MOLE CONCEPT

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Session Objective
1. Introduction - Nature of Matter

2. Laws of chemical combination

3. Dalton’s atomic theory

4. Atomic and molecular masses

5. Mole concept and molar mass:

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Introduction
Chemistry , though linked to Alchemy in its earlier days, is “study of
state of matter and changes thereof.”

• In other words , chemistry deals with “ composition , structure

and properties of matter”
• To understand “ composition , structure and properties of matter”
we must know a few basic concepts :

• Nature of matter
• Properties of matter – units of measurement and how to measure
• Basic constituents of matter : atoms and molecules

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Classification of Matter
Matter • Matter occupies space and mass

Physical Chemical
classification Classification

Solids
Mixtures Pure
Liquids Substances

Homoge Heterog
eneous Elements
Gases neous

Compounds

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Elements
Element –coined by Pluto ( 360 BC) . Aristotle defined element as
“one of those bodies into which other bodies can be decomposed
and which itself is not capable of being divided into other”

An element can also be defined as “A pure substance composed of

atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus”

Element Elemental composition

( mass %) of the earth’s
As of 2006 , 118 elements crust
have been reported; only 94 O 46.4%
occur naturally on Earth
Si 28.2 %
Periodic table - groups
Al 8.3%
elements with similar chemical
properties together Fe 5.6%
Ca 4.1%

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Compounds
A compound is a substance which can be decomposed into two or more
dissimilar substances.

For example,

2H2O  2H2  O2

Compound 
Elements

The atoms of different elements are present

in a compound in a fixed and definite ratio
and this ratio is characteristic of a particular
compound.
Properties of a compound are different from
those of its constituent elements.

e.g. : water (H2O) , table salt (NaCl) , table sugar (C12H22O11)

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Mixture
Mixture contains two or more components. Mixtures may contain
the components in any ratio and their composition is variable.

Each of its components retains its characteristic properties and the

components can be separated by physical methods

Homogenous mixture: Same or uniform composition throughout ,i.e.,

any amount of a given mixture has the same composition and
properties.

Air is a mixture of gases like O2, N2, CO2, etc.

Other examples : gasoline , sugar solution

Heterogeneous mixture: Composition is not uniform throughout

and sometimes the different components can be observed.

e.g. : Salad , Mixture of salt and sugar

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative problem
Which of the following picture represents a mixture ,
pure compound or an element

(a) Mixture (b) Pure Element (c) Compound

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative problem
Among the substances given below choose the
elements, mixtures and compounds

(i) Air (ii) Sand

(iii) Diamond (iv) Brass

Solution

(i) Air - Mixture

(ii) Sand (SiO2) - Compound
(iii) Diamond (Carbon) - Element
(iv) Brass (Alloy of metal) - Mixture

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Law of conservation of mass
• Given by Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794).
• Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed in chemical reaction.

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
8.4 g of sodium bicarbonate on reaction with 20.0 g of acetic acid
(CH3COOH) liberated 4.4 g of carbon dioxide gas into atmosphere.
What is the mass of residue left?

Solution :

Let the mass of residue be m

According to the law of conservation of mass

8.4 + 20.0 = m + 4.4

m = 24 g

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Law of definite proportions ( Joseph Proust)
Different samples of a given compound always contains
exactly the same proportion of elements by weight

Ice water H2O 1:8

River water H2O 1:8

Sea water H2O 1:8

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
Two gaseous samples were analyzed. One contained 1.2g of carbon
and 3.2 g of oxygen. The other contained 27.3 % carbon and 72.7%
oxygen. The experimental data are in accordance with

(a)Law of conservation of mass

(b)Law of definite proportions
(c)Law of multiple proportions
(d)Law of reciprocal proportions

Solution

% of C in the 1st sample

1. 2
  100  27.3%
1.2  3.2

Which is same as in the second sample.

Hence law of definite proportion is obeyed.

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Law of multiple proportions ( John Dalton 1803)
Two elements combine two or more compounds

Mass of 0xygen in
two compounds
in ratio of 1:2 ,
which combines
In NO , Mass of oxygen – 16 g and with fixed mass of
mass of Nitrogen – 7 g Nitrogen

In NO2 , Mass of oxygen – 32 g and

mass of Nitrogen – 7 g

The masses of one of the elements ( two or more different masses) ,

which combines with fixed mass of the other element , bear a simple
whole number ratio to one another ( ratio of masses of element one).

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
Carbon is found to form two oxides, which contains 42.8%
and 27.27% of carbon respectively. Find out which of the
laws of chemical combination is proved correct by this data?
Solution:

In the first oxide,

Carbon :Oxygen = 0.428 : 0.572 Ratio of masses of C
= 0.748 : 1 reacting with one unit
mass of Oxygen =
0.748 : 0.374
= 2:1
In the second oxide,
Carbon :Oxygen = 0.2727 : 0.7273
= 0.374 : 1

The data illustrate the law of multiple proportions

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Illustrative Problem
The oxides of lead were separately reduced to metallic lead by
heating in a current of hydrogen and the following data were
obtained.
(a) weight of yellow oxide taken = 3.34 g
loss in weight of oxide = 0.24 g
(b) weight of brown oxide taken = 1.193 g
loss in weight of oxide = 0.16 g
Show that the above data proves the law of multiple proportions.
Solution :
(a)weight of lead in yellow oxide = 3.34-0.24 = 3.10 g
(b)weight of lead in brown oxide = 1.195 –0.16 = 1.033 g

0.16 g of oxygen in brown oxide combines with 1.035 g of lead

1.033
 0.24 g of oxygen in brown oxide with  0.24  1.55 g of lead
0.16
3.10
 ratio of masses of lead combining with 0.24 g of oxyge n 
1.55
= 2:1
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Law of reciprocal proportions
The ratio of the masses of two elements A and B ,which combine
separately with a fixed mass of the third element ‘C’, is either the
same ratio of the masses in which A and B combine directly with each
other. or

some simple multiple of the ratio of the masses in which A and B

combine directly with each other.

m A : mC
 k ( m A :mB ) ; where k may be 1
mB : m C
S

for H2O , mH : mO  2 : 32  1 : 16
for H2S , mH : mS  2 : 16  1 : 16 HS SO
2 2
for SO2 , mO : mS  32 : 32  1 : 1
1 H O
mH : mS
 16  1 mH : mO  1 : 16 H O
2
mO : mS 1 16
1
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Gay Lussac’s Law of gaseous volumes (1808)
Provided gases are at same temperature and pressure, gases
combine or are produced in a chemical reaction , in a simple
ratio by volume.

Law of definite proportion by volume

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Illustrative Problem
One litre of nitrogen combines with three litre of hydrogen to form two
litre of ammonia under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure. This explain the law of

(a)constant composition
(b)multiple proportion
(c)reciprocal proportions
(d)Gay Lussac’s law

Solution

The ratio of volumes of N2, H2 and NH3 is 1 : 3 : 2, which

is a simple ratio. This proves Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous
volumes.

Hence answer is (d)

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Dalton’s atomic theory (1808)
1. All matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called
atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical. The
atoms of any one element are different from those
of any other element.
3. Atoms of different elements can combine with one
another in simple whole number ratios to form
compounds.
4. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are
separated, joined, or rearranged;however, atoms of
one element are not changed into atoms of another
by a chemical reaction

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Relative Atomic mass (RAM) Mass of
one atom
As atom are very tiny , normal mass measurement
units as “gram” is inappropriate

Atomic mass Unit (amu) = 1/12 the mass of a carbon - 12 atom

= 1.660539 x10-24 g

Mass of one atom of the element

 Atomic Mass of an element  12
1 /12  Mass of one atom of 6 C

RAM=32

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Relative Atomic mass (RAM)
Imagine a fruit seller selling fruits without any standard weight
with him. He takes a watermelon and says, “this has a mass equal
to 12 units” (12 watermelon units or 12 fruit mass units). He makes
twelve equal pieces of the watermelon and finds the mass of each
fruit he is selling, relative to the mass of one piece of the
watermelon. Now he sells his fruits by relative fruit mass unit (fmu)

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Atomic Mass is isotopic mass : weighted average of the masses of
its naturally occurring isotopes weighed according to their abundances.

Neutron
Isotopes ???
+ +
Electrons
+
Nucleus
+
+ + Proton
Nucleus

Proton

++
Nucleus
Neutron
+
+ +
Electrons

75 of every 100 atoms are chlorine-35

and 25 are chlorine-37.
Nucleus

Avg. Atomic (35)(75)  (37)(25)

Mass   35.5 amu
100
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Molecular mass
Mass of one molecule
 Molecular Mass  12
1 /12  Mass of one atom of 6 C

MM = 2

Molecular mass can also be defined as “ sum of atomic masses of all the
atoms in a molecule”

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
What is the formula mass or molecular mass of

(a) CO2 (b) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O?

Given, atomic mass of H : 1 , C : 12 , O : 16 , K : 39 , S : 32 ,

Al – 27 amu

Solution:

(a) C = 12 amu, O = 16 amu

The formula weight of CO2 = 12 + 2(16)
= 12 + 32 = 44 amu

(b) Formula weight = 2x39+32+4x16+2x27+3(32+4x16)+24(1x2+16)

=78+32+64+54+288+432=948 amu

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Mole concept
• Atoms/ molecule are very tiny how to get the
• Chemical reactions occur at atom/ proportion of reactants
molecule level right in our lab
(macroscopic world)
????

Conversion factor ( expectantly enormous) from atomic scale

to macroscopic scale ( gram , litre ) is needed !!!

One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many

particles or entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the 12C
isotope.
As one dozen
One Mole of X = 6.022 x 1023 X of X = 12 X

Avogadro’s Number
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Avogadro and the Mole
• The Mole: Allows us to make
comparisons between substances
that have different masses.

Atoms and molecules are

extremely small in size and their
numbers in even a small amount
of any substance is really very
large. To handle such large
numbers, a unit of similar
magnitude is required.

Just as we denote one dozen for 12 items, score for 20 items, gross for
144 items, we use the idea of mole to count entities at the microscopic
level (i.e. atoms/molecules/ particles, electrons, ions, etc).

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Mole concept
One Mole of X = 6.022 x 1023 X

How may molecules of NaCl are there in a mole of NaCl ?

6.022 x 1023

Mass of one Hydrogen atom = 1.008 amu  1.66x10-24 g

Mass of one mole of H atom = Mass of 6.022x1023 H atom

= ( 6.022 x 1023)x(1.66x10-24) g
= 1g

Molar mass of H atom = 1 g

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
What will be the molar mass of C , given that atomic mass of C is 12
amu ?
12 g

How many moles are there in 12 g of C ?

mass
No. of moles of C   12  1 mole
Molar mass 12

How many atoms are there in 12 g of C ?

No. of atoms of C in a mole  6.022  1023

How many moles are there in one g of C ?

mass
No. of moles of C  1 mole
Molar mass 12

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Particles in a Mole

?
quadrillions thousands
trillions billions millions

1 mole = 602213673600000000000000
or 6.022 x 1023
Amedeo Avogadro

There is Avogadro's number of particles in a mole of any substance.

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
How Big is a Mole?
One mole of marbles would cover the entire Earth (oceans
included) for a depth of three miles.

One mole of $100 bills stacked one on top of another

would reach from the Sun to Pluto and back 7.5 million
times.

It would take light 9500 years to travel from the

bottom to the top of a stack of 1 mole of $1 bills.

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
How many grams are in a mole of the following substances :
(a) Br2 (b) H2O ,
given atomic mass of Br = 80 amu, H=1 amu, O = 16 amu

Solution :

Molecular Mass of Br2  2  80  160 amu

 mass of one mole of Br2 molar mass   160 g

Molecular Mass of H2O  2  1  16  18 amu

 mass of one mole of H2O molar mass   18 g

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
How many moles of ions are there in
(a) 2.5 mol of NaCl (b) 27.5 g of MgCl2
Given atomic mass of Na : 23 , Mg: 12 , Cl : 35.5 amu

Solution :

A molecule of NaCl contains two ions a Na ion and a Cl ion 
 2.5 mol of NaCl contains 2  2.5 mol of ions


A molecule of MgCl2 contains three ions a Mg 2
ion and two Cl  ions

Molecular mass of MgCl2  24  2  35.5  95 amu

27.5
 Molar mass of MgCl2  83 g  27.5 g of MgCl2  moles
95
27.5
 27.5 g of MgCl2 contains  3 mol ions  0.868 mol ions
95

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Avogadro’s law
“Equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of molecules under
similar conditions of temperature and pressure”.

• At STP ( 00C and 1 bar pressure) , 1 mole of an ideal gas

will occupy a volume of 22.71 L .
• Referred as standard molar volume of gases

• At 00C and 1 atm pressure , 1 mole of an ideal gas will

occupy a volume of 22.414 L .

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Example
If 224 ml of a diatomic gas has a mass of 1 g at 273 K
and 1 atm pressure, the mass of one atom is
(a) 8.30 × 10–23 g (b) 2.08 × 10–23 g
(c) 5.53 × 10–23 g (d) 6.24 × 10–23 g

Solution :

1 mole of gas  22.4 litre of gas at 273 K and 1 atm

1
 1 mole of gas   22400  100 g  as 224 ml gas: 100g 
224
100
Mass of one molecule =
6.023  1023
100
Mass of one atom=
6.023  1023  2

= 8.30 × 10–23 g

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Interconversion of mole, volume of gases and Mass

Volume of gas at STP

(in liter)

Divide
Multiply by 22.7
by 22.7

Divide by NA

Number of particles Number of moles

Multiply by NA

Multiply Divide
by molar by molar
mass mass

Mass in grams

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Gram atomic mass
Atomic mass expressed in grams. It represents
mass of one mole of atoms.

For example: Mass of one atom of N = 14 amu

gram atomic mass of N = 14 g

Gram molecular mass:

Molecular mass expressed in grams. It represents mass of one

mole of molecules.

For example; mass of one molecule of N2 = 28 amu

gram molecular mass of N2 = 28 g

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Session Objectives
1. Percentage composition

2. Empirical and molecular formulae

3. Balancing of a chemical reaction

4. Concept of limiting reagent

5. Concentration units : Solution

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Percentage composition - Compounds
Percent composition : percentage of each
element in a compound or sample.

total mass of component

% composition = ×100
molar mass of the compound

Percentage compsition of C in C6H12O6 ,

given atomic mass of H : 1, C : 12, O : 16

Molar Mass of C6H12O6  6  12  12  1  6  16  180 g

 mass of C 
% Composition of C     100
 Molar mass of C H O
6 12 6 
 6  12 
   100  40%
 180 

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Illustrative Problem
Find out percentage of each element present in K2Cr2O7,
given atomic mass of O: 16, K:39, Cr: 52

Solution :

The molar mass of K2Cr2O7 = 294

2  39
% of K =  100  26.53 %
294

2  52
% of Cr =  100  35.37 %
294

7  16
% of O =  100  38.10 %
294

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Empirical Formula
If % composition of elements in a
compound is known , can we write its
Formula
Empirical Formula
An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of
various atoms present in a compound

Ratio of atoms of various elements in a compound

= Ratio of moles of elements

If % composition of Diborane is H : 21.86% , B : 78.14% ,

write empirical formula , given atomic mass H : 1, B: 11 amu

In 100 g of Diborane , H : 21.86 g and B: 78.14 g

21.86 78.14
Moles of H   21.86 mol , Moles of B   7.10 mol
1 11
21.86
 Molar ratio of H :B   3 :1
7.10
Empirical Formula BH3
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Illustrative Problem
A sample of a pure substance containing only carbon and hydrogen
weighs 1.025 g. When burned in oxygen 3.007 g of CO2 and 1.845 g of
H2O were produced. What is the empirical formula of the sample
compound?

Solution :

3.007 gCO2
Moles of CO2 =  0.0683molof CO2  0.0683molof C
44 g / molof CO2

1.845 gH2O
Moles of H in the compound = 2  mol of H2O  2 
18 g / mol of H2O
 2  0.1025mol of H2O  0.205mol of H

Molar ratio of C :H  0.0683 : 0.205  1 :3

Empirical Formula : CH3

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Solution
4.86
Moles of CO2   0.11 mol
44
 moles of C  0.11 mol  0.11  12  1.32 g of C
2.03
Moles of H2O   0.112 mol
18
 moles of H  2  0.112 mol  0.224  1  0.224 g of H

 mass of O  2  1.32  0.224   0.476 g

0.456
 Moles of O   0.0285
16
C H O
Moles: 0.11 0.224 0.0285
Ratio: 3.86 7.86 1

Empirical Formula = C4H8O

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Molecular Formula
Molecular Formula shows the exact numbers of atoms in each
molecule, not just the ratio as is the case with Empirical Formula.

Molar mass is needed to write molecular formula from Empirical Formula

molar mass = n(empirical formula mass)

molecular formula = n(empirical formula)
n = 1 or any other positive integer

For gaseous compound, we may use molar mass = 2x(vapour density)

Molecular Mass can be determined with the help of Mass Spectrometry

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
A compound has an empirical formula of NO2. The colourless liquid,
used in rocket engines has a molar mass of 92.0 g/mole. What is the
molecular formula of this substance?

Solution

Empirical formula mass: 14 +2 (16.00) = 46 g/mol

molar mass 92
n= 
empirical formula mass 46

n=2

2(NO2) = N2O4

Hence the molecular formula will be N2O4

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
An inorganic salt gave the following percentage composition Na=29.11
S=40.51 O=30.38 Calculate the empirical and molecular formula.
(Given vapour density of compound is 79.)

Name of % of At. Relative no. Simplest

element element mass of atoms ratio

Na 29.11 23 29.11/23 =1.26 1.26/1.26=1

S 40.51 32 40.51/32 =1.26 1.26/1.26 =1

O 30.38 16 30.38/16 =1.89 1.89/1.26 =1.5

2x79 158
Simplest whole number atomic ratio n  1
Na S O 158 158
2 2 3 Molecular formula is Na2S2O3.
Hence empirical formula=Na2S2O3

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Chemical reactions
2 NaOH  aq  Cl2  g  NaOCl  aq  NaCl  aq  H2O

• Conversion of reactants(the molecules traditionally shown on the

left of the arrow) into products (the molecules traditionally shown
on the right of the arrow).
• Bonds between the outermost parts of atoms are formed or broken
• Involve changes in matter, the making of new materials with new
properties, or energy changes.
• Described using a shorthand called a chemical equation.

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Balanced equations
2 NaOH  aq  Cl2  g  NaOCl  aq  NaCl  aq  H2O

• Total number of atoms of each element occur the same number

of times on both sides of the equation.
• Numeral occurred before the molecule called Stoichiometric
coefficient
• Laws of chemical combinations are applicable.

Stoichiometric Coefficient : How many moles of each

reactant will react to form how many mole of product

2 NaOH  aq  Cl2  g  NaOCl  aq  NaCl  aq  H2O

2 moles of NaOH reacts with

one mole of Cl2
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Balancing the Chemical Equation
Write balanced equation for the combustion of propane  C3H8 
with oxygen  O2  yielding carbon dioxide  CO2  and water
Step 1 : Write the correct formula for the reactants and the
products in an unbalanced equation.

C3H8  g  O2  g  CO2  g  H2O l

Step 2 : Find appropriate coefficients , so as atoms of each element

in both side are balanced (Formula of compound can not be changed)
Usually , it is better to start with more complex compound and
balance one element at a time

C3H8  g  O2  g  3 CO2  g  H2O l

C3H8  g  O2  g  3 CO2  g  4H2O l
C3H8  g  5 O2  g  3 CO2  g  4H2O l

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Balancing the Chemical Equation
Step 3 : Reduce the coefficients to their smallest
whole-number values

Step 4 : Check to ensure the number

of atoms to be same on both the side

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
Write balanced equation for the reaction of ammonia NH3 
with Chlorine  Cl2  yielding Hydrazine N2H4  and NH4Cl
Step 1 : Write the correct formula for the reactants and the products
in an unbalanced equation.
NH3  Cl2  N2H4  NH4Cl

Step 2 : Find appropriate coefficients ,

2NH3  Cl2  N2H4  NH4Cl

4NH3  Cl2  N2H4  2NH4Cl

Step 3 : Reduce the coefficients to their smallest whole-number values

8NH3  2Cl2  2N2H4  4NH4Cl

Step 4 : Check to ensure the number of atoms to be same on both the

side
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
The Limiting Reactant
How many complete car can be prepared from

The reaction ends when one reactant is totally consumed. This is the
limiting reactant. The other reactants are excess reactants.

Stoichiometric relationships apply only to the amounts of substances

consumed or produced in the reaction.

Select a product and calculate the moles formed from each reactant
assuming it is completely consumed.

The limiting reactant yields the fewest moles of product.

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
• Limiting Reagents: The extent to which a reaction takes place
depends on the reactant that is present in limiting amounts.

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 The Limiting Reactant
• In this figure, ethylene oxide is the limiting reagent.

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Limiting Reagents - Combustion

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
What mass of carbon dioxide is formed by the reaction of 16 g of
methane with 48 g of oxygen?
Solution :
16 g methane = 1 mol , 48 g of O2 = 1.5 mol

Balanced chemical equation for the above reaction is

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

 1 mol of methane reacts with 2 mol of oxygen

Present in reaction is 1 mol of CH4 and 1.5 mol of O2

 Oxygen is lim iting reac tan t

 0.75 mol of CH4 and 1.5 mol of O2 gets consumed
and 0.75 mol of CO2 will get formed
0.75 mol of CO2  0.75  44  33 g

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in breathing gas masks to
generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

(i) How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and
0.10 mol H2O?
(ii) Determine the limiting reactant.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

 4 mol of KO2 reacts with 2 mol of water

Present in reaction is 0.15 mol of KO2 and 0.10 mol of H2O

 KO2 is limiting reac tan t
 0.15 mol of KO2 and 0.075 mol of H2 O gets consumed
3
and moles of O2 produced  0.15   0.1125 mol
4

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Concentration units
Why ?
Majority of reactions occur in liquid state or in solution

Mobilty of reactant !!!

Mass of solute
mass percent % by mass   Mass of solution
 100

Volume of solute
% by volume   100
Volume of solution

If a student adds 4 g of a substance X to 36 g of water. What

will be the mass per cent of the solute in solution ?

4
mass percent   100  40%
4  36

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Mole fraction
Mole Fraction of a component is the ratio of number of moles of a
particular component to the total number of moles of the solution.

nA
Mole fraction () 
n

What is the mole fraction of each component in the mixture of 12 g of H2 ,

56 g of N2 and 17 g of NH3 , given atomic mass of H : 1, N : 14 amu

12 56 17
moles of H2   6 , moles of N2   2 , moles of NH3  1
2 28 17

6 2
 H   0.66  N   0.22
2  6  2  1 2  6  2  1

1
 NH   0.11
3  6  2  1
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
Mole fraction of ethanol in ethanol water system is 0.25. What is %
concentration of ethanol by mass of solution?

Mole fraction of ethanol (ethanol) = 0.25, Mole fraction of water (water) = 0.75
nethanol nethanol
ethanol  ,  water 
nethanol  nwater nethanol  nwater
ethanol nethanol nethanol 0.25 1
   
x water nwater nwater 0.75 3
massethanol me m
nethanol    e
Molar massethanol 2  12  6  1  16  46
mw m me
nwater   w 46  1 me  1   46  46
      
2  1  16  18 mw 3 mw  3   18  54
18
 46 
 mass percent of ethanol     100  46%
 46  54 

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Molarity
Number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution
Moles of solute
Molarity M 
Volume of solution (in litre)

Moles of solute  1000

Molarity M 
volume of solution (in ml)

What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 2.335 g of

sulfuric acid H2SO4  in water and diluting to 50 ml ?

2.335 2.335
Moles of H2SO4    0.024 mol
2  32  4  16  98
0.024
Molarity   1000  0.48 M
50

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
A student prepared a solution by dissolving 1.345 g of potassium
nitrate (KNO3) in enough water to prepare 25.00 mL of solution.
What is the molarity of the solution?

Solution :

We know that

Moles of solute  1000

Molarity 
volume (in ml)

1.345  1000
M = 0.53 M
101  25

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Molarity
Molarity can be used as conversion factor to relate volume of solution to
moles of solute

 Moles of solute = Molarity x volume (in litre)

Or Milli moles of solute = Molarity x volume (in ml)

How many moles of solute are present in 650 ml of 2.5M H2SO4

Moles of solute  1000

Molarity M 
volume of solution (in ml)

Molarity M  volume of solution (in ml)

 Moles of solute 
1000
2.5  650
 Moles of solute   1.62 mol
1000

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Molarity
Moles of solute = Molarity x volume (in litre)

As on dilution, the number of moles of solute remains constant

Therefore : M1 x V1 = M2 x V2

H2SO4 is normally purchased at a concentration of 18 M. How would

you prepare 250 ml of 0.5 M aqueous H2SO4 ?

Let volume of H2SO4 of 18 M to be V ml

 18  V  250  0.5

125
 V   6.94 ml
18
Dilute 6.94 ml of H2SO4 of 18 M by adding
water to make solution 250 ml

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Illustrative Problem
A sample of H2SO4 (density 1.787 g/ml) is 86% by mass. What is
molarity of acid? What volume of this acid has to be used to make 1 L
of 0.2 M H2SO4?
Solution :
Mass % of H 2SO4  86%  In a solution of 100g , H2SO4 is 86 g
100
Volume of solution of 100g  ml  56 ml
1.787
 56 ml of solution contains 86 g of H2SO4

86
 56 ml of solution contains mol   0.878 mol of H2SO4
98
0.878
 Molarity of H2SO4   1000  15.68 M
56
Let V1 ml of this H2SO4 are used to prepare 1 L of 0.2 M H2SO4
M1V1 = M2V2 15.68 × V1 = 0.2 × 1000
0.2×1000
V1 = = 12.75 ml
15.68
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Molality
Number of moles of solute present in a Kg (or 1000 gram) of solvent. It
is represented by m (small letter).
Moles of solute
Molality m 
Mass of solvent in Kg

Mass of solute  1000

Molality m 
Molecular mass  Mass of solvent (gram)
What is the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 g of H2SO4
in 1.3 L of water

Density of water  1000 g

litre

 mass of water  1.3  1000  1300 g  1.3 Kg

25
and 25 g of H2SO4  mol  0.255 mol
98
0.255
Molality of solution   0.196 m
1.3
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Illustrative Problem
Find the molality of H2SO4 solution whose specific gravity(density)
is 1.98 g/ml and 95% mass by volume H2SO4.

Solution :

100 ml solution contains 95 g H2SO4.

Mass of solution = 100 × 1.98 = 198 g

Mass of water = 198 – 95 = 103 g

 mass of solute   1000 

Molality   
  
 Molecular mass   volume ml 

95  1000
Molality = = 9.412 m
98  103

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Illustrative Problem
Calculate the molality of 1 molar solution of NaOH given density of
solution is 1.04 g/ml.

Solution :

1 molar solution means 1 mole of solute present per litre of solution.

Therefore, mass of 1 litre solution = 1000 x 1.04 = 1040 g

Mass of solute = 1 x 40 = 40 g

Therefore, mass of solvent 1040 – 40 = 1000 g

1
m   1000  1 m
1000

IITIAN'S HUB
THE
 Illustrative Problem
A 0.75 M H2SO4 has a density of 1.046 g at 200 C . What is the concn
ml
of this solution in  a mass percent b  mole fraction  c  molality
Solution :
1000 ml of solution has 0.75 mol of H2SO4
1000 ml of solution has a mass  1000  1.046  1046 g
0.75 mol of H2SO4  0.75  98  73.5 g
mass of solvent  water   1046  73.5 g  972.5 g

972.5
moles of solvent water    54 mol
18
73.5
 a mass percent   100  7.02 %
1046
0.75
b  mole fraction   0.0137
54.75
0.75
c  molality   0.7712
0.9725
IITIAN'S HUB
THE
Thank you

IITIAN'S HUB
THE