M A T H E M A T I C S

BINOMIAL THEOREM
APPLICATION OF BINOMIAL THEOREM AND
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

What you already know What you will learn

• General term of binomial expansion • Application of binomial theorem

ou a
• Middle terms in the expansion of (a + b)n • Properties of binomial
coefficients

e
• Term independent with different variables

C ily
• Numerically greatest terms in the expansion of (a + b)n

rs
o nd Application of binomial theorem
de a
Vi Sh
For every n ∈  , 7n + 5 is divisible by _________ .
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) 18
TC am

Solution
t

Step 1 Step 2
IA t

Given, 7n + 5, where n ∈  . Here, we have

A ro

Or 7n + 5 = 5 + (1 + 6)n 7n + 5 = 6 × λ
Using Where λ is a natural number.
A a

So, 7n + 5 is divisible by 6.
(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 +... + nCn xn
N

Option (a) is the correct answer.

we get,
7n + 5 = nC0 + nC1 × 6 +...+ nCn × 6n + 5
= nC1 × 6 +...+ nCn × 6n + 1 + 5
= 6[nC1 +...+ nCn6n - 1 + 1]

Concept Check 1

Find the remainder when 599 is divided by 13.

2403 k
If the fractional part of the number is , then the value of k is equal to ___ .
15 15

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Solution

Step 1 Step 2
2403 k
Given, fractional part of is . ----(i) Now, we get,
15 15
8(1 + 15)100 = 8[100C0 + 100C1 × 15 + 100C2 × 152 + ... +
Consider 2403 = 23 × 2400 = 23 × (24)100 = 8(16)100 100
C99 × 1599 + 100C100 × 15100]
∴ 2403 = 8(16)100 = 8(1 + 15)100
⇒ 8(1 + 15)100 = 8[1 + 15 λ]
Using

(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1 × x + nC2 × x2 +... + nCn × xn

Step 3 Step 4

ou a
Now, From (i) and (iii), we get,

e
C ily
⇒ 2403 = 8[1 + 15λ] --- (ii) 8 k
=

rs
⇒ Now, by dividing equation (ii) by 15, 15 15

o nd
we get, ⇒k=8

2403 8 + 120λ
⇒ =
de a
15 15
Vi Sh
403
2 8
⇒ = 8λ + - - - - ( iii )
15 15
TC am

Concept Check 2
t

Which of the following is/are true for 1710?

IA t

(a) The last digit is 9. (b) The last three digits are 449.
A ro

(c) The last two digits are 49. (d) The last three digits are 749.
A aN

If (7 + 4 3)n = I + f, where I, n ∈ ℕ and 0 < f < 1, then which of the following is/are true?
(a) I is even (b) (I + f)(1 + f) = 1 (c) I is odd (d) (I + f)(1 - f) = 1

Solution

Step 1 Step 2
Given, Also, given that,
( )
n
I + f = 7 + 4 3 and 0 < f < 1 ----------------(i) 0 < f < 1 and 0 < f’ < 1

( ) So, 0 < f + f’ < 2 ------------(iii)

n
Let f’= 7 - 4 3 and 0 < f’ < 1--------------(ii)
Using
By adding equation (i) and (ii), we get,

( ) ( )
n n
I + f + f’ = 7 + 4 3 + 7 - 4 3 (a + b)n + (a - b)n
= 2[nC0.an + nC2.an - 2.b2 + nC4.an - 4.b4 +...]

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Step 3 Step 4
In the above expression a = 7 and b = 4 3 As I ∈ ℕ and 0 < f + f’ < 2
So, we have, So, f + f’ = 1
( )
2
⇒ I + f + f’ = 2[ nC0.7n + nC2.7n - 2. 4 3 +...] And I = 2k - 1, i.e., odd
As we can see that in the above expression, f + f’ = 1 or f’ = 1 - f
( )
n
RHS side is a natural number, i.e., I+f= 7+4 3
I + f + f’ = 2k (k ∈ 𝕀) ----(iv)
( )
n
And f’ = 7 - 4 3
As we can see that,
(I + f)f’ = 1
Or (I + f)(1 - f) = 1

ou a
Option (c) and (d) are the correct answers

e
C ily
rs
Properties of binomial coefficients

o nd
In a binomial expansion, nC0, nC1, nC2, ..., nCn are known as binomial coefficients.
Usually, they are denoted by C0, C1, C2, ..., Cn
de a
Vi Sh
1. C0 + C1 + C2 +...+ Cn = 2n 2. C0 - C1 + C2 - ... + (-1)n Cn = 0

Proof Proof
TC am

We know that, We know that,

(1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + C3x3 + ... + Cnxn (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + C3x3 + ... + Cnxn
Let x = 1 Let x = -1
t

(1 + 1)n = C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 +...+Cn (1 - 1)n = C0 - C1 + C2 - C3 + ... + (-1)n Cn

IA t

⇒ C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 +...+Cn = 2n ⇒ C0 - C1 + C2 - C3 + ... + ( -1)n Cn = 0

A ro
A a

3. C0 + C2 + C4 + ... = 2n - 1 4. C1 + C3 + C5 + ... = 2n - 1
N

Proof Proof
We know that, We know that,
C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + Cn = 2n............… (1) C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + Cn = 2n…............... (1)
C0 - C1 + C2 - C3 + ... + (-1)n Cn = 0…........ (2) C0 - C1 + C2 - C3 + ... + (-1)n Cn = 0….......... (2)
By adding equation (1) and (2), we get, By subtracting equation (2) from (1), we get,
⇒ 2(C0 + C2 + C4 + ...) = 2n ⇒ 2(C1 + C3 + C5 +...) = 2n
⇒ C0 + C2 + C4 + ... = 2n - 1 ⇒ C1 + C3 + C5 + ..... = 2n - 1

Concept Check 3

Which of the following is/are true?

(a) 12C1 + 12C2 + 12C3 +...+ 12C11= 4094 (b) 10C1 + 10C3 + 10C5 +...+ 10C9 = 512
(c) 11C0 + 11C1 + ... + 11C5 = 210 (d) None of the above
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20
C10
Prove C0 + C1 + ... + C10 = 2 +
20 20 20 19
2

Solution

Step 1
We know that,
20
C0 + 20C1 + ...+ 20C10 + 20C11 + 20C12 + ...+ 20C20 = 220
Step 2
2(20C0 + 20C1 + 20C2 + 20C3 + ... + 20C9) + 20C10 = 220 (nCr = nCn - r)

ou a
2(20C0 + 20C1 + ...+ 20C10) = 220 + 20C10

e
C ily
20
C10

rs
20
C0 + C1 + ...+ C10 = 2 +
20 20 19
2

Note o nd
de a
Vi Sh
1
(1) C0 + 2n + 1C1 + ... + 2n + 1Cn = 22n
2n + 1
(2) C0 + 2nC1 + ... + 2nCn =
2n
(22n + 2nCn)
2
TC am

Concept Check 4

Find the value of nC0 + 3.nC1 + 32.nC2 + ... + 3n.nCn.

t
IA t

a) 42n b) 2n c) 22n d) 3n
A ro

JEE MAIN 2017

A a

Find the value of ( C1 - C1) + ( C2 - C2) + ... + ( C10 - C10).

21 10 21 10 21 10
N

(a)221 - 211 (b) 220 - 29 (c) 221 - 210 (d)220 - 210

Solution

Step 1
G = (21C1 - 10C1) + (21C2 - 10C2) + ... + (21C10 - 10C10)
⇒ G = (21C0 + 21C1 + 21C2 + ... + 21C10 - 21C0) - (10C0 + 10C1 + 10C2 + ... + 10C10 - 10C0)

Step 2
C0 + 21C1 + 21C2 + ... + 21C10 = 220 (2n + 1C0 + 2n + 1C1 + ... + 2n + 1Cn = 22n)
21

Similarly, 10C0 + 10C1 + 10C2 + ... + 10C10 = 210 (C0 + C1 + C2 + ... + Cn = 2n)

Step 3
⇒ G = (220 - 21C0) - (210 - 10C0) = (220 - 1) - (210 - 1) = 220 - 210
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer
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Concept Check 5

n
n
1 r
If an = ∑ n , then find the value of ∑ n .
r = 0 Cr r = 0 Cr

(a) (n - 1)an (b)

n
a
2 n () (c) nan (d) 2nan

Summary sheet Mind Map

Key Properties Binomial theorem

ou a
• C0 + C1 + C2 + ... + Cn = 2n

e
C ily
• C0 - C1 + C2 - ... + (-1)n Cn = 0

rs
• C0 + C2 + C4 + ... = 2n - 1

o nd
• C1 + C3 + C5 + ... = 2n - 1 Application of Properties of
• 2n + 1
C0 + 2n + 1C1 + ... + 2n + 1Cn = 22n binomial theorem binomial coefficients
1
de a
• 2nC0 + 2nC1 + ... + 2nCn = (22n + 2nCn)
2
Vi Sh

Self-Assessment
TC am

1. Find the remainder if 97 + 79 is divided by 64.

1 1 1
2. Find the value of + + ...... + , where n is an even positive integer.
1! (n - 1) ! 3! (n - 3 ) ! (n - 1) !1!
t
IA t
A ro

Answers
A aN

Concept Check 1

Step 1
Given, 599
Or 599 = 5.598 = 5.(52)49 = 5(25)49
⇒5(26 - 1)49
Using
(a - b)n = nC0.an - nC1.an - 1.b1 + nC2.an-2.b2 - ... + (-1)n. nCn.bn

Step 2
Now, we get,
⇒ 599 = 5[49C0 × 2649 - 49C1 × 2648 +... + 49C48 × 26 - 49C49]
⇒ 599 = 26 × 5[49C0 × 2648 - 49C1 × 2647 + ... + 49C48] - 5 × 49C49
⇒ 599 = 26 × 5λ - 5 × 1
⇒ 599 = 26 × 5λ - 5
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If the remainder is negative then add the divisor to it i.e., 13 in this case. Like when we divide
10 by 5 then remainder is 0 and when we divide 10 by 3 then remainder is 1 or -2 (but we don’t
report a negative remainder so we add the divisor to it i.e., -2+3 = 1 to get the remainder which
in this case is 1)
So, now, Remainder = 13 - 5 = 8

Concept Check 2

Step 1
Given, 1710

 hen we are asked last two, three etc. digits, then please convert ab form’s base into the
W
multiple of 10, i.e., 10k + 1 or 10k - 1

ou a
e
C ily
1710 = (172)5 = (289)5 = (290 - 1)5

rs
o nd
Step 2
Now, by using
de a
(a - b)n = nC0.an - nC1.an - 1.b1 + nC2.an - 2.b2 - ... + (-1)n. nCn.bn
Vi Sh

we get,

⇒ 1 710 = 5C0.(290)5 - 5C1.(290)4 + 5C2.(290)3 - 5C3.(290)2 + 5C4.(290)1 - 5C5

TC am

Step 3
Now, after simplifying, we get,
⇒ 1710 = k + 5 × 290 - 1
t

Where k = 5C0.(290)5 - 5C1.(290)4 + 5C2.(290)3 - 5C3.(290)2

IA t
A ro

⇒ 1 710 = k + 1449
Option (a), (b), and (c) are the correct answers.
A a

Concept Check 3
N

(a) 12
 C1 + 12C2 + 12C3 + ... + 12C11 = 4094
We know that,12C0 + 12C1 + 12C2 + ... + 12C12 = 212 (C0 + C1 + C2 + ... + Cn = 2n)
12
C1 + 12C2 + 12C3 + ... + 12C11 = 212 - 12C12 - 12C0
12
C1 + 12C2 + 12C3 + ... + 12C11= 4096 - 2 = 4094 (212 = 4096 and 12C12 = 12C0= 1)
Option (a) is the correct answer.
(b) 10C1 + 10C3 + 10C5 +... 10C9 = 512
We know that, 10C1 + 10C3 + 10C5 + ... + 10C9 = 29 = 512 ( C1 + C3 + C5 +..... = 2n - 1)
Option (b) is the correct answer.
(c) 11C0+ 11C1+ ... +11C5 = 210
We know that, 11C0 + 11C1 + 11C2 + ... + 11C11 = 211
11
C0 + 11C1 + 11C2 + 11C3 + 11C4 + 11C5 + 11C6 + 11C7 + 11C8 + 11C9 + 11C10 + 11C11 = 211
2(11C0 + 11C1 + 11C2 + 11C3 + 11C4 + 11C5) = 211 ( 11Cr = 11C11-r)
11
C0 + C1 + ... + C5 = 2
11 11 10

Option (c) is the correct answer.

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Concept Check 4

Step 1 Step 2
We know that, (1 + 3)n = nC0 + nC1.3 + nC2.32 + ... + nCn.3n
(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1.x + nC2.x2 + ... + nCn.xn ∴ nC0 + 3.nC1 + 32.nC2 + ... + 3n.nCn = 4n = 22n
Option (c) is the correct answer.

Concept Check 5

Step 1 Step 2
n
1 n
r n
n - (n - r ) n
n n
n-r
Given, an = ∑ n bn = ∑= ∑ = ∑ − ∑
Cr n
Cr r 0 n
C n
Cr n
r 0 Cr

ou a
r =0 = r 0= = r r 0=
n
r n
1 n
n-r
( C )

e
Let bn = ∑ n ⇒ bn = n ∑ n −∑ n

C ily
n
r = n Cn-r
Cr Cr r 0 Cn-r

rs
r= 0 =r 0=
n
k
⇒ bn = nan − ∑ n (k = n - r )

o nd
⇒ bn = nan - bn
k= 0 Ck
n
∴ bn = an
de a
2
Vi Sh

Option (b) is the correct answer.

Self-Assessment 1
TC am

Step 1
Given, 97 + 79 = (1 + 8)7 + (8 - 1)9 = (1 + 8)7 - (1 - 8)9
t
IA t

Step 2
A ro

(1 + 8)7 - (1 - 8)9 = [1 + 8.7C1 + ... + 87.7C7] - [1 - 8.9C1 + ... - 89 . 9C9]

= 8[7C1 + 9C1] + 64k, k ∈ Z
A a

= 128 + 64k = 64(k + 2)

N

Therefore, the given number is divisible by 64. So, the remainder is 0.

Self-Assessment 2

Step 1 Step 3
Let 2n - 1
S=
1
+
1
+ ...... +
1 ⇒S =
n!
( n
C 1 + nC 3 +... + nCn - 1 = 2n - 1 )
1! (n - 1) ! 3! (n - 3 ) ! (n - 1) !1!

Step 2
Now,
1  n! n! n! 
S=  + + ...... + 
n!  1! (n - 1) ! 3! (n - 3 ) ! (n - 1) !1! 
1 n
⇒S =  C 1 + nC 3 +... + nCn - 1 
n! 
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