MORDERN VIDYA NIKETAN

Chemistry Project on

Colloids
SUBMITTED TO: MOHINI MAM
&TITIKSHA MAM
SUBMITTED BY: NAMAN DHAMIJA

XII-B (2019-2020)
ROLL NO.
 CONTENTS:
1. Certificate
2 Acknowledgement
3 Introduction
4 Classiication
5. Stabilization
6. Destabilization
7 Applications of Colliods
8. Bibliography

Contents
L
 CERTIFICATE:
This is to certify that NAMAN
DHAMIJA, a student of class XII-B
Modern Vidya Niketan school has
Successfully completed the project
titled Colloids during the academic
year 2019-20 towards partial
fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE.

Teacher's signature (External Examiner

signature
A
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

wouid ike to ezpzess my specdal thanks of

gzacicade to my taachers Mohini Mam & 1iisha
AMa who gave me the golden qppztuniy o do this

wonderfal prject on the tpic lollondg which

also helped me in dotng a lot ot 1eseärch andl

came to know about 50 a a r new things. I am

realy dhanktal to them. Seczndy I waald aso ike

o thank my parents and tiiends who heped e a

Lot in finishing this prgject withia the läimited time.

I am making this pmegject aot on tor marks but o

also increase my knowleage.

 INTRODUCTION
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance of
microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles is
suspended throughout another substance. Sometimes the
dispersed substance alone is called the colloid, the
term colloidal suspension
refers unambiguously to the overall
mixture (although a narrower sense of the word
suspension is
distinguished from colloids by larger particle size). Unlike
a solution whose
solute and solvent constitute only one phase,
a colloid has a
dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a
continuous phase (the medium of suspension) that arise
by phase separation. To qualify as a colloid, the mixture must
be onethat does not settle would take
or a very long time to
settle appreciably.
 Classification
.On the 6asis of physico-chemical and
transport propeties
Dispersed phase
Medium/pha
se
Liquid Solid
Gas

Solid aerosd
No such colloids are Examples S
known. moke, ice
Helium and xenon are tde
iiquidaerOsol
fog, douds, conden dloud atmos
Gas known to hair sprays pheric
FC ist,
be immisable unde particulate

certain conditions. matter

Disper Sol
sin Emulsion Examples
milk (protein
mediu Foam Exanples: milk (fat fraction),
m Lig Exam ple whipped mayonnaise hand fraction), pig
id mented
r e a m , shaving r e a m geam; late
ink blood

Solid sol
Solid foam Ge Example r a
Sali Examples: aerogel, styro Examples: agar, gelatin, jelly nberry glass
d foam, pumice
 INTERACTION
NATURE OF
BASED ON THE

HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES

VER S US
HYDROPHILIC MOLECULES

Hydrophilic molecules
Hydrophobic molecules
are molecules
that can

are molecules that do not

dissolve in water
dissolve in water

Called hydrophiles
Called hydrophobes

Attract water molecules

Repel water molecules

Polar
Nonpolar

When added to water,

When added to water,
a
Gibbs free energy gets
Gibbs free energy gets a negative value
positive value

When added to water,

When added to water, increased
decreased the entropy is
the entropy is

Dissolving them in water

Dissolving them in water reaction
reaction is an exothermic
is an endothermic

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 Scabilization
The stability of a colloidalsystem is defined by
solution at
particles remaining suspended in
by aggregat ion and
equilibrium.Stability is hindered
which are driven by the
sedimentation phenomena,
colloid's tendency to reduce surface energy. Reducing
the interfacialtension will stabilize the colloidal
system by reducimg this driíving force. Examples of
a

stable and of an unstable colloidaldispersion

.Aggregation is due to the sum of the interaction

between particles.huls) If attractive forces (such

forces
as van der Waals forces) prevail over the repulsive
ones (such as the electrostatic ones) particles aggregate
in clusters.

stable Example of an
Example of a unstable colloid
colloid

Aggregation
N
Sedimentation
 Vestábilhzátio0
Unstable colloidal
dispersions can form either flocs or aggregatesas
the particles assemble due to
interparticle attractions.
andflerible conglomerates of the particles, whereas Flocs are loose
are

compact and rigid entities. There are methods that aggregates

flocculation and aggregation, such as acoustic distinguish between
spectroscopyDestabilization
methods:
can be accomplished by different
Removal of the electrostatic barrier that
prevents aggregation of the
particles. This can be accomplished by the addition of salt to a
suspension or changing the pH of a suspension to effectively
neutralise or "screen" the surjotE charge
of the particles in
suspension. This removes tse rEgiisive forces that keep colloidal
particles separate and allows jor coagulation due to van der Waals
forces. Minor changes in pH can manifest in significant alteration to
the zeta potential. When the
magnitude of the zeta potential lies
below a certain threshold, typically around + SmV,
coagulation or aggregation tends to occur.
rapid
Addition of non Addition of a charged polymer
flocculant. Polymer
flocculants can bridge individual colloidal particles by atractive
electrostatic interactions. For example, negatively
charged
colloidal
silica or clay particles can be flocculated by the addition of a
positively charged polymer.
-adsorbed polymers called depletants that cause aggregation due to
entropic effects.
 APPLICATIONS
used
Arovrol and rotarovrol are colloidal solution of silver and a r e
Colloidal medirinw: colloidal onld calcium
and iron
as disinfertant
a s evw lntinns colloidal sulnhur is used
calciuni and
rolloidal in n a t u r r Colloilal
are used as tonicsAost of the medi ines are

ddninisteTd by injections to raise tlhe vitalityy of humn sysleni

gold a r c

we use in our daily life are

Food lems--Large numbers f food articles which are colloidal in nature
colloida/ in nature For example, mik, butter and icecreams
Senage disposal--Dirt electrically chargea Br applinug
and mud partiches are

reach the oppositely charged elecnode,

elecric ield in sewage tank, dirt particles
These coagulated particles are suspended in
get neuralized and are coagulated.
solution and are easily removed

colloidal inpurities. hese impurities ca be

Puitication of water--Water comains
Alum is positivelr charged A/ ion uhich
needed out by using electrole ike Alun.
aracts egatively echarged colloidal impurities.

Plate electrode

Point electrode
Gascs Carying
dust & smoke

Precipitated
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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