Theme 3 Keywords

Development and Globalisation

Term Definition
The use of resources to improve the quality of life in a
Development
country.
The total value of goods and services produced by a
Gross
country in a year, plus income earned by the
National
country’s residents from foreign investments and
Product
minus income earned within the domestic economy
(GNP)
by overseas residents.
Gross
National The total GNP of a country divided by the total
Product per population.
capita
Development The differences in wealth, and other indicators,
gap between the world’s richest and poorest countries.
Combines four indicators of development: life
Human expectancy at birth; mean years of schooling for
Development adults aged 25 years; expected years of schooling for
Index (HDI) children of school entering age; GNI per capita
(PPP$).
Less economically
The poorest of the developing countries. They have
developed
major economic, institutional and human resource
countries
problems.
(LEDCs)
Newly
industrialised Nations that have undergone rapid and successful
countries industrialisation since the 1960s.
(NICs)
That part of an economy known to the government
Formal
department responsible for taxation and to other
sector
government offices.
Informal That part of the economy operating outside official
sector recognition.
The full sequence of activities needed to turn raw materials into a
Product chain
finished product.

The increasing interconnectedness and

Globalisation interdependence of the world economically, culturally
and politically.
 Transnational A firm that owns or controls productive operations in
corporation more than one country through foreign direct
(TNC) investment (FDI).
Diffusion The spread of a phenomenon over time and space.
A group of protocols by which computers
Internet
communicate.
New
international Divides production into different skills and tasks that
division of are often spread across a number of countries.
labour (NIDL)
Adult literacy is an important measure of educational
standards. In 2015, the global adult literacy rate was
85 per cent, but in over a dozen African countries,
Literacy
literacy rates are below 50 per cent. Female literacy is
particularly important because so many aspects of
development depend on it.
Life expectancy is, to a large extent, the end result of
all the factors contributing to the quality of life in a
Life
country. Rates of life expectancy have converged
expectancy
significantly between rich and poor countries during the
last 50 years, in spite of a widening wealth gap.
The infant mortality rate is an important measure of
health inequality. Fortunately, infant mortality rates
Infant
have fallen sharply in many developing countries over
mortality
the last 20 years. However, the infant mortality rate in
Africa is more than 11 times that of Europe.

Food production

Term Definition
A practice in which there are recognisable inputs,
System
processes and outputs.
Supplying dry land with water by systems of ditches
Irrigation
and also by more advanced means.
Agricultural The application of techniques to control the growth and
technology harvesting of animal and vegetable products.
Land tenure The ways in which land is or can be owned.
Green The introduction of high-yielding seeds and modern
Revolution agricultural techniques in developing countries.
Arable Cultivation of crops and not involved with livestock. An
 arable farm may concentrate on one crop
farming (monoculture), such as wheat, or may grow a range of
different crops.
Pastoral Involves keeping livestock such as dairy cattle, beef
farming cattle, sheep and pigs.
Involves cultivating crops and keeping livestock
Mixed together on a farm. Usually on a mixed farm at least
farming part of the crop production will be used to feed the
livestock.
The most basic form of agriculture where the produce is
Subsistence
consumed entirely or mainly by the family who work the
farming
land or tend the livestock.
The objective is to sell everything that the farm
Commercial
produces. The aim is to maximise yields in order to
farming
achieve the highest profits possible.
A relatively small amount of agricultural produce is
Extensive obtained per hectare of land, so such farms tend to
farming cover large areas of land. Inputs per unit of land are
low.
Characterised by high inputs per unit of land to achieve
Intensive high yields per hectare. Examples of intensive farming
farming include market gardening, dairy farming and
horticulture.
Does not use manufactured chemicals, so production is
Organic without chemical fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides.
farming Instead, animal and green manures are used along with
mineral fertilisers such as fish and bone meal.
soil exhaustion Natural factor for food shortage
drought Natural factor for food shortage
floods Natural factor for food shortage
tropical cyclones Natural factor for food shortage
pests Natural factor for food shortage
disease Natural factor for food shortage
low capital
Economic factor for food shortage
investment
rapidly rising
Social factor for food shortage
population
poor
distribution/transp Economic factor for food shortage
ort difficulties
conflict situations Political factor for food shortage
 Grain reserves at
Economic factor for food shortage
very low levels
Rising food prices Economic factor for food shortage

Industry

Term Definition
Something that is left over from the main production
By-product process, which has some value and therefore can be
sold.
All manufacturing industries produce waste product
Waste
that has no value and must be disposed of. Costs
product
will be incurred in the disposal of waste product.
Footloose Industries that are not tied to certain areas because
industries of energy requirements or other factors.
Industrial The clustering together of economic activities in
agglomeration close proximity to one another.
Industrial An area zoned and planned for the purpose of
estate industrial development.
An area of agricultural land or some other
Greenfield
undeveloped site earmarked for commercial
locations
development or industrial projects.
Large scale and Depending on the size of plant and machinery, and
small scale the numbers employed.
Depending on the nature of processes and
Heavy and light
products in terms of unit weight.
Market oriented
and raw Where the location of the industry is drawn either
material towards the market or the raw materials required.
oriented
Processing involves the direct processing of raw
Processing and
materials; assembly is to do with putting together
assembly
parts and components.
Capital
Depending on the ratio of investment in plant and
intensive and
machinery to the number of employees.
labour intensive
Many firms in the small- to medium-size range
National and
manufacture in only one country. Transnationals
transnational
produce in at least two countries.
Factors affecting the location of Industry

Physical factors Human factors

Site: The availability and cost of
land is important. Large factories Capital (money): Some areas
will need flat, well-drained land on are more likely to attract
solid bedrock. An adjacent water investment than others.
supply may be essential. Labour: The quality and cost of
Raw materials: Industries labour are most important. The
requiring heavy and bulky raw reputation, turnover, mobility and
materials tend to locate as close quantity of labour can also be
as possible to these raw important.
materials. Transport and
Energy: Energy-hungry communications: Transport
industries, such as metal costs remain important for
smelting, may be drawn to heavy, bulky items. Accessibility
countries with relatively cheap to airports, ports, railway
hydro-electricity such as Norway. terminals and motorways may
Natural routeways and be crucial for some industries.
harbours: Many modern roads Markets: The location and size
and railways still follow natural of markets are a major influence
routeways. Natural harbours for some industries.
provide good locations for ports Government influence:
and the industrial complexes often Government policies and
found at ports. decisions can have a big direct
Climate: Some industries such as and indirect impact on the
aerospace and film benefit directly location of industry.
from a sunny climate. Indirect Quality of life: Highly skilled
benefits include lower heating bills personnel will favour areas
and a more favourable quality of where the quality of life is high.
life.

Tourism

Term Definition
Travel away from the home environment: (a) for
leisure, recreation and holidays; (b) to visit friends
Tourism
and relations (VFR); (c) for business and
professional reasons.
The most popular form of foreign holiday where
Package tour travel, accommodation and meals may all be
included in the price and booked in advance.
 A particular location where economic development,
Growth pole in this case tourism, is focused, setting off wider
growth in the region as a whole.
The part of the money a tourist pays for a foreign
Economic
holiday that does not benefit the destination country
leakages
because it goes elsewhere.
The idea that an initial amount of spending or
Multiplier investment causes money to circulate in the
effect economy, bringing a series of economic benefits over
time.
Tourism organised in such a way that its level can be
Sustainable sustained in the future without creating irreparable
tourism environmental, social and economic damage to the
receiving area.
Destination The environmental impact caused by an individual
footprint tourist.
A specialised form of tourism where people
experience relatively untouched natural
environments, such as coral reefs, tropical forests
Ecotourism
and remote mountain areas, and ensures that their
presence does no further damage to these
environments.
Maintaining a location exactly as it is and not
Preservation
allowing development.
Allowing for developments that do not damage the
Conservation
character of a destination.

Reasons for the growth of global tourism

• Steadily rising real incomes and the decreasing real

costs of holidays
• Widening range of destinations within the middle
income range
Economic
• Heavy marketing of shorter foreign holidays
• Expansion of budget airlines
• ‘Globalisation’ has increased business travel
considerably
Social • Increase in the average number of days of paid leave
• Increasing desire to experience different cultures and
landscapes
• Raised expectations of international travel due to
 mass media
• High levels of international migration means that
more people have relatives and friends living abroad
• Many governments have invested heavily to
encourage tourism
Political
• Government backing for major international events
such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup

Energy

Term Definition
Fuels consisting of hydrocarbons (coal, oil and natural
Fossil fuels gas), formed by the decomposition of prehistoric
organisms in past geological periods.
Renewable Sources of energy such as solar and wind power that
energy are not depleted as they are used.
The relative contribution of different energy sources to a
Energy mix
country’s energy consumption.
Fossil fuel substitutes that can be made from a range of
Biofuels crops including oilseeds, wheat and sugar. They can be
blended with petrol and diesel.
Geothermal The natural heat found in the Earth’s crust in the form of
energy steam, hot water and hot rock

Water

Term Definition
Water The provision of water by public utilities, commercial
supply organisations or by community endeavours.
Dam A barrier that holds back water.
Reservoir An artificial lake primarily used for storing water.
Wells and A means of tapping into various types of aquifers
boreholes (water-bearing rocks), gaining access to groundwater.
Potable Water that is free from impurities, pollution and bacteria,
water and is thus safe to drink.
Water When water supply is below 1700 cubic metres per
stress person per year.

Environmental risks of economic development

Term Definition
 Contamination of the environment. It can take
Pollution many forms – air, water, soil, noise, visual and
others.
Prevailing
The major direction of winds in a region.
winds
The side effects, positive and negative, of an
Externalities economic activity that are experienced beyond its
site.
Enhanced Large-scale pollution of the atmosphere by
greenhouse economic activities has created an enhanced
effect greenhouse effect.
The loss of forested lands for a number of reasons
Deforestation including the clearing of land for agricultural use,
for timber, and for other activities such as mining.
The grazing of natural pastures at stocking
Overgrazing
intensities above the livestock carrying capacity.
The gradual transformation of habitable land into
Desertification
desert.
A severe windstorm that sweeps clouds of dust
Dust storm across an extensive area, especially in an arid
region.
The control of the exploitation and use of
Resource
resources in relation to environmental and
management
economic costs.
A carefully calculated system of resource
Sustainable management which ensures that the current level
development of exploitation does not compromise the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.