Chapter 1

LectureOutline

CHE 026: Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

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 1.1 Chemistry—The Science of Everyday
Experience
•Chemistry is the study of matter—its composition,
properties, and transformations.

Organic: Inorganic:
• Based on carbon • Not based on carbon
• Non electrolyte • Electrolyte
• Covalent bonding • Ionic bonding
• Low boiling and melting • High boiling and
points melting points
• Soluble in nonpolar • Soluble in polar
solvents solvents
• Complex structure • Simple structure
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 Scientific Method
• A systematic approach to research
– Observation
– Formulation of hypothesis
– Testing of hypothesis
– Generalization

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 1.1 Chemistry—The Science of Everyday
Experience
•Matter is anything that has mass and takes up volume.

•Matter can be:

Naturally occurring: Synthetic (human-made):

• cotton • nylon
• sand • Styrofoam
• digoxin, a cardiac drug • ibuprofen

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 1.2 States of Matter

The Solid State:

• A solid has a definite volume.

• It maintains its shape regardless

of its container.

• Solid particles lie close together

in a regular pattern.

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 1.2 States of Matter

The Liquid State:

• A liquid has a definite volume.

• It takes the shape of its

container.

• Liquid particles are close together

but can move past one another.

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 1.2 States of Matter

The Gas State:

• A gas has no definite shape;

it assumes the shape of its
container.

• It has no definite volume;

it assumes the volume of its
container.

• Gas particles are very far apart

and move around randomly.

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 1.2 States of Matter

Physical properties can be observed or measured

without changing the composition of the material.

•boiling point •color

•melting point •odor

•solubility •state of matter

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 1.2 States of Matter

A physical change alters the material without changing

its composition (changes in state).

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 1.2 States of Matter

Chemical properties determine how a substance can

be converted into another substance.

Chemical change is the chemical reaction that

converts one substance into another (Chapters 5
and 6).

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 1.3 Classification of Matter
All matter can be classified as either a pure substance
or a mixture.

I. Pure Substances

• A pure substance is composed of only a

single component (atom or molecule).

• It has a constant composition, regardless of

sample size or origin of sample.

• It cannot be broken down to other pure

substances by a physical change.

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 1.3 Classification of Matter
All matter can be classified as either a pure substance
or a mixture.
I. Pure Substances
•Table sugar (C12H22O11) and water (H2O) are both
pure substances:

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 1.3 Classification of Matter
All matter can be classified as either a pure substance
or a mixture.

II. Mixtures

• Mixtures are composed of more than one

component.

• They can have varying composition (any

combination of solid, liquid, and gas).

• Mixtures can be separated into their components

by a physical process.

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 1.3 Classification of Matter
All matter can be classified as either a pure substance
or a mixture.

II. Mixtures
• Sugar dissolved in water is a mixture.

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 1.3 Classification of Matter

A pure substance is classified as an element or a

compound.
I. An element is a pure substance that cannot be
broken down by a chemical change.

aluminum metal (Al)

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 1.3 Classification of Matter

A pure substance is classified as an element or a

compound.
II. A compound is a pure substance formed by
chemically joining two or more elements.

table salt (NaCl) 16

1.3 Classification of Matter

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 1.4 Measurement

• Every measurement is composed of a number

and a unit.

• The number is meaningless without the unit.

Examples:

proper aspirin dosage = 325 (milligrams or pounds?)

a fast time for the 100-meter dash = 10.00 (seconds

or days?)

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 1.4 Measurement
A. The Metric System

Each type of measurement has a base unit in the

metric system..

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 1.4 Measurement
A. The Metric System
• Other units are related to the base unit by a power of 10.

• The prefix of the unit name indicates if the unit is larger

or smaller than the base unit.

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 1.4 Measurement
B. Measuring Length

• The base unit of length is the meter (m).

1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters (m)

1 km = 1,000 m

1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 meters (m)

1 mm = 0.001 m

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meters (m)

1 cm = 0.01 m
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 1.4 Measurement
C. Measuring Mass
• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an
object.

• Weight is the force that matter feels due to gravity.

• The base unit of mass is the gram (g).

1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams (g)

1 kg = 1,000 g

1 milligram (mg) = 0.001 grams (g)

1 mg = 0.001 g
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 1.4 Measurement
D. Measuring Volume

• The base unit of volume is the liter (L).

1 kiloliter (kL) = 1,000 liters (L)

1 kL = 1,000 L

1 milliliter (mL) = 0.001 liters (L)

1 mL = 0.001 L

Volume = Length x Width x Height

= cm x cm x cm
= cm3

1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc 23
1.4 Measurement

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 1.5 Significant Figures

An exact number results from counting objects or is

part of a definition.
•10 fingers
•10 toes
•1 meter = 100 centimeters

An inexact number results from a measurement or

observation and contains some uncertainty.
•15.3 cm
•1000.8 g
•0.0034 mL

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 1.5 Significant Figures
A. Determining Significant Figures

Significant figures are all the digits in a measured

number including one estimated digit.

All nonzero digits are always significant.

65.2 g 255.345 g
3 sig. figures 6 sig. figures

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 1.5 Significant Figures
A. Determining Significant Figures
Rules for Zero:

Rule 1: A zero counts as a significant figure when

it occurs:
•between two nonzero digits
29.05 g 1.0087 mL
4 sig. figures 5 sig. figures

•at the end of a number with a decimal place

3.7500 cm 620. lb
cm figures
5 sig. 3 sig. figures

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 1.5 Significant Figures
A. Determining Significant Figures
Rules for Zero:
Rule 2: A zero does not count as a significant figure
when it occurs:

•at the beginning of a number

0.00245 mg 0.008 mL
3 mg
sig. figures 1 sig. figure

•at the end of a number that does not have a decimal

2570 m 1245500 m
m figures
3 sig. 5msig. figures
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 1.5 Significant Figures
B. Rules for Multiplication and Division
The answer has the same number of significant figures
as the original number with the fewest significant
figures.

4 sig. figures

351.2 miles 63.854545 miles

=
5.5 hour hour

2 sig. figures Answer must have

2 sig. figures.

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 1.5 Significant Figures
B. Rules for Multiplication and Division
to be retained to be dropped

63.854545 miles = 64 miles

hour hour

first digit to be dropped 2 sig. figures

Answer
If the first digit
to be dropped is: Then:
•between 0 and 4 •drop it and all remaining digits
•between 5 and 9 •round up the last digit
to be retained by adding 1
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 1.5 Significant Figures
B. Rules for Multiplication and Division

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 1.5 Significant Figures
C. Rules for Addition and Subtraction
The answer has the same number of decimal places
as the original number with the fewest decimal places.

10.11 kg 2 decimal places

3.6 kg 1 decimal place

6.51 kg answer must have

1 decimal place

= 6.5 kg final answer

1 decimal place
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 1.6 Scientific Notation

In scientific notation, a number is written

as:
yx 10x Exponent:
Any positive
or negative
Coefficient: whole number.
A number between
1 and 10.

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 1.6 Scientific Notation
HOW TO Convert a Standard Number to Scientific Notation

Example Convert these numbers to scientific notation.

2,500 0.036

Step [1] Move the decimal point to give a number

between 1 and 10.
2500 0.036
Step [2] Multiply the result by 10x, where
x = number of places the decimal was moved.
•move decimal left, •move decimal right,
x is positive x is negative

2.5 x 103 3.6 x 10−2

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 1.6 Scientific Notation
Converting a Number in Scientific Notation
to a Standard Number

•When the exponent x is positive, move the decimal

point x places to the right.

2.800 x 102 = 280.0

•When the exponent x is negative, move the decimal

point x places to the left.

2.80 x 10–2 = 0.0280

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 1.7 Using the Factor-Label Method
A. Conversion Factors

• Conversion factor: A term that converts a quantity in

one unit to a quantity in another unit.

original desired
x conversion factor = quantity
quantity

• Conversion factors are usually written as

equalities.
2.21 lb = 1 kg
• To use them, they must be written as fractions.
2.21 lb or 1 kg
1 kg 2.21 lb 36
 1.7 Using the Factor-Label Method
B. Solving a Problem Using One Conversion Factor

Factor-label method: Using conversion factors to

convert a quantity in one unit to a quantity in
another unit.
•units are treated like numbers

•make sure all unwanted units cancel

To convert 130 lb into kilograms:

130 lb x conversion factor = ? kg

original desired
quantity quantity
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 1.7 Using the Factor-Label Method
B. Solving a Problem Using One Conversion Factor

2.21 lb
1 kg
130 lb x or Answer
2 sig. figures
1 kg
2.21 lb = 59 kg

•The bottom conversion factor has

the original unit in the denominator.
•The unwanted unit lb cancels.

•The desired unit kg does not cancel. 38

 1.7 Using the Factor-Label Method
HOW TO Solve a Problem Using Conversion Factors

How many grams of aspirin are in a 325-mg

Example
tablet?

Identify the original quantity and the desired

Step [1]
quantity, including units.
original quantity desired quantity
325 mg ?g

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 1.7 Using the Factor-Label Method
HOW TO Solve a Problem Using Conversion Factors

Step [2] Write out the conversion factor(s) needed

to solve the problem.
1 g = 1000 mg

This can be written as two possible fractions:

1000 mg or 1g
1g 1000 mg

Choose this factor to

cancel the unwanted
unit, mg. 40
 1.7 Using the Factor-Label Method
HOW TO Solve a Problem Using Conversion Factors

Step [3] Set up and solve the problem.

325 mg x 1g = 0.325 g
1000 mg
3 sig. figures 3 sig. figures
Unwanted unit
cancels

Write the answer with the correct number

Step [4]
of significant figures.
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 1.7 Using the Factor-Label Method
C. Solving a Problem Using Two or More
Conversion Factors
Always arrange the factors so that the denominator in
one term cancels the numerator in the preceding term.
How many liters is in 1.0 pint?
1.0 pint ?L
original quantity desired quantity

•Two conversion factors are needed:

2 pints = 1 quart 1.06 quarts = 1 liter

2 pt or 1 qt 1.06 qt or 1L
1 qt 2 pt 1L 1.06 qt

First, cancel pt. Then, cancel qt.

 1.7 Using the Factor-Label Method
C. Solving a Problem Using Two or More
Conversion Factors

•Set up the problem and solve:

1.0 pt x 1 qt x 1L = 0.47 L
0.471698113
2 pt 1.06 qt L
2 sig. figures 2 sig. figures

•Write the answer with the correct number of

significant figures.

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 1.9 Temperature
• Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold
an object is.
• Three temperature scales are used:
1. Degrees Fahrenheit (oF)
2. Degrees Celsius (oC)
3. Kelvin (K)

To convert from oC to oF: To convert from oF to oC:

oC = oF − 32
oF = 1.8(oC) + 32
1.8

To convert from oC to K: To convert from K to oC:

K = oC + 273 oC = K − 273
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 1.9 Temperature
Comparing the Three Temperature Scales

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 1.10 Density and Specific Gravity
A. Density
Density: A physical property that relates the mass of
a substance to its volume.

mass (g)
density =
volume (mL or cc)

To convert volume (mL) To convert mass (g)

to mass (g): to volume (mL):
g mL
mL x = g g x = mL
mL g

density inverse of density

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 1.10 Density and Specific Gravity
A. Density
Example:
•If the density of acetic acid is 1.05 g/mL, what is
the volume of 5.0 grams of acetic acid?
5.0 g ? mL
original quantity desired quantity
•Density is the conversion factor, and can be
written two ways:

1.05 g 1 mL
1 mL 1.05 g

Choose the inverse density

to cancel the unwanted unit, g. 47
 1.10 Density and Specific Gravity
A. Density

•Set up and solve the problem:

5.0 g x 1 mL = 4.761904762 mL
4.8 mL
1.05 g
2 sig. figures 2 sig. figures
Unwanted unit
cancels

•Write the final answer with the correct number

of significant figures.
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 1.10 Density and Specific Gravity
B. Specific Gravity

Specific gravity: A quantity that compares the density

of a substance with the density of water at the
same temperature.

specific gravity = density of a substance (g/mL)

density of water (g/mL)

•The units of the numerator (g/mL) cancel the

units of the denominator (g/mL).

•The specific gravity of a substance is equal to its

density, but contains no units. 49