Higher values would have larger share of
a. All-or-nothing assignment assigned trips. The result of assignment is
-Considering one OD pair, all trips are shown in the table below.
assigned to the shortest path from point of
origin to point of destination. After these
trips are loaded into the network, the level
of service of the roads in the network may
change. The basic steps in conducting an
c. Incremental assignment
all-or-nothing assignment are as follows:
-It is based on the Wardrop’s Princicple,
a. Find the minimum path between
which states that out of several routes
zones i and j.
available between zones i and j, the routes
b. Assign all trips Tiy the minimum
that are used have equal level of service.
path.
The routes that are not used have lower
c. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for all OD pairs.
LOS.

b. Constant assignment ratio


-it is assumed that the number of trips
assigned to a route is inversely proportional
to the travel time or cost of that route, i.e.,
PROBLEMS
1. Assign the vehicle trips in the given
network below using all-or-nothing
assignment. Use Dijkstra’s algorithm to find
minimum paths

SOLUTION:
2. Determine the shortest path from a to b
using Dijkstra’s algorithm.
3. Assign the given vehicle trips (veh.hr)
using incremental method (n = 3).

SOLUTION:
4. Assign the peak hour vehicular trips
shown on the given road network. Use all-
or-nothing assignment for the first 1/n trips,
then use incremental method with capacity-
restraint for the succeeding assignments (n =
2).
1. Passenger car unit (PCU) is used to
convert mixed type of traffic into a single
unit, which is the car. If PCU values are
given for the different types of vehicles.
2. Five cars are traveling at constant speeds 3. Using a surveillance camera, 15 vehicles
24, 31, 28, 35, 19 kph, respectively, in a were observed within 350 m section of the
uniform section og highway 4 km long. innermost lane of the North Luzon
Determine the time mean and space mean Expressway. Determine the traffic density
speeds. Which one is higher, time mean of the innermost lane. Also, estimate the
speed or space mean speed? Can you think average spacing of these vehicles.
of the reason why this is so? SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
4. To measure the spot speed of vehicles on
a certain accident-prone location along
MacArthur Highway, a trap length equal to
40 m long was set. The times in seconds
clocked by an observer for 24 vehicles were:

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