Assignment # 3

Topic:

Parallelism

Course Code: GE-105

Course Title: Functional English

Submitted To: Ma’am Rozina Shamas

Submitted By: Sheikh Muneeb Adnan, Abdullah Afzal Chaudhry, Laiba

Bajwa, Noor Fatima, Areeba Arif, Hassan Imam Amjad, Anza Imtiaz,
Mahnoor Akhtar, Imtishal, M Haris Khan, Amina Fiaz
Roll No: 053, 069,042,007,068, 016, and 021,080,176,084 and 011
Class: 1st semester
Section: A

Department: Computer Science

 TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
1. Transitional Devices:
- Transitional devices are words or phrases that help connect and guide the reader or
listener through a text or speech.
- They include words like "therefore," "however," "in addition," "consequently," and "for
example."
- Transitional devices are used to signal relationships between ideas, show contrast, provide
examples, and create a logical flow in the text.

Transitional devices can be used to introduce, connect, or transition between parallel

structures. They serve as signposts to indicate how the ideas are related or how they are
transitioning from one point to another. For example, consider the sentence: "She enjoys
hiking, swimming, and cycling; moreover, she excels at each activity." Here, "moreover" is a
transitional device that signals the addition of information, and the parallel structure in the list
of activities is maintained. Transitional devices can also be used to show contrast within
parallel structures. For instance, "She is both intelligent and humble; however, she is not
boastful." Here, "however" introduces a contrast, and the parallelism in the
structure is maintained.

2. Parallelism:
Parallelism is a rhetorical and grammatical device in which elements in a sentence or a series
of sentences are structured in a consistent and parallel manner, using similar grammatical
forms or patterns, to create clarity, coherence, and balance in writing or speech.

For example:

 Our new play ground is big and clean.

 Our new play ground is bigger and cleaner then their.
 Transitional devices and parallelism:
Transitional devices and parallelism are both important elements in writing and speaking, and
they can be closely related, as transitional devices often help maintain the flow and coherence
of parallel structures. Here's how they are connected:

1. Transitional Devices:
- Transitional devices are words or phrases that help connect and guide the reader or
listener through a text or speech.
- They include words like "therefore," "however," "in addition," "consequently," and "for
example."
- Transitional devices are used to signal relationships between ideas, show contrast, provide
examples, and create a logical flow in the text.

2. Parallelism: Parallelism, as mentioned earlier, involves using similar grammatical

structures in a series of words, phrases, or clauses.
- It helps create balance and rhythm in sentences and makes the text easier to understand.
- Parallelism is often used when presenting a list of items, contrasting ideas, or making a
series of related points.

3. The Relationship:
- Transitional devices can be used to introduce, connect, or transition between parallel
structures. They serve as signposts to indicate how the ideas are related or how they are
transitioning from one point to another.
- For example, consider the sentence: "She enjoys hiking, swimming, and cycling; moreover,
she excels at each activity." Here, "moreover" is a transitional device that signals the addition
of information, and the parallel structure in the list of activities is maintained.
- Transitional devices can also be used to show contrast within parallel structures. For
instance, "She is both intelligent and humble; however, she is not boastful." Here, "however"
introduces a contrast, and the parallelism in the structure is maintained.

In summary, transitional devices play a vital role in guiding the reader or listener through text
that includes parallelism, ensuring that the ideas are connected logically and coherently. They
help to maintain the flow and clarity of parallel structures in writing and speech.

Q: What are the merits of parallelism?

Ans: It brings balance and harmony to sentences, making them more pleasing to read and
easier to understand. By using parallelism, we can create a sense of rhythm and flow of
writing. It also helps to emphasize key points and make your ideas more memorable. Overall,
parallelism is a powerful tool that enhances the clarity and impact of your writing .

Errors:
Error of noun:
 We explained that the pillars of tribalism that we relay on would always counters and culture
and social change
 This lap of physics is not only equipped with good instruments but also with good physicists

Error of verb:
 Taking good decisions and implement them is necessary
 The unpleasant feeling passes and she glanced guardedly up at him
 A beautiful landscape will not only attracts our attention but also fill us with indefinite
satisfaction

Error of adjective:
  Thanks to medical research our lives have become longer and healthy.

Repetition:
Repetition in English grammar is when a word, phrase, or clause is used more than once in a
short passage. It can be used for a variety of reasons, such as to:

Emphasize a point
Create a rhythm or flow
Make a statement more memorable
Highlight a contrast or comparison
Add clarity or understanding

For example:

Anaphora: The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of each clause or sentence.
For example:
We will fight for our freedom.
We will fight for our democracy.
We will fight for our equality.

Epiphora: The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of each clause or sentence. For
For example:
I am a teacher. I love to teach. I was born to teach.

Parallelism: The repetition of a grammatical structure or pattern in two or more clauses or

sentences.
For example:
I love to read, write, and learn.

Refrains: The repetition of a word, phrase, or line at the end of each stanza of a poem or
song.
For example:
Row, row, row your boat
Gently down the stream.
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily,
Life is but a dream.

REPETITION AS A TRANSITIONAL DEVICES

Here is an example of how to use repetition as a transitional device in a paragraph:
Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our planet today. It is caused by the
release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and warm the planet. The
effects of climate change are already being felt around the world, in the form of more
extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and melting glaciers.

Climate change is a serious threat to our environment, our economy, and our way of life. We
must take action now to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate
change.

In this example, the phrase "climate change" is repeated at the beginning of the second
sentence to signal to the reader that the writer is continuing to talk about the same topic. The
repetition of the phrase also helps to emphasize the importance of the topic.

CONCLUSION
Repetition and parallelism can be a very effective tool for creating transitions in your writing.
However, it is important to use it sparingly and to avoid being repetitive. Too much repetition
can make your writing sound boring or amateurish.
Parallelism and repetition are two powerful literary devices that can be used to enhance your
writing. However, it is important to be aware of the limitations of these devices, so that you
can use them effectively and avoid overusing them.

Here are some limitations to consider when using parallelism and repetition in writing:

Too much parallelism can make your writing sound repetitive and monotonous. It is
important to vary your sentence structure and use parallel structures sparingly.
Repetition can be difficult to read if it is not used carefully. If you repeat yourself too often,
your readers will get bored and may lose interest in what you are saying.
Repetition can also be confusing if it is not used clearly. Make sure that your readers
understand why you are repeating yourself and what you are trying to emphasize.