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Lecture 2 Meteorology

This document discusses aircraft icing from a meteorological perspective. It covers the composition of the atmosphere, water cycles, cloud formation and classification. Specifically, it examines icing clouds like frontal systems and conditions defined in FAR 25 for continuous and intermittent icing envelopes. The document provides details on liquid water content, droplet size and other factors important for understanding icing conditions.

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şerafettin kuyu
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18 views

Lecture 2 Meteorology

This document discusses aircraft icing from a meteorological perspective. It covers the composition of the atmosphere, water cycles, cloud formation and classification. Specifically, it examines icing clouds like frontal systems and conditions defined in FAR 25 for continuous and intermittent icing envelopes. The document provides details on liquid water content, droplet size and other factors important for understanding icing conditions.

Uploaded by

şerafettin kuyu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aircraft Icing

Meteorological Aspects

Prof. Dr. Serkan ÖZGEN


Dept. Aerospace Engineering, METU
October 2020
Outline

• Composition and structure of the atmosphere


• Water cycles in the atmosphere
• Cloud formation and classification
• Icing clouds
• Frontal icing conditions
• Icing cloud conditions defined in FAR 25, Appendix C
– Continuous icing envelopes
– Intermittent icing envelopes

Serkan ÖZGEN 2
Introduction

• Four basic factors to be considered for aircraft icing:


– Temperature: influences the type and intensity of ice,
– Liquid water content: indicates the severity of icing, type
and shape,
– Droplet size: determines the type and rate of icing through
the droplet collection efficiency,
– Type of aircraft.

Serkan ÖZGEN 3
Composition of the atmosphere

• Atmosphere is (by volume, dry air) 78% Nitrogen, 20.946%


Oxygen, 0.934% Argon and 0.03% Carbon Dioxide.
• Atmosphere may also contain up to 4% of moist water
(typically 1%).
• Unlike other constituents, water can be found in all three
phases (gas, liquid, solid) in the atmosphere.
• The atmosphere may also contain other types of materials
such as salt crystal, dust, and smoke particles that act as
nuclei around which water droplet or ice crystals form (Aitken
particles).

Serkan ÖZGEN 4
Characteristics sizes and concentrations of
atmospheric constituents

Serkan ÖZGEN 5
Structure of the atmosphere

Serkan ÖZGEN 6
Water cycles in the atmosphere

• In the homosphere, defined as the layer where relative


concentration of the most abundant gases are uniform for an
average distance of 80 km, water vapor concentration is variable
(from 0% to 4%) and decreases with height.
• Under different circumstances, water vapor in the atmosphere
may be disturbed and its state changes by evaporation-
condensation, melting-freezing or sublimation-deposition.

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Water cycles in the atmosphere

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Water cycles in the atmosphere
• Heat consumed in one place in the atmosphere during
evaporation or sublimation may be released in different
places during condensation or deposition.
• This is considered as an effective way of transporting heat
over great distances. When winds transport moist air to other
region it forms clouds by condensation producing rain and
snow.
• This cycle of moving and transforming water is called
hydrologic cycle.

Serkan ÖZGEN 9
Cloud formation
• When the amount of water vapor is increased, the air reaches
the state of saturation, which is the maximum amount of
water vapor that can exist in the atmosphere. When the
amount of water vapor is further increased or the air is
cooled, excess water vapor condensates into droplets or
transforms into ice crystals by deposition.
• Clouds are formed by condensation of the invisible water
vapor into visible water droplets, snow, or ice crystals. This
formation requires sufficient water vapor, a cooling process
and the presence of nuclei in the atmosphere.

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Cloud types

The clouds may be categorized as:


• High clouds: above 6 km (20,000 ft),
• Middle clouds: 2-6 km (6,500-20,000 ft),
• Low clouds: below 2 km (6,500 ft),
• Clouds of vertical extent.

Serkan ÖZGEN 11
Cloud types

Nomenclature:
• Cirrus: feathery or fibrous,
• Stratus: stratified or in layers,
• Cumulus: heaped up,
• Nimbus: rain,
• Alto: high.

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Cloud types

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Characteristics of high clouds (>6 km)

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Cirrus cloud

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Cirrocumulus cloud

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Cirrostratus cloud

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Characteristics of mid clouds (2<h<6 km)

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Altocumulus cloud

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Altostratus cloud

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Characteristics of low clouds (<2 km)

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Stratocumulus cloud

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Nimbostratus cloud

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Stratus cloud

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Characteristics of clouds
of vertical development

Serkan ÖZGEN 25
Cumulus cloud

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Cumulonimbus cloud

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Frontal icing conditions -
warm front, horizontal extent

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Frontal icing conditions -
cold front, vertical extent

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Icing cloud conditions defined in FAR 25

• Consist of 6 figures,
• Has been in use since 1964 for selecting values of icing
related clouds for design of ice protection systems,
• They indicate the probable maximum (99 %) value of
liquid water content that is to be expected as an average
over a specified reference distance for a given
temperature and droplet size in the cloud.

Serkan ÖZGEN 30
Icing cloud conditions defined in FAR 25

• For continous maximum conditions the reference distance


is 17.4 nm (20 miles),
• For intermittent maximum conditions it is 2.6 nm (3
miles),
• In icing applications the actual droplet size distribution in
clouds is represented by a single variable called the
droplet median volume diameter.

Serkan ÖZGEN 31
Icing cloud conditions defined in FAR 25

• Overall average for stratiform clouds is 15m, cumuliform


clouds is 19m.
• The cloud characteristics were measured by NACA and
Weather Bureau in 1950s.

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Continuous maximum (stratiform) atmospheric
icing conditions

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Continuous maximum (stratiform) atmospheric
icing conditions

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Continuous maximum (stratiform) atmospheric
icing conditions

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Intermittent maximum (cumuliform)
atmospheric icing conditions

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Intermittent maximum (cumuliform)
atmospheric icing conditions

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Intermittent maximum (cumuliform)
atmospheric icing conditions

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Appendix C curves converted to distance based
format (MVD=15m)

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Natural 99% limits vs altitude (MVD=15-20m)

Serkan ÖZGEN 40
Natural 99% LWC and HE limits for selected MVD
(T=0o to -10oC)

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The entire supercooled cloud database

Serkan ÖZGEN 42

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