CHAPT

ER 4
TRANSFORMATIONS

4.1 Identifying Transformations.

In a plane, you can slide, flip, turn, enlarge, or reduce figures to create new
figures. These correspondng figures are frequently designed into wallpaper
borders, mosaics, and artwork. Each figure that you see will correspond to another
figure. These corresponding figures are formed using transformations.
A transformation maps an initial image, called a preimage, onto a final
image. Below are some of the types of transformations. The red lines show some
corresponding points.

4.2 Translations.
When you translate a tile, you slide it from one place to another. When tiles
cover a floor with no empty spaces, the collection of tiles is called a tessellation.

A translation is a transformation in which a figure slides but does not turn. Every
point of the figure moves the same distance and
in the same direction.

4.2.1 Translation in the Coordinate Plane.

Example 1: Translating a figure in the coordinate plane.

A translation is a translation that moves all points of a figure the same

distance in the same direction. Translations on the coordinate plane can be drawn
if you know the direction and how far the figure is moving horizontally and
vertically. For the fixed values of a and b , a translation moves every point
P(x , y) of a plane figure to an image P' ( x +a , y +b ) . One away to symbolize a
transformation is write:

(ba)
(x , y )→(x+ a , y+ b) or ( x , y ) (x + a , y + b).

In the figure, quadrlateral DEFG has been trnaslated 5 unit wants to the
left and three units down. This can be written as ( x , y ) → ( x−5 , y −3 ) .

Example 2:
Rectangle PQRS has vertices P(−3 , 5),Q(−4 , 2), R(3 ,0), and S ( 4 ,3 ) . Graph

PQRS and its image for the translation

8
−5
. ( )
Solution:

Example 3: Repeated Translations

Example 4:
A ( 8 , 3 ) , B ( 5 ,−3 ) , and C (10 ,−2) is a angle point in ∆ ABC . In the translation

( )
−8
1
, ∆ ABC translated to the ∆ A ' B' C ' .

a. Draw ∆ ABC and the image.

b. Determine coordinate in vertices A' , B' ,∧C ' !
Solution:

a.

b. Translation (−81)
Image vertices A ( 8 , 3 ) → ( 8+ (−8 ) , 3+1 ) , then A ' ( 0 , 4 ) .
Image vertices B (5 ,−3 ) → ( 5+ (−8 ) ,−3+1 ) , then B' (−3 ,−2 ) .
Image vertices C ( 10 ,−2 ) → ( 10+ (−8 ) ,−2+ 1 ) , then C ' ( 2 ,−1 ) .

Example 5:
5
Determine the image from the equation line 2 x+ y=4 by translation −4 ! ( )
Solution:

Suppose we take any point in the line 2 x+ y=4 , that is A ( x , y )

(−25 )
 Point A ( x , y ) A ' ( x +5 , y−2 ), so that :
' '
x =x+ 5∨x=x −5 ⋯ (1)
' '
y = y −2∨ y= y +5 ⋯ (2)
 Substitution the equation (1) and (2) to the line 2 x+ y=4 , obtained :
2 x+ y=4
2 ( x −5 ) + ( y +5 ) =4
' '

' '
2 x −10+ y +5=4
' '
2 x + y −8=4
' '
2 x + y =4+8
' '
2 x + y =12
5
( )
Thus, the image line 2 x+ y=4 by translation −4 is 2 x+ y=12
 Example 6:
2
Determine the image curve with the equation y=x +2 x−8 by translation
( )
−4 !
3

Solution:

Suppose we take any point in the curve y=x 2 +2 x−8 , that is B ( x , y )

(−43)
 Point B ( x , y ) B' ( x−4 , y +3 ), so that :
' '
x =x−4∨x =x +4 ⋯ (1)
' '
y = y +3∨ y= y −3 ⋯ (2)
Substitution the equation (1) and (2) to the curve y=x 2 +2 x−8 ,
obtained :
2
y=x +2 x−8
2
y −3 ¿ ( x + 4 ) + 2 ( x +4 )−8
' ' '

' 2
y −3=( x ) +2 ( x ) ( 4 )+ ( 4 ) +2 x + 8−8
' ' 2 '

' 2
y −3=( x ) + 8 x '+16+ 2 x
' '

' 2
y −3=( x ) +10 x ' +16
'

' 2
y =( x ) +10 x ' +19
'

Thus, the image curve y=x 2 +2 x−8 by translation (−43) is

2
y=x +10 x+ 19
Exercise 1 :

1. Vertices angle ∆ ABC is A (−1 , 4 ) , B (−3 ,−2 ) ,and C (3 ,1).

a. Draw ∆ ABC and the image in translation

4 !
−2 ( )
b. Determine the coordinate vertices angle and its image.
2. Find the image point/vertices when:
a. A ( 2 ,−1 ) is translated through
3
4 ()
b. B(2 ,−1) is translated through
−1
4 ( )
3. If (3 ,−2) is translated to ( 3 , 1 ) , what is the translation vector?

4. What point has image (−3 , 2) under the translation ( ) −3 ?

1
5. Find the equation of the image line when:
a. y=2 x +3 is translated ( ) −1
2

b. y=− x+2 is translated () 2

3
6. Determine the image from the line 3 x+ 2 y =6. With the following translated
!
a. ( )
−3
4

b. (−5
−2 )

4.2.2 Consecutive of two Translation

() ()
a c
For consecutive of two translation b and d obtained:

(ba)+(dc )=(b+a+cd)
Example 7:
1. Determine the value of a , b , p and m in the following translations:

( )( )( )
a −5 3
a. −8 + 2 b = −2

b. (3 m )+ (12 )=( m )
2p p −6

Solution:

a
( )( )( )
−5 3
a. −8 + 2 b = −2
Thus, the value of a=8 , and b=3

 a+ (−5 )=3
a=3+5
2p
( )( ) ( )
p −6
b. 3 m + 12 = m

a=8  2 p + p=−6
3 p=−6
 −8+2 b=−2
−6
2 b=−2+8 p=
3
2 b=6 p=−2
6
2 b=
2  3 m+12=m
b=3 3 m−m=−12
 2 m=−12 m=−6
−12
m= Thus, the value of a=8 , and b=3
2

2. Determine the image curve y=x 2−2 x +4 in translation (23) continued with
(−6
−2)
.

Solution:
Suppose we take any point in the curve y=x 2−2 x +4 , that is B ( x , y )
Two consecutive translation
2 + −6
3 −2 ()( )
is :

3 −2 ()( ) ( )
2 + −6 = −4
1

(−41)
 Point B ( x , y ) B' ( x−4 , y +1 ) , so that :
' '
x =x−4∨x =x +4 ⋯ (1)
' '
y = y +1∨ y= y −1 ⋯ (2)
 Substitution the equation (1) and (2) to the curve y=x 2−2 x +4 ,
obtained :
2
y=x −2 x +4
2
y −1 ¿ ( x + 4 ) −2 ( x ' + 4 ) + 4
' '

' 2
y −1= ( x ) +2 ( x ) ( 4 ) + ( 4 ) −2 x −8+ 4
' ' 2 '

' 2
y −1= ( x ) +8 x + 16−2 x −4
' ' '

2
y −1= ( x ) +6 x ' +12
' '

2
y =( x ) +6 x ' + 12
' '

Thus, the image curve y=x 2 +2 x−8 in translation

2
3 ()
continued with
−6
−2 ( )
2
is y=x +6 x +12.

Exercise 2 :
1. Determine the value of a , b , x and y in the following translations:

( )( ) ( )
a −8 10
a. 12 + 4 b = −6

b. ( 4 y )+ (−6 )=( 3 y )
3x x −8
 2. Determine the coordinate image by the following vertices:

a. Image in point S(−2 , 4 ) by translations (−32) continued with ( 41).

Image in point T (−2 , 4) by translations ( ) continued with ( ) .
2 −6
b.
−5 −2
3. Determine the image object in the following translations:

a. Image line y=8−x by translation (−75 ) continued with (−9

12 )

Image curve y=x −6 x +7 by translation ( ) continued with ( )

2 2 −6
b.
5 −1

4.3 Reflections

A reflection, or flip, is a transformation in which a figure is reflected in a

line called the line of reflection. A reflection creates a mirror image of the
original figure.
4.3.1 Draw Reflections
A reflection is a transformation representing a flip of a figure. Figures may
be reflected in a point, a line, or a plane.

The figure shown a reflection of ABCDE in line m . Note that the segment
connecting a point and its image is
perpendicular to line m and is bisect by
line m . Line m is called the line of
reflection for ABCDE and its image
' ' ' ' '
A B C D E . Because E lies on the line
of reflection, its preimage and image are the same point.

Draw the reflected image of quadrilateral DEFG in line m .

4.3.2 Reflections in the Coordinate Plane.
a. Reflection in axis coordinate.

Example 10:
1. The vertices of a triangle are A (−1 ,1 ) , B(−1 , 3) and C ( 6 ,3 ) . Draw the
figure and its reflection in the x−axis . What are the coordinate.
Solution:

2. The vertices of a quadrilateral are P (−2 ,5 ) , Q (−4 ,2 ) , R (−4 ,2 ) , and

S (−4 , 4 ) . Draw the figure and its reflection n the y−axis .
 Solution:

3. Determine the curve y=x 2−6 x +5 in the reflection x−axis .

Solution:
Suppose we take any point in the curve y=x 2−6 x +5 , that is P ( x , y )
x−axis
 Point P ( x , y ) P ' ( x ,− y )
Obtained the relations between the value of x and y to x ' and ' , so that:
' '
x =x ↔ x=x and y ' = y ↔ y= y '
Substitution the value of x and y to the curve y=x 2−6 x +5 ,
obtained :
2
y=x −6 x +5
2
− y ¿ ( x ' ) −6 x ' +5
'

' 2
y =−( x ) +6 x −5
' '

Thus, the image curve y=x 2−6 x +5 in the reflection x−axis is

2
y=− x +6 x−5
b. Reflection in a parallel line with coordinate axis.
Reflection P ( a , b ) in a line x=h , then:
P ( a , b ) ↔ P ' (2 h−a ,b)
Reflection P ( a , b ) in a line y=h, then:
P ( a , b ) ↔ P ' (a , 2 h−b)

Example 11:
1. Determine the coordinate image in point P(−5 ,−2) if reflected in a line
with equation x=−1 !

Solution:
Reflected in a line x=h , then:
P ( a , b ) ↔ P ' (2 h−a ,b)
P (−5 ,−2 ) ↔ P ' (2 (−1 )−(−5),−2)
 P (−5 ,−2 ) ↔ P ' (−2+5 ,−2)
P (−5 ,−2 ) ↔ P ' (3 ,−2)
Thus, the coordinate image point P(−5 ,−2) is P '(3 ,−2)
2. Line y=− x+3 reflected to the line x=h get the image line y=x −1.
Determine the value of h !
Solution:
Suppose we take any point in the line y=− x+3 , that is Q ( x , y )
x=h
 Point Q ( x , y ) Q ' ( 2 h−x , y )
Therefore, obtained the value of x ' =2 h−x∨x=2h−x ' and y= y '
Substitution the value of x and y to the line y=− x+3 ,
obtained :
y=− x+3
y ¿−( 2 h−x ) +3
' '

' '
y =x −2 h+3
From the result we find the new equation image y=x −1, so that:
x−2 h+3=x−1
−2 h+3=x−1−x
−2 h=−1−3
−2 h=−4
−4
h=
−2
h=2

Thus, the value of h is 2

c. Reflection in a Line.
Reflection in a line y=x , then:
P ( a , b ) ↔ P ' (b , a)
Reflection P ( a , b ) in a line y=h, then:
P ( a , b ) ↔ P ' (−b ,−a)

Example 12:
1. Determine the coordinate image in point S(12 ,−7) if reflected in the
following lines!

a. y=x
b. y=− x

Solution:
 y=x
a. P ( a , b ) P ' ( b , a)

y=x
S ( 12 ,−7 ) S ' (−7 , 12 )
So, the image point S(12 ,−7) is S ' (−7 , 12 )

y=− x
a. P ( a , b ) P ' (−b ,−a )

y=− x
S ( 12 ,−7 ) S ' ( 7 ,−12 )
So, the image point S(12 ,−7) is S ' ( 7 ,−12 )

Exercise 3 :
1. Known ∆ ABC with A (−4 , 7 ) , B(−6 ,2) and C (−2 ,2).
a. Draw ∆ ABC and its image in y−axis!
b. Determine the coordinate ∆ ABC .
2.

3. Determine the image line 3 x−8 y=24 if reflected:

a. In the x−axis c. x=−4
b. In the y−axis d. y=5
4. P ( 3 ,−1 ) , Q(6 ,−1) and R(3 , 3) is angle from ∆ PQR . Draw ∆ PQR and
the image by reflected:
a. In line y=x
b. In line y=− x
5. Determine the image from the lne y=2 x−3 if reflected:
a. y=x
b. y=− x

4.4 Rotations
 A rotation is a transformation that turns every point of a preimage
through a specified angle and direction about a fixed point. The fixed point is
called the center of rotation.
In the figure, R is the center of rotation for the preimage ABCD . The
measures of angles AR A ' , BR B' ,CRC ' and DRD ' are equal. Any point P on the
preimage of ABCD has image P ' on A' B' C' D' such that the measure of
∠ PRP ' is a constant measure. This s called the angle of rotation.
A rotation exhibits all of the properties of isometries, including
preservation distance and angle measure. Therefore, it is an isometry.

13
 14

Exercise 4 :
1.

2. The vertices of a figure are given. Rotate the figure as described. Find the
coordinates of the image.

4.5 Dilations.
All of transformations you have studied so far in this chapter
produce images that are congruent to the original figure. A dilation is
another type of transformation. However, the image of a dilation may be a
different size than the original figure. A dilation is a transformation that
changes the size of a figure. A dilation requires a center point and a scale
factor. The figures below show how dilations can result in a large figure
and smaller figure than the original.
 15

16

4.5.1 Identify the Scale Factor

 16

4.5.2 Dilations in Coordinate Plane

In dilations with the center O ( 0 , 0 ) and scale factor k with k

positive or negative, obtained the following formula:
[O ,k]
P ( a , b ) P' (a × k , b ×k )

Example 17:
1. Determine the image point P(8 ,−5) by dilation [ O , 4 ] !

Solution:
Dilation [ O , 4 ] it mean dilation with center O(0 , 0) and scale factor 4.
P ( a , b ) P' (a × k , b ×k )
P ( 8 ,−5 ) P '(8× 4 ,(−5)× 4)
P ( 8 ,−5 ) P '(32 ,−20)

2. Point P' (−4 ,−1 ) is the result of dilation from P ( 8 , 2 ) with the center
O ( 0 , 0 ) and scale factor k . Determine scale factor k !
Solution:
[O ,k]
P ( a , b ) P' (a × k , b ×k )
P ( 8 , 2 ) P '( 8× k , 2× k )
'
P (−4 ,−1 ) ,then:
k × 8=−4 or k × 2=−1
−4 −1
k= k=
8 2
−1 −1
k= k=
2 2
−1
Thus, the scale factor k is
2

3. Determne the mage line x + y=4 by dilation [ O ,−2 ] !

Solution:
Dilation [ O ,−2 ] it mean dilation with center O ( 0 , 0 ) and scale factor−2.
Suppose we take any point in the line x + y=4, that is A ( x , y )
obtained :
[O ,k]
P ( a , b ) P' (a × k , b ×k )
[ O ,−2 ]
Point A ( x , y ) A ' (−2 x ,−2 y )
A ' (−2 x ,−2 y ), then:
' −1
x =−2 x∨x= x' ⋯ (1)
2
 ' −1
y =−2 y∨ y = y ' ⋯ (2)
2
 Substitution the equation (1) and (2) to the line x + y=4
x + y=4
−1 +−1
x' y '=4
2 2
' '
x + y =−8
Thus, the image line x + y=4 by dilatation [ O ,−2 ] is x + y=−8
4.5.3 Dilations with Center S(x , y)
In dilations with the center S ( x , y ) and scale factor k with k positive or
negative, obtained the following formula:
[ S(x, y),k]
P ( a , b ) P' (k ( a−x ) + x ,k ( b− y ) + y )

Example 18:
1. Determine the image point P(8 , 5) by dilation [ S ( 6 , 9 ) , 2 ]!

Solution:
Dilation [ O , 4 ] it mean dilation with center O(0 , 0) and scale factor 4.
[ S(x, y),k]
P ( a , b ) P' (k ( a−x ) + x ,k ( b− y ) + y )
[ S ( 6 , 9) , 2]
P ( 8 , 5 ) P '( 2 ( 8−6 )+ 6 ,2 ( 5−9 ) +9)
[ S ( 6 , 9) , 2]
P ( 8 , 5 ) P '( 4+ 6 ,−8+ 9)
[ S ( 6 , 9) , 2]
P ( 8 , 5 ) P '( 10 ,1)
Thus, the image point P(8 , 5) by dilation [ S ( 6 , 9 ) , 2 ] is P '(10 , 1).
 Exercise 4 :

1. Known ∆ PQR with P ( 0 , 4 ) , Q(6 ,0), and R ( 4 ,6 ) . Draw ∆ PQR and its
image in rotation which center O with the following rotation angle!
a. −90 °
b. 180 °
2. Determine the curve y=f (x ) in rotation and its image !
a. Rotation [ O ,180 ° ] with the image line y=3 x−11.
1
b. Rotation [ O , 90° ] with the image line y= x−3.
4
c. Rotation [ O , 90° ] with the image curve x=2 y 2−6 y .
3. Draw:
a. Draw ∆ PQR with P ( 4 ,0 ) , Q(0 ,5), and R (−2 ,−2 ) .
b. Draw the image ∆ PQR in dilation which the center O with scale factor
−1.
4. The line with the equation 2 x+5 y =10 the image from line 2 x+5 y =2 in
dilation [ O , k ] . Determine the value of k .
5. Determine image point P(a ,b) in dilation [ S ( x , y ) , k ] if known:
a. P(2 , 0) and S(5 , 7) with k =2
b. P(8 ,−2) and S(10 ,−5) with k =−1
6. Determine the image curve y=f (x ) with dilation [ S ( x , y ) , k ] , if known:
a. Curve y=5 x , S (5 , 0) and k =3
−1
b. Curve y=x −5 , S(−3 ,1) and k =
3
CHAPTER 5
Congruence

A three dimensional scale model of a building, an office or a house are

frequently displayed in a public library or a city hall so that people can
get a clear idea of the planned building development. The scale model
of a building and the building itself is an example of two congruent objects. We
can find the actual size of the building by multiplying its size in the scale model
by the scale used in the model.

5.1 Conditions for Similarity of Two Plane Figures

5.1.1 Conditions for Congruence of Two Figures

Two plane figures which are perfectly coincident are called two
congruent figures.
 Construct the plane figures shows in figure (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv).

Since ΔABC perfectly coincides with ΔPQR, then:

AB occupies PQ (AB = PQ),

BC occupies QR (BC = QR),

AC occupies PR (AC = PR),

∠A occupies ∠P (∠A = ∠P),

∠B occupies ∠Q (∠B = ∠Q),

∠C occupies ∠R (∠C = ∠R).

Exercise 1 :
Find the congruent figures in each set
 1.

2.

3.

5.1.2 Scaled Picture and Models

A scale picture or model has the same shape as the real object. The
size of a scale picture or model is enlarge or reduced from the original by
the same ratio.

To the batter understand this, look at figure 1.3.

 Figure 1.3 (ii) is a model of figure
1.3 (i) in which corresponding parts of the
car are in proportion. The corresponding parts sizes are the length of the
original and the length of the model, the width of the original and the
width of the model, the height of the original and the height of the model ,
etc. since corresponding parts are in proportion, we have the following
proportion.

Length of the model Width of the model Height of the model

= =
Length of the original Width of the original Height of the original

Using the above proportion, you can find the actual length of the
car as follows.

With of the model Length of the model

=
With of the original Length of the original ¿
¿
12 36
= cross multiply
150 x

⟺ 12 x=150 ×36

⟺ 12 x=5,400

5,400
⟺ x= =450
12

Thus, the length of the original is 450 cm=4.5 m .

To the better understand the above description, look at the following

example.

Example 1 :
 1. The height of a door in a scale model is 6 cm , and the height of the house
is 24 c m. The actual height of the door is 2 m. Find the actual height of the
house.
Solution :
Height of the door (model) = 6 cm .
Height of the house (model) = 24 cm.
Actual height of the door = 2 m=200 m.
Actual height of the house = x cm.

To find x , you can use the following proportion:

Height of the door (model )
Height of the door ¿ ¿

6 24
⟺ = cross multiply
200 x

⟺ 6 x=200 × 24
4
200 ×24
⟺ x=
61
⟺ x=800

Thus, the actual height of the house is 800 cm=8 m.

Exercise 2 :
1.

The width and the height

of a house are 8 m and 4.6 m. The width of the house in a scale model is
10 cm. Find the height of the house in the model.
 2.

On the TV, the height and width of a tower are 24 cm and 10 cm. Find the
actual width of the tower if its actual height is 18 m?

3. The length and width of a photograph are 8 cm and 6 cm . The photograph’s

size is enlarged so that its width is no 21 cm . Find
a. The area of the photograph after enlargement
b. The ratio of its area before enlargement to its area after
enlargement
4. A warship is 120 m long and 30 m wide.
a. Find the length of a scale model of the ship which has width of
10 cm.
b. What is the actual height of the ship if the height og its scale model
is 5 cm?

5.1.3 Condition for Similarity of Two Figures

We have discussed that the two figures, a scale model and the
original, have the same shape but are different in size and measurements.
Such figures are called similar figures.

Figure (i) and (ii) show two rectangles with the same shape but
different size.

Thus, the ratios of the corresponding sides are equal:

EF : AB = EH : AD = 3 :1.
 The corresponding angles have the same measure, i.e.:

∠A = ∠E = 90 °

∠B = ∠F = 90 °
∠C = ∠G = 90 °
∠D = ∠H = 90 °
Thus, the rectangles ABCD and EFGH are similar and have the
following properties:
1. all the corresponding sides are proportional, and
2. all the corresponding angles equal in measure.
To batter understand what is meant by the term a pair of corresponding
angles in two or more figures, see the following description.

Figure shows that the three figures have the same pairs of angles but some of the
pairs do not correspond to each other. A pair of corresponding angles and the pair
of corresponding sides have to be in the same position.

Look at figure (i) and (ii). The equal angles of the two figures
are
in
the

same position so both of the figures have equal corresponding angles.

Figure (iii) also has the same pairs of angles as figure (i) but
their ordering does not correspond to each other.
Look at figure follow the arrow symbols. Begin with arrow (1).

 Both of the angles (1) are equal.

 Both of the angles (2) are equal.
 Angles (3) and (4) are not equal.

This shows that the corresponding angles are not equal and that the two figures
are not similar.
Example
2:
1. A

16 cm ×10 cm rectangle and a 8 cm ×5 cm rectangle are given. Are the

rectangles similar.
Solution :
Measure Rectangle I Rectangle II
Length 16 cm 8 cm
Width 10 cm 5 cm

The two rectangle have equal corresponding angles each of which is a right
angles.

Ratio of the lengths = 16 cm :8 cm=2 :1

Ratio of the widths = 10 cm :5 cm=2: 1
Since the corresponding angles are equal and the corresponding sides are
proportional, the two rectangles are similar.

Exercise 3 :
1. Show which pair of figure is similar.
 a.

b.

2. Are these two rectangles similar?

Explain you answer.
3

3. Which of the following pairs

of figures are always similar?
a. Two parallelograms
b. Two squares
c. Two rhombi
d. Two equilateral triangles
e. Two kites

5.1.4 Finding the Length of

Sides
a. Finding the Length of Sides in Two Congruent Figure
 To find the length of some sides in two congruent figures, use the
conditions which were discussed in section 1.1.1:

The conditions for the congruence of two figures are:

1. all the corresponding sides are equal in length, and

2. all the corresponding angles are equal in measure.
Example 3 :
1. Look at the figures below. ΔABC and ΔDEF are congruent. If AB =
8 cm , AC = 6 cm and CF = 7 cm ,find the length of DE, EF and BC.

Solution :
Since ΔABC and ΔDEF are congruent:

AB = DE, thus DE = 8 cm .

AC = EF, thus EF = 6 cm .

BC = DF, thus BC = 7 cm .

b. Finding the Length of Sides in Two Similar Figures

To find the length of sides in two similar figures use the conditions
which were discussed in section 1.1.3:

The conditions for similarity of two figures are:

 1. all the corresponding sides are proportional, and
2. all the corresponding angles are equal in measure.

Example 4 :
Look at the figure below. The two trapezoids are similar. Find the length of:

a. AB b. QR

Solution :
Since the trapezoids ABCD and PQRS are similar, then the corresponding
sides are proportional.

AB DC
a. PQ = SR
AB 6
=
12 9
9 AB=12 ×6

9 AB=72
72
AB =
9
AB = 8
Thus, AB = 8 cm

AD DC
b. QR = SR
4 6
=
QR 9
6 QR=4 × 9
6 QR=36
36
QR=
6
QR=6
 Thus, QR = 6 cm

Exercise 4 :
1. ΔRST and ΔMKL are congruent. RS =6 cm , RT = 8 cm , and KL= 12 cm.

2. The rectangles ABCD and PQRS are similar. AB= 21 cm , AD=12 cm , and
PQ = 4 cm .

5.2 Congruent Triangles

5.2.1 Conditions for

Congruence of Two
Triangles
the image formed by an object placed in front of a flat mirror is congruent
to the object, as in the case of a triangle and its image.

Look at figure

Since ΔABC and ΔDEF are congruent:

∠A =∠E AB = ED

∠B = ∠D BC = DF

∠C = ∠F AC = EF

from the above description we can draw the following conclusion.

Two triangles are congruent if:

 1. all the corresponding sides are equal in length, and
2. all the corresponding angles are equal in measure.

Look at figure to get a clearer description.

Since ΔABC and ΔDEF Since ΔABC and ΔDEF

Are congruent: Are congruent:

∠A = ∠D AB = DE

∠B = ∠E AC = DF

∠C = ∠F BC = EF

Exercise 5 :
The figures below show pairs of congruent triangles. Name the pairs of
equal angles and the pairs of equal sides.
1.
 2.

5.2.2 The Properties of Two Congruent Triangles

To determine the congruence of two triangles, we can use the parts in a
triangle, i.e., the length of its sides and the measure of its internal angles.

a. SSS Property (side, side, side)

The Three Corresponding Sides are Equal

If we make ΔABC and coincide ΔPQR we have:

AB ⟷ PQ, since AB = PQ

AC⟷ PR, since AC = PR

BC ⟷ QR, since BC = QR

Thus, ΔABC and ΔPQR are perfectly coincident, and ΔABC and ΔPQR
are congruent.

From the above description we can draw the following conclusion.

If the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of the other
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
Example 4 :
1. Look at the figure below.

a. Prove that ΔABC and ΔLKM are congruent.

b. Name the pairs of equal angles.

Solution :
a. Look at the figure.
AB = LK (given)
AC = LM (given)
BC = KM (given)
Since the three sides of both triangles are equal, ΔABC and ΔLKM
b.

The pairs of equal angles are:

∠A =∠L,

∠B = ∠K,
∠C = ∠M
The pairs of equal angles can also be determined in the following way.

BC = KM AB = LK AC = LM

∠A opposite to BC ∠C opposite to AB ∠B opposite to AC

∠L opposite to KM ∠M opposite to LK ∠K opposite to LM

Thus, ∠A =∠L. Thus, ∠C = ∠M. Thus, ∠b = ∠K.

Note: Angles opposite to equal sides are equal.

 b. AAA Property(angle, angle, angle)
The Three Corresponding Angles are Equal

Look figure. ∠K = ∠R such that the angle-making rays of ∠K and ∠R

are coincident, but not necessarily perfectly coincident since it is not yet
known whether KL = RS and KM = RT or not.

The same is true for ∠L = ∠S and ∠M = ∠T, where LM = ST is not

necessarily true. Since ΔKLM and ΔRST are not necessarily congruent.

If the three angles of one triangle are equal to the three angles of the
other triangle, then the two triangles are not necessarily congruent.

c. SAS Property (side, angle, side)

The Two Sides and the Included Angles are Equal

Example 5 :
Look at figure on the right. BC = BF and AB = EB.
a. Prove that ΔABC and ΔEBF are congruent.
b. Name the pairs of equal angles.
Solution :
a. Consider ΔABC and ΔEBF.
AB = EB (given)
∠ABC = ∠EBF =90 °
BC = BF (given)

Thus, ABC and ΔEBF are

congruent

(SAS Property)
b. Pairs of equal angles:
∠ABC = ∠EBF =90 °
∠CAB = ∠FEB
∠ACB = ∠EFB
 d. One side, two angles property (angle, angle, side), (angle, side, angle) or
(side, angle, angle)
Example 6 :
1.

Look at the figure above

a. Prove that ΔPQR and ΔTSU are congruent.

b. Name the pairs of equal sides.
Solution :
a. Consider ΔPQR and ΔTSU.
PQ = TS =5 cm
∠Q =∠S = 40 °
∠R = ∠U =80 °
Thus, ΔPQR and ΔTSU are congruent (side, angle, angle)
b. Pairs of equal sides:
PQ = TS PR = TU QR = SU

Exercise 6 :
1. Look at the figure below.

a. Show that ΔABC and ΔEDF are congruent.

b. Name the pairs of equal angles.
2. Look at the figure below.
 a. Show that ΔPQS and ΔQPR are congruent.
b. Name the pairs of equal angles.
4.

Look at the figure above. ΔABC is an isosceles triangles,

and BP = QC. Prove that . ΔABP and ΔACQ are congruent.

5.2.3 Finding the Sides and Angles in

Congruent Triangles
To find the sides and angles in congruent triangles, first, identify those
angles which are equal in measure and those sides which are equal in length.

Example 7 :
1. Look at the figure on the right. AB // DC and AD // BC. Show that
AD = BC by proving the congruence of ΔABC and ΔCDB.
Solution :
Look at ΔABC and ΔCDB.
∠ABD = ∠CDB ( alternate interior angles)
BD = DB (coincident)
∠ABD = ∠CDB ( alternate interior angles)

Thus, ΔABC and ΔCDB are congruent (angle, side, angle).

Since the two triangles are congruent, AD = BC.

Exercise 7 :
1. In the figure, ∠PQR and ∠GIH are congruent
 Find the values of:
a. p
b. m

2. The following two triangles are congruent.

Find the value of x and y.

3.

Look at the figure

above. AD ⊥ BC
and BD = DC. Show that AB = AC by proving that ΔABD and ΔACD
are congruent.

4.

Look at the figure

above.

a. Show that ΔABD and ΔPQR are congruent.

b. Find the measure of ΔABC.

5.

In the above figure, KLMN is a

parallelogram. LQ ⊥ KM. prove
that NP = LQ.

5.3 Similar Triangles

5.3.1 Conditions for Similarity of Two Triangles
a. Similarity of Triangles Based on Corresponding Angles.
The triangles in figure are constructed from groups of parallel lines.

Consider ΔABC and ΔDEF shown in figure

∠A = ∠D (corresponding angles)

∠B = ∠E (corresponding angles)

∠C = ∠F (since the other two angles are equal)

Thus, ΔABC and ΔDEF have equal corresponding angles.

Let us examine the proportions corresponding sides.

AB : DE = 3 :4

AC : DF = 3 :4

BC : EF = 3 :4

Thus, the corresponding sides of ΔABC and ΔDEF are proportional.

Now, consider ΔABC and ΔPQR.

∠A = ∠D (corresponding angles)

∠B = ∠E (corresponding angles)

∠C = ∠F (since the other two angles are equal)

Thus, ΔABC and ΔPQR have equal corresponding angles.

Let us examine the proportions corresponding sides.

AB : PQ = 3 :6=1:2

AC : PR = 3 :6=1:2

BC : QR =
3 :6=1:2
 Thus, the corresponding sides of ΔABC and ΔPQR are proportional.

From the above results, we can draw the following conclusion.

If the corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then the

corresponding sides are proportional.

If the corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then the

triangles must be similar.

To better understand this matter, look at ΔABC and ΔPQR shown in figure.

In figure:

∠A = ∠P ∠B = ∠Q ∠C = ∠R

Since the corresponding angles are equal then ΔABC and ΔPQR are similar,
and the corresponding sides are proportional:

AB AC BC
= = .
PQ PR QR

Note: 1. If two triangles have two pairs of equal angles,

then the other pair of angles are equal.
2. Equal angles are opposite to the corresponding
Sides.

Example 8 :
 1. In ΔABC and ΔPQR = 60 ° , ∠ABC = 40 ° , ∠QPR =60 ° , ∠PRQ =80 ° .
Explain why the two triangles are considered similar, and then name the
pairs of corresponding sides.
Solution :
In ΔABC :
∠ABC = 180 °−(60 °+ 40 °)
= 180 °−100 °
= 80 °

In
ΔP
Q R:
∠P
QR = 180 °−(60 °+ 80° )
=180 °−140 °
=40 °

∠BAC = ∠QPR = 6 O °

∠ABC = ∠PQR = 40 °

∠ACB = ∠PRQ = 80 °

Thus, ΔABC and ΔPQR are similar since the corresponding angles are
equal.

The proportions of the corresponding sides are:

AB AC BC
= =
PQ PR QR

Use the following method to identify the

corresponding sides.

b. Similarity of Triangles Based on

Corresponding Sides

Look at figure:
 In figure ∠ABC and ∠DEF have equal corresponding angles, namely
∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, ∠C = ∠F. The sides of ∠DEF are 2 times longer than the
corresponding sides of ∠ABC, hence the corresponding sides are proportional.
Thus ∠ABC and ∠DEF are similar.

Now, draw ∠PQR with sides 2 times longer than the corresponding sides of
∠ABC such that:

AB : PQ = 1 :2

AC : PR = 1 :2

BC : QR =1 :2

That is, ΔABC and ΔPQR have corresponding sides in proportion.

The sides of ΔDEF are 2 times longer than the corresponding sides of ΔABC.
This means that ΔDEF and ΔPQR are congruent since the corresponding sides are
equal.

From the above description we can draw the following conclusion.

If all the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then all
the corresponding angles are equal.

Thus, if all the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional,

then the two triangles must be similar.

Example 9 :
1. In ΔDEF and ΔKLM, DE = 6 cm , EF = 4 cm , DF = 8 cm , KL = 12 cm,
LM = 22 cm , and KM = 18 cm. Is ΔDEF similar to ΔKLM?

Solution :

In ΔDEF: In ΔKLM
 DE = 6 cm KL = 12 cm

EF = 4 cm LM =
22 cm

DF = 8 cm KM =
18 cm

Pair up the corresponding sides based on

their lengths. The proportions of the corresponding sides are.

DE : KM = 6 cm :18 cm medium length side

= 1 :3

EF : KL = 4 cm:12 cm shortest side

= 1 :3

DF : LM = 8 cm :22 cm longest side

= 4 :11

Since the corresponding sides are not proportional then ΔDEF and ΔKLM are
not similar.

c. Similarity of Triangles Based on Two Sides and the Included Angles

Example 10 :
1. look at the figures on the right. AC =8 cm , BC = 6 cm , ∠C = 110 ° , PR =
12 cm , QR = 9 cm , and ∠R = 110 ° . Are the two triangles similar? Explain
your answer.

Solution :
In ΔABC: In ΔABC:

AC = 8 cm PR = 12 cm

BC = 6 cm QR = 9 cm

∠C = 110 ° ∠R = 110 °

AC : PR = 8 cm :12 cm=2: 3 BC : QR = 6 cm :9 cm=2 :3

 Thus, ΔABC and ΔABC are similar since ∠C = ∠R and the corresponding
sides which include the equal angles are proportional.

Exercise 10 :
1. From the figure below,
identify:

a. Which pairs of
triangles are
similar and explain your answer,
b. The pairs of proportional corresponding sides, or equal
corresponding angles.

2. In the figure below ∠D = 70 ° , DE = 5 cm , DF = 5 cm , ∠M = 70 ° , KM =

18 cm , and ML = 15 cm. Show that ∠DEF and ∠KLM are similar.
 3.

In the figure above, CE ⊥ AF

and FB ⊥ AC. Show that
ΔBCD and ΔEFD are similar.

5.3.2 Finding the Lengths of

the Sides in Similar
Triangles

Example 11 :
1. In the following figure, AB = 8 cm , BC = 6 cm , XY = 12 cm , and XZ =
10 cm.

a.

Explain whether ΔABC and ΔXYZ are similar or not.

b. Identify the pairs of corresponding sides which are in proportion.
c. Find the length of AC and YZ.
Solution :

a. ∠A = ∠X
∠B = ∠Y
∠C = ∠Z
Thus , ΔABC and ΔEYZ are similar since the corresponding angles are equal
AB BC AC
b.
XY
= YZ = XZ the corresponding sider are opposite to

equal angle.

AB AC AB BC
c. XY = XZ XY
= YZ
8 AC 8 6
12
= 10
=
12 YZ
12 AC = 8 × 10 8YZ = 12×6
12 AC = 80 8YZ = 72
80 72
AC = YZ =
12 8
=6.67 =9
Thus. AC = 6.67 cm. Thus, YZ = 9 cm.

Exercise 11 :
1. Look at the following figure.

a. Prove that ΔABE and ΔDCE are similar

b. Name the pair of corresponding sider
c. Find the length of AB

2. Look at the following figure.

 a. Why are ΔEFG and ΔKLM considered similar?
b. Find the length of KL .
3.

Look at the figure above

a. show that ΔADC and BEC are similar.
b. Name all the pairs of sides which are in proportion.
C. Find the lengths of AC and AD.
4. In the following figure, PT = 5 cm, TS = 4 cm, PR = 15 cm, and PR//QS.

a. Prove that ΔPTR and ΔSTQ are similar.

b. Find the length of QS
5.

In the figure above, ED = 16 cm, EC = 6 cm, EB = 4 cm, and ∠BAD + ∠BCD

= 180∘

a. Show that ΔEAD and ΔEBC are similar

b. Name all the pairs of corresponding sides which ae in proportion
c. Find the length of AB.

5.3.3 Telling the difference between similar triangles and

congruent triangles

Between two triangles there must be one of the following possible

relationships.
1. They are congruent
2. They are similar
3. They are neither congruent nor similar.
 We will only discuss the differences between two congruent triangles and two
similar triangles. Look at the following table.
The differences:

Two Congruent Triangles Two Similar Triangles

1. The corresponding sides are equal 1. The corresponding sides are in
in length proportion
2. The triangles are of the same size 2. The triangles are different in size

Two congruent triangles have corresponding angles equal in measure and

corresponding sides equal in length.
Two similar triangles have corresponding angles equal in measure but
corresponding sides unequal in length (only proportion).

5.4 Similar Triangles in a Right and Triangles Containing a

Parallel Line

5.4.1 Similar Triangles in a Right and Triangle With Altitude on the

Hypotenuse

Look at Figure below.

The triangle ΔABC shown in figure (i) has a right angle at A and AD is
the altitude on the hypotenuse BC. By examining the interior angles of Δ
ABC , you’ll get three similar triangles, namely, ΔABD , ΔADC ,∧ΔABC .
Based on each pair of similar triangles, for ΔABC in Figure above we can
derive the following formulas.

1. Look at Figure (ii) and (iii).

Since ΔABC and ΔADC are similar:
AD BD
=
CD AD
AD × AD=BD ×CD
2
AD =BD ×CD
 2. Look at Figure (ii) and (iii).
Since ΔABC and ΔADC are similar:
AB BD
=
BC AB
AB× AB=BD × BC
2
AB =BD × BC

3. Look at Figure (ii) and (iii).

Since ΔABC and ΔADC are similar:
AC CD
=
CB AC
AC × AC=CD ×CB
2
AC =CD ×CB

Example 12 :
1. In the figure, PS=4 cm and RS=6 cm.
Find the length of:
a. PQ
b. QS

Solution:
a. PR=( 4+6 ) cm=10 cm
2
PQ =PS × PR
¿ 4 ×10
¿ 40
PQ=√ 40 or PQ=√ (4 ×10)=2 √ 10
Thus, the length of PQ=√ 40 cm or 2 √ 10 cm
b. QS2=PS × SR
¿ 4 ×6
¿ 24
QS= √ 24 or QS= √ (4 × 6)=2 √ 6
Thus, the length of PQ=√ 24 cm or 2 √ 6 cm
2. In the figure, DG=8 cm and EG=5 cm .
Find:
a. The length of FG
b. The area of ΔDEF

Solution:
 a. EG=5 cm , DG=8 cm
2
DG =EG × FG
2
8 =5× FG
¿ 5 FG
FG=12 , 8
Thus, the length of FG=12 , 8 cm
1
b. The area of ΔDEF = × EF × DG
2
1
¿ ×17 , 8 × 8
2
¿ 17 , 8 × 4=71, 2

Thus, the area of ΔDEF=71 , 2cm2

Exercise 12 :
1. In the figure, BD=6 cm and BC=14 cm.
Find :
a. the length of AD
b. the length of AB
c. the area of ΔABC
2.

In the figure above, PR=12 cm and PS=6 cm. Find the lengths of:
a. PQ
b. RS
3.

Look at the figure above. Find the length of PS .

5.4.1 Similar Triangles in a Triangle Containing a Line Parallel to One of Its
Side

In ΔABC , DE ‖ AB
Consider ΔCDE and ΔCAB
∠ CDE=∠ CAB (corresponding angles)
∠ CED=∠ CBA (corresponding angles)
∠ DCE=∠ ACB (coincident)
Since the corresponding angles are equal, then ΔCDE and ΔCAB are similar,
and we can derive the following formulas:
To Figure beside the following proportion
Applies:
CD CE DE
= =
CA CB AB
or
a c e
= =
a+b c +d f

Now, look at Figure below, analyzed :

a c
=
a+b c +d
a (c +d )=c (a+ b)
ac +ad =ac +bc
ac +ad −ac=bc
a c
=
b d
a c
=
b d
Based on the above explanation, we can draw the following conclusion.
a c a c
= or =
b d b d
Example 13 :
1. In

ΔABC , DE ‖ AB , DE =8 cm , AB=12 cm , AD=4 cm ,∧CE=10 cm.

Find the lengths of:
a. CD
b. BE

Solution: CE DE
b. =
CD DE CB AB
a. =
CA AB 10 8
=
CD 8 CB 12
=
CD+ 4 12 8 CB=10 ×12
12 CD=8(CD +4 ) 8 CB=120
12 CD=8 CD+32 120
CB= =15
8
12 CD−8 CD=32
Thus, the length of
4 CD=32
BE=CB−CE
32
CD= =8 BE=( 15−10 ) cm
4
Thus, the length of CD=8 cm BE=5 cm

Exercise 12 :

1.

In ΔABC above, DE ‖ AB. AB=18 c m, DE=12 cm ,CD=8 cm and BE=6 cm .

Find the lengths of:
a. CA c. CE
b. AD
2. Look at the picture beside.
Find the values of:
a. x
b. y